Diversity Techniques

Diversity Techniques
Abstract
This is a technical document detailing on Diversity Techniques used in Mobile
Communication.
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Diversity Techniques

C%NT&NT'
Frequency Planning
(1.0) Introuction Page 3
(2.0) !"ace Diversity Page 3
(3.0) Polarisation Diversity Page 3
(#.0) Frequency Diversity Page 3
Diversity Techniques
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Diversity Techniques

(1.0) Introuction$
'everal reflected radio (aves arriving at the receiver from various directions (ith different
am$litude and $hase) cause $ea*s and di$s in the received signal level) (hich is commonly
*no(n as fading. Diversity system) a combining and+or com$aring technique of the signals
received from t(o different $aths) is used in ,T' to reduce the effect of fading. The
im$rovements de$end on the correlation coefficient bet(een the signals received at the
diversity antenna and increases) as the correlation coefficient becomes smaller.
-n systems using s$ace or $olarisation diversity) the value of the correlation coefficient
de$ends on the characteristics of the $ro$agation $ath and the $hysical configuration of the
diversity antenna. '$ace and "olarisation diversity along (ith frequency diversity are
discussed belo(.
(2.0) !"ace Diversity$
-n s$ace diversity t(o different receiving antenna are used. /ori0ontally se$arated antenna
are recommended for mobile system (ith s$ace diversity) as it gives lo(er correlation than
one (ould have obtained (ith vertically se$arated antennas. This in turn is because most
reflections for mobile system come from vertical surface 1(alls2 and not from hori0ontal
surface 1ground2. Ty$ically hori0ontal se$aration is about 10. 'e$aration bet(een t(o
receiving antennas also de$ends on the antenna height.
/ori0ontal se$aration bet(een t(o R3 antennas can be roughly calculated as4
h%10
!here is the se$aration distance and h is the height of the antenna above ground level.
!hen t(o R3 antennas are hori0ontally se$arated by fe( (avelengths) received signal by
these antennas (ill have different fading correlation in a multi$ath environment and therefore
(ill differ in $hase and in am$litude. Combining the signals from both the antennas (ill result
in a better gain. /o(ever) the gain) (hich can be achieved by antenna diversity strongly
de$ends on the $ro$agation environment and velocity of the mobile. Ty$ically a gain u$ to
5d, is achieved by using s$ace diversity in urban environment.
(3.0) Polarisation Diversity$
"olarisation is the direction of electrical field radiated from the antenna. -n $olarisation
diversity) only one receiving antenna is used (ith t(o different elements using $olarisation of
56 (ith res$ect to hori0ontal $lane. -n an urban mobile environment) the reflected radio
signal undergoes a random and frequent change in $olarisation. Thus the signal arriving from
a mobile in a multi$ath environment (ill e3hibit a random change in $olarisation to be
received by t(o elements se$arately. The gain achieved in $olarisation diversity is normally
same as in s$ace diversity (hen used in a dense urban environment.
(#.0) Frequency Diversity4
-n frequency diversity) different frequencies are used simultaneously. -n #'M) frequency
ho$$ing is used to im$rove C+-) thereby minimising the effect of interference. Minimising the
effect of interference (ill im$rove the overall gain. -n frequency ho$$ing) the radio
transmitters use a number of frequencies on random basis or in a $re7defined ho$$ing
sequence. The frequency ho$$ing in #'M is analogous to frequency diversity.
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