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Prestressed Concrete Hashemite University
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 7
=
=
c c
i
c c
i
ES
A E
P
A E
L P
=
D
c
D
c
i
cs
M
I
e M
r
e
A
P
f
Post Post--tensioned Beams: tensioned Beams:
1
3
1
3
2
J acking 1 J acking 1
st st
tendon tendon
11
No loss No loss
J acking 2 J acking 2
nd nd
tendon tendon
22
loss in 1 loss in 1
st st
tendon tendon
J acking 3 J acking 3
rd rd
tendon tendon
33
loss in 1 loss in 1
st st
and 2 and 2
nd nd
tendon and tendon and
no loss in 3 no loss in 3
rd rd
tendon tendon
Therefore, the 1 Therefore, the 1
st st
tendon suffers the maximum amount of tendon suffers the maximum amount of
l l
Prestressed Prestressed Concrete Concrete Dr. Hazim Dwairi Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University The Hashemite University
losses. losses.
Average f N
e
I
e P
A
P
n f
pES
N
J j
j
c
j j i
c
j i
J pES
= =
+ =
=
+ + +
tendons; of number
.
.
) (
1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
Prestressed Concrete Hashemite University
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 8
(2) Steel Relaxation (R) (2) Steel Relaxation (R)
Prestressing Prestressing tendons undergo relaxation under constant tendons undergo relaxation under constant
length, depending on steel stress and time interval. The length, depending on steel stress and time interval. The
l it d d d th d ti f th t i d l it d d d th d ti f th t i d loss magnitude depends on the duration of the sustained loss magnitude depends on the duration of the sustained
PS force, and ratio of PS force, and ratio of ff
pi pi
//f f
py py
f 94 0
: jacking tendon to due stress For (a)
: to tendons in the stress tensile the limits 05 - ACI318 The
Prestressed Prestressed Concrete Concrete Dr. Hazim Dwairi Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University The Hashemite University
=
tion recommenda r manufature
f
f
of smaller f
pu
py
pJ
8 . 0
94 . 0
pu
py
pi
f
f
of smaller f
anchorage at the members tensioned - post In (c)
74 . 0
82 . 0
: sfer after tran y Immediatel (b)
=
pu pi
f f 70 . 0
: sfer after tran couplers, and
anchorage at the members, tensioned post In (c)
=
For stress For stress--relieved strands: relieved strands:
f
Prestressed Prestressed Concrete Concrete Dr. Hazim Dwairi Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University The Hashemite University
hours in is t' '
55 . 0
10
log
=
py
pi
pi pR
f
f
t
f f
Prestressed Concrete Hashemite University
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 9
For low For low- -relaxation strands: relaxation strands:
hours in is t' '
55 . 0
45
log
=
py
pi
pi pR
f
f
t
f f
hours in is t
For step For step- -by by- -step losses: step losses:
= 55 . 0
10
log log
1 2
py
pi
pi pR
f
f
t t
f f
Prestressed Prestressed Concrete Concrete Dr. Hazim Dwairi Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University The Hashemite University
= 55 . 0
45
log log
1 2
py
pi
pi pR
f
f
t t
f f
ACI ACI--ASCE method of accounting for relaxation: ASCE method of accounting for relaxation:
( ) [ ] C f f f J K f
pSH pCR pES re pR
+ + =
Table 3.4 C values Table 3.4 C values
Prestressed Prestressed Concrete Concrete Dr. Hazim Dwairi Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University The Hashemite University
Prestressed Concrete Hashemite University
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 10
(3) Creep Loss (CR) (3) Creep Loss (CR)
The continuous deformation of concrete over extended The continuous deformation of concrete over extended
periods of time & sustained loads is know as creep. periods of time & sustained loads is know as creep.
The rate of strains increase rapidly at first, but decreases The rate of strains increase rapidly at first, but decreases
with time until a constant value is reached with time until a constant value is reached
Creep strains depend on the applied sustained load, mix Creep strains depend on the applied sustained load, mix
ratio, curing conditions, environmental conditions, and ratio, curing conditions, environmental conditions, and
the age of concrete when first loaded. the age of concrete when first loaded.
Prestressed Prestressed Concrete Concrete Dr. Hazim Dwairi Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University The Hashemite University
strain elastic
strain creep
: t coefficien creep Ultimate
= =
EL
CR
u
C
=
csd
cs
f
f
Prestressed Prestressed Concrete Concrete Dr. Hazim Dwairi Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University The Hashemite University
members tensioned - post for 1.28
members ed pretension for 6 . 1
concrete t lightweigh for 20% by reduced be should : Note
=
=
CR
CR
K
K
(4) Shrinkage Loss (SH) (4) Shrinkage Loss (SH)
The free water normal concrete mixes evaporates with The free water normal concrete mixes evaporates with
time, the rate depending on humidity, temperature, and time, the rate depending on humidity, temperature, and
i d h f b i d h f b size and shape of members. size and shape of members.
Drying is accompanied by reduction in volume, the Drying is accompanied by reduction in volume, the
change occurring at higher rate initially. Approximately change occurring at higher rate initially. Approximately
80% of shrinkage occur in the first year. 80% of shrinkage occur in the first year.
The ACI The ACI- -ASCE committee recommends ultimate ASCE committee recommends ultimate
shrinkage strain of ( shrinkage strain of (
SH SH
))
uu
=780 x 10 =780 x 10
--66
Prestressed Prestressed Concrete Concrete Dr. Hazim Dwairi Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University The Hashemite University
The PCI stipulates a values of ( The PCI stipulates a values of (
SH SH
))
uu
=820 x 10 =820 x 10
--66
days 3 to 1 after curing steam ; ) (
55
) (
days 7 after curing moist ; ) (
35
) (
u SH t SH
u SH t SH
t
t
t
t
+
=
+
=
Prestressed Concrete Hashemite University
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 12
For For pretensioned pretensioned members: members: ff
pSH pSH
==
SH SH
x x E E
ps ps
Where, Where,
SH SH
is adjusted for humidity and V/S ratio is adjusted for humidity and V/S ratio
For For pretensioned pretensioned members transfer commonly takes members transfer commonly takes For For pretensioned pretensioned members, transfer commonly takes members, transfer commonly takes
place after 24 hours after casting, and nearly all place after 24 hours after casting, and nearly all
shrinkage takes place after that. shrinkage takes place after that.
For post For post- -tensioned members, stressing may take place tensioned members, stressing may take place
after one day or much later, thus, a large percentage of after one day or much later, thus, a large percentage of
shrinkage may already have taken place by then. shrinkage may already have taken place by then.
ACI corrects shrinkage strain for environmental ACI corrects shrinkage strain for environmental
Prestressed Prestressed Concrete Concrete Dr. Hazim Dwairi Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University The Hashemite University
ACI corrects shrinkage strain for environmental ACI corrects shrinkage strain for environmental
conditions by: conditions by:
SH SH
=780 x 10 =780 x 10
--66
x x
SH SH
SH SH
is tabulated in ACI committee report R435 is tabulated in ACI committee report R435- -95 95
( )
Humidity Relative RH : Where
100 0024 . 0 1 10 2 . 8
: is loss shrinkage for expression PCI
6
=
RH
S
V
K f
SH pSH
days in PS of n applicatio to curing
moist of end the from time to relating factor K
mm in ratio surface to volume
S
V
SH
=
Post-tensioned
Prestressed Prestressed Concrete Concrete Dr. Hazim Dwairi Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University The Hashemite University
Days 1 3 5 7 10 20 30 60
K
SH
0.92 0.85 0.80 0.77 0.73 0.64 0.58 0.45
Pretensioned
K
SH
=1.0
Prestressed Concrete Hashemite University
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 13
(5) Friction Losses (F) (5) Friction Losses (F)
For post For post- -tensioned members, the tendons are tensioned members, the tendons are
usually anchored at one end & jacked from the usually anchored at one end & jacked from the y j y j
other. As the steel slides in the duct during other. As the steel slides in the duct during
jacking, friction losses take place making the jacking, friction losses take place making the
tension at the anchored end loss than at the tension at the anchored end loss than at the
jacking end. jacking end.
The total friction is the sum of: The total friction is the sum of:
Prestressed Prestressed Concrete Concrete Dr. Hazim Dwairi Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University The Hashemite University
Curvature friction due to imposed curvature. Curvature friction due to imposed curvature.
Wobble friction, due to unintentional misalignment, Wobble friction, due to unintentional misalignment,
even in straight tendons. even in straight tendons.
(5) Friction Losses (F) (5) Friction Losses (F)
s
T
e
n
d
o
n
J
a
c
k
i
n
g
S
t
r
e
s
Prestressed Prestressed Concrete Concrete Dr. Hazim Dwairi Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University The Hashemite University
Distance along tendon
T
Prestressed Concrete Hashemite University
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 14
(a) Curvature Effect (a) Curvature Effect
F
1
L
F
1
F
2
=F
1
Prestressed Prestressed Concrete Concrete Dr. Hazim Dwairi Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University The Hashemite University
1
F
2
=F
1
-dF
1
d
dF
1
F
1
F
1
d
d
dF
d F dF
=
=
1
1 1
then effect, curvature to due duct the &
ndon between te friction of t coefficien the denotes if
F
e
F
F
F F
d
F
=
=
=
2
1
2 1
1
ln ln
Prestressed Prestressed Concrete Concrete Dr. Hazim Dwairi Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University The Hashemite University
R L
e F e F F
R L if F
e
F
F
= =
= =
=
1 1 2
1
1
2
/ ; ln
Prestressed Concrete Hashemite University
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 15
: similarly
then effect, wobble to due concrete g surroundin the &
ndon between te friction of t coefficien the denotes K if
(b) Wobble Effect (b) Wobble Effect
( )
: is loss friction the Thus
: effects both ing Superimpos
: similarly
1 2 1 2
1 2
= =
=
e f f or e F F
e F F
KL KL
KL
Prestressed Prestressed Concrete Concrete Dr. Hazim Dwairi Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University The Hashemite University
( )
( )
radians in
x
8y
try trigonome From
1
1
1 2 1
=
= =
kL f
e f f f F f
kL
p
Tendons Central Angle Tendons Central Angle
x
/2 /2
y
m
x/2
1
2
2
2 tan
x
m
x
m
= =
Prestressed Prestressed Concrete Concrete Dr. Hazim Dwairi Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University The Hashemite University
radians in
8
4 2 &
2
1
x
y
Then
x y m y if
=
=
A
E f
length tendon L
slip of magnitude
:
=
A
ps
A
pA
Where
E
L
f
Prestressed Prestressed Concrete Concrete Dr. Hazim Dwairi Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University The Hashemite University
tendon ng prestressi of modulus E
ps
Pretensioned Members
Elastic Shortening
Loss
Post-tensioned Members
Friction Loss
Creep Loss
Shrinkage Loss
Relaxation Loss
Anchorage Slip
Loss
Elastic Shortening
Loss
Creep Loss
Prestressed Prestressed Concrete Concrete Dr. HazimDwairi Dr. HazimDwairi The Hashemite University The Hashemite University
Shrinkage Loss
Relaxation Loss