Okuma Parcalari

Mevlt Tikence
Gazi niversitesi
Yabanc Diller retimi
Uygulama ve Aratrma
Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara

http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci

SAYFA: 1
READING COMPREHENSION
Sorular paralara gore cevaplaynz

In Britain, the Queen is a constitutional monarch.
In law she is the head of the executive, an
integral part of the legislature, head of the
judiciary, commander-in-chief of the armed
forces and temporal head of the Church of
England. In practice, the Queen's role is purely
formal: she reigns, but she does not rule. In all
important respects she acts only on the advice of
her ministers. However, she still plays an
important role symbolically as Head of State and
Head of the Commonwealth.

1. The main concern of the passage is ____ .
A) how the Queens progress could be restrained
B) the Queen's firm control of the government
through her executive powers
C) the powers the Queen has and the role she plays
in the rule of the country
D) the influence the Queen has over the Church of
England
E) the need for the abolishment of the monarchy in
Britain

2. It is obvious from the passage that the
Queen's power ____ .
A) extends through all the main institutions of the
state
B) is strictly confined to the affairs of the
Commonwealth
C) is controlled by the legislature
D) depends fundamentally on the support of the
armed forces
E) has no legal basis

3. It is stressed in the passage that on all serious
issues the Queen ____ .
A) relies heavily on the guidance of the judiciary
B) does not act on her own initiative, but consults
the government
C) acts in accordance with the principles of the
Church of England
D) turns to the Commonwealth for advice and
support
E) keeps aloof so as to maintain her symbol status

Of all the environmental problems facing us
today, global warming is likely to have the most
devastating effects. In order to combat these,
the emission of harmful gases must be reduced;
for this purpose, the rainforests, which absorb
carbon dioxide in vast quantities must be
protected. Global warming will place a premium
on energy efficiency, for controlling global
warming inescapably means reducing the
burning of fossil fuels. The two industries that
are most obviously going to be affected are the
power suppliers and the vehicle manufacturers,
but since energy is consumed by almost

everything we manufacture, design or do, the
effects will be felt everywhere.

4. It is emphasised in the passage that global
warming seems to be ____ .
A) easier to control than other environmental
problems
B) of less of a threat than formerly it used to be
C) the most terrible of the problems facing the
environment
D) one of the causes for the disappearance of the
rainforests
E) reasonably under control in all parts of the world

5. The author explains that unless the burning of
fossil fuels is radically reduced ____ .
A) global warming cannot possibly be held in check
B) they will soon be used up
C) traditional power supplies will not be adequate
D) energy efficiency cannot be achieved
E) the effects will be far reaching and beyond our
control

6. According to the passage, power supply and
vehicle manufacturing ____ .
A) are two industries that do not affect global
warming
B) rely heavily on fossil fuels
C) are environmentally less harmful than other
industries
D) have carried the problems of global warming
everywhere
E) must be strictly controlled to prevent any further
pollution

The 1970s were a period of marked economic
recession in the West. The effects were
widespread, even the publishing sector was
badly hit. Inflation continued to push up the
costs of paper and printing, increasing the price
of books generally and reducing the amount of
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money available for the publication of new and
experimental work. There was a growing sense,
in the world of literature no less than in other
spheres of production, that this crisis must
involve changes that would be neither simple nor
temporary.

7. It is explained in the passage that, as a result
of the economic recession experienced in the
West in the 1970s, both publishers and writers
____ .
A) felt that a long and difficult period lay ahead of
them
B) made huge profits from the sale of new and
experimental works
C) were in agreement with the measures being
introduced to check inflation
D) recognised the need to keep down book prices
E) were extremely worried about the rising cost of
living

8. The writer points out that, due to growing
inflation, publishers ____ .
A) took temporary measures to overcome the
recession
B) ceased to publish literary works
C) introduced a number of radical changes
D) could no longer afford to bring out new and
experimental work
E) refused to get involved in the crisis

9. According to the passage, the recession in
the1970s in the West ____ .
A) did not have a long term effect on the economy
B) affected really all sectors, including that of
publishing
C) had no impact on the inflation rate
D) was hardly felt in the world of literature
E) caused the sudden decline of various spheres of
production

Built by the disconsolate Emperor Shah Jahan in
memory of his wife, the Taj Mahal mausoleum
has survived the rise and fall of many empires
and it attracted looters, too; over the years they
carried away the silver doors from its gates, the
precious stones from its marble wall: and the
gold from its graves. But those were small
threats compared with the modern danger of
pollution. Emissions from the coal-fired steel
foundries thermal power stations, cars and an oil
refinery in the industrial belt around Agra are
corroding and yellowing the Taj Mahal's white
marble.

10. According to the passage, the Taj Mahal
mausoleum ____ .
A) is no longer richly decorated as it once used to be
B) is not in need of any extensive restoration
C) has, on several occasions, been almost completely
destroyed
D) was built to be the tomb of the Emperor Shah,
Jahan
E) was deliberately sited in an industrial area

11. At present, the main threat to the survival of
the Taj Mahal is ____ .
A) the lack of interest in the building
B) small scale robbery
C) on-going looting
D) industrial pollution
E) damaging effects of the climate in Agra

12. The passage is mainly concerned with ____ .
A) the restoration work planned for the Taj Mahal
B) the steadily worsening condition of the Taj Mahal
mausoleum
C) measures taken to prevent robbery in the past
D) the various kinds of industries in the Taj Mahal
area
E) historic importance and value of the Taj Mahal
mausoleum

Usually educational processes involve not only
learning, but teaching as well. There is, however,
no logical connection in this case. Education can
go on without any teaching. W e can say it was a
'real education for someone to take a boat out
on his own, implying that he learnt something
desirable without anybody having been there to
teach him the lesson. There are many forms of
learning that go on without teaching and
educative' learning does not mean that the
learning must take place in a teaching situation.
It may be argued that most things are learnt
more rapidly and more reliably in a classroom
situation. But even so, learning is not dependent
upon teaching.

13. As is stated in the passage, it is generally
assumed that ____ .
A) schools are not important at all in the learning
process
B) teachers do not further the learning process
C) education means both learning and teaching
D) people learn most effectively by themselves
E) a good education makes teaching a priority

14. The writer himself is fully convinced that true
education ____ .
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A) is what everybody desires to have
B) can only be provided in a classroom
C) results from the acquisition of all kinds of
knowledge
D) is an ideal which cannot be achieved in life
E) can be acquired without the help of a teacher

15. The writer seems to admit that a teacher may
often make the process of learning ____ .
A) more interesting
B) quicker and more dependable
C) safer and more regular
D) a purely formal affair
E) too 'educative' to be effective

Since health care accounts for nearly one
seventh of the American national economy, any
attempt to reform it enters a minefield of
explosive issues. President Clinton's health-care
plan, many experts say, might shake up the
health-insurance industry so violently that it
could shrink from about 500 to as few as to 10
companies; costing thousands of jobs.
Businesses complain that new health-coverage
contributions would be disastrous; there is even
talk that up to a million jobs will be lost as a
consequence. Though the American Medical
Association has so far sent signals that it would
endorse the plan, the physicians themselves and
the taxpayers are extremely worried about it.

16. The writer argues that President Clinton's
health-care reform policy ____ .
A) is being favourably received by private doctors
and taxpayers
B) has been completely rejected by the American
Medical Association
C) is bound to cause a great deal of unrest and
discussion
D) will boost the insurance sector
E) will create many new jobs for the unemployed

17. The passage is mainly concerned with ____ .
A) the rising problems of unemployment in the
American economy
B) the economic problems of the American medical
staff
C) the financial burden health care has on the
American economy
D) President Clinton's reasons for a thorough reform
in health care
E) the likely economic consequences of the new
health care plan in the States

18. According to the passage, one of the major
problems likely to result from the new health-
care plan is that
A) a few physicians will find themselves without work
B) businesses will be badly affected by the health-
care fees demanded of them
C) there will be a fierce competition among insurance
companies for coverage of the unemployed
D) the taxpayers will not be able to receive adequate
medical care
E) president Clinton's popularity will decline sharply

In one century of strenuous research a vast
amount of source material about Michalengelo
has been collected, reviewed, edited and
annotated including letters, poems, contracts,
receipts and biographies. Biographical and
artistic data have been checked and rechecked,
sometimes corroborating and sometimes
correcting our previous ideas, and an abundance
of new facts has been revealed. Long lost works
have been rediscovered and every single known
piece has been studied in its formal and
functional aspects. The artists character, his
daily habits, his working methods, his personal
attitudes and his artistic and political opinions
have been traced as well as the peculiarities of
the people with whom he had contact. Thus
modern history of art has formed an image of
Michalengelo that is much nearer to truth than
those presented by his first biographers.

19. We understand from the passage that over
the past hundred years _____
A) a vast amount of new facts concerning
Michalengelo have come to light.
B) the research carried out about Michalengelo has
proved inadequate and in places irrelevant.
C) scholars have concentrated solely upon
Michalengelos artistic creativity.
D) In spite of much research, little has been learned
about Michalengelo.
E) though many new biographies have been written
about Michalengelo, they are all far short of truth
about him.

20. It is obvious from the passage that the
source material concerning Michalengelo ____
A) has shed light only on his daily routine life.
B) consists only of books written about him by his
contemporaries.
C) has taken nearly a hundred years to be annotated
and published.
D) has not received adequate critical attention.
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E) not only includes his letters, poems and
biographies but also documents relating to his
commissions and sales.

21. According to the passage, the new data
about Michalengelo ____
A) have led to similar studies about his
contemporaries.
B) have, in some instances, contradicted the
traditional view of him.
C) have fully confirmed the views expressed by his
early biographers.
D) have created a great deal of controversy among
historians.
E) have yet to be analysed and collected.

The fact that the brain is divided into a left and a
right half is not a new discovery. Once the skull
is removed the division is obvious to the naked
eye and it is a common feature of brains
throughout the animal kingdom. What is
interesting about this division in man is that
each half seems to have developed specialised
functions, the left side appearing to be better at
some tasks and the right side better at others.
The most obvious difference in functioning is
that the left side of the brain receives sensations
from and controls the right side of the body and
vice versa. The reasons for this are still unclear.
Despite a number of interesting theories there is
no obvious advantage in such a crossover.

22. As the writer points out, it has long been
known that ____
A) damage to the left half of the brain produces far
more serious defects.
B) the human brain is unlike that of other animals
has a very complicated structure.
C) the right side of the brain has the same functions
as the left side.
D) the left side of the brain works more efficiently
than the right.
E) in the animal world brains consist of two halves.

23. We can understand from the text that, in
man, each half of the brain ____
A) is characterized by a crossover of innumerable
nerves.
B) functions in full harmony with the other in all
activities.
C) performs certain specialised tasks.
D) controls the corresponding side of the body.
E) can be removed without damage being caused to
the other.

24. The passage is mainly concerned with ____
A) the recent history of brain studies.
B) how the body is controlled by the brain
C) the division of the brain into two halves and the
way each half functions.
D) the reason why there is a crossover of nerves in
the brain.
E) how the sensations of the body are transmitted to
the brain.

For years the theory of higher education in the
United States operated something like this: men
went to university to get rich, and women went
to university to marry rich men. During the 60s,
as a result of the fact that this theory lost much
of its popularity, as the nation began to
recognize the folly of relegating women to a
secondary role, women soon joined men in what
once were male pursuits. This rebellious decade
pushed women toward independence, showed
them their potential and compelled them to take
charge of their lives. Many women took this
opportunity. Since then famine autonomy has
been the rule not the exception at least among
university women.

25. According to the passage, the view had long
been held in the States that ____
A) the independence of women would impair the
integrity of family life.
B) only rich men had the opportunity to have higher
education.
C) the rights of women were first recognized at the
universities.
D) a womans potential could be brought to the fore
only through education.
E) universities were the place where women found
rich husbands.

26. The writer points out that from the 1960s
onwards, women in America ____
A) became more and more dominated by men in
their working life.
B) began to assert themselves in society both as
individuals and professionally.
C) became less and less interested in their fight for
emancipation.
D) began to go to universities in much greater
numbers.
E) became aware of the fact that the universities
were prejudiced against them.

27. According to the passage most American
women today ____
A) are obsessed with their inferior status in business
life.
B) are not content with the change in their lives.
C) regard marriage as outdated and potentially
harmful
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D) claim and enjoy a position of full independence.
E) still prefer to play a secondary role in society

The collection of foreign intelligence, which is
the pursuit of a special kind of information, is an
indispensable service for any government having
even the most elementary international
associations. Nations must devise a strategy to
provide for both their security and well-being.
History teaches us that responsibility cannot be
met without knowledge of the political, economic
and military capabilities and intentions of other
nations. Indeed advance knowledge of these
matters, or its absence, could well settle the fate
of a great nation especially in an era when a
single nation or consortium of nations is capable
of smashing another society in a single stroke or
of controlling it under the threat of poised
catastrophe. The well-being of any great nation
will depend on decisions taken by others, which
must be foreseen, correctly analysed and
countered.

28. As is clear from the passage a nation for its
own well-being even survival ____
A) needs to know what is going on in other countries
and what is being planned.
B) must have a good standing army to defend itself.
C) should be on good terms with several other
countries as a safeguard.
D) must be prepared to counteract any internal
revolt.
E) should not put much faith in foreign intelligence to
maintain its security.

29. The writer points out that, in our time, it is
____
A) a major concern in foreign intelligence to study
the political and economic developments in
neighbour states
B) usual for governments to rely more on military
strength than on foreign intelligence.
C) possible for one nation to be completely wiped out
by another or others.
D) almost possible to get reliable intelligence about
other nations.
E) scarcely necessary to anticipate attack from
consortium of nations.

30. In the passage foreign intelligence is
regarded as ____
A) the unfair pursuit of the data relating to the
military potential of another nation.
B) essential only for the economic well-being of a
country.
C) clandestine interference in the affairs of another
nation.
D) the acquirement of a particular type of
information.
E) a series of strategies devised to counter any
military threat.

A subject in which there has been a lot of
interest recently is the acquisition of language.
Normal children - that is, those who have not
had a particularly rich early environment -
usually begin talking after the first year of their
life. By eighteen months they have a vocabulary
of about half a dozen words; at two years a
vocabulary of more than a hundred words. The
traditional view has been that during the first
year of life babies are not mature enough to
learn languages. Talking, however, is only the
outer manifestation of the development of the
language. Long before he first utters a
meaningful word a baby can be observed
responding to the language of the others.

31. As pointed out in the passage the way in
which a language is acquired ____ .
A) is noticeably affected by the social background of
the child.
B) follows a very similar pattern in all children.
C) has rarely attracted a great deal of attention.
D) does not depend at all upon the age of a child.
E) is best observed during the first year of life

32. According to the passage one can define
talking as ____
A) the first means for a child to communicate with
others.
B) the positive proof that a language is being
learned.
C) the manifestation of a childs physical
development.
D) the first step towards acquiring a language.
E) a way of building up a vocabulary.

33. The passage makes the point that we now
have ____
A) a revised review of language acquisition among
normal children.
B) a distorted view of how a child begins to
communicate.
C) returned to the traditional theory concerning
language acquisition among children.
D) a rather contradictory theory concerning the
acquisition of language by two-year-olds.
E) the means and techniques to speed up vocabulary
acquisition among one-year-olds.

Economic dynamics have decisively shifted from
the national economy. From now on, any country
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and also any business, especially a large one that
wants to prosper will have to accept that it is the
world economy that leads and that domestic
economic policies will succeed only if they
strengthen or at least do not impair the countrys
international competitive position. This may be
the most important - it surely is the most striking
- feature of the changed world economy.

34. The writer explains that one significant
development in economy has been ____
A) the stress on the importance of domestic
economic policies.
B) the growing importance of national economic
policies.
C) a keener competition between domestic and
international companies.
D) that national economics are now closely
interrelated with the world economy
E) the decline of competition in home markets.

35. From the passage it seems that for a country
to achieve economic prosperity, it ____ .
A) has to encourage and support big corporations
B) must protect itself from new dynamics in domestic
economy.
C) has to think and plan in terms of world economy
D) must be ruthless in economic policies
E) must create competition within the domestic
market.

36. The passage deals with ____ .
A) the growing importance of internationalism in the
field of economics.
B) the dangers of foreign competition in trade.
C) the dynamics in the implementation of domestic
economic policies.
D) the question of how big business can influence the
world economy negatively.
E) some of the more striking features of the current
economic policies.

Today, the United States is in the grip of a
second Industrial revolution. While the first,
stretching from the 1870s to the 1970s, shifted
the main sector of the American economy from
agriculture to industry, the new revolution is
shifting the economy away from traditional
"smokestack" manufacturing industries to those
based upon information, services and new
technologies. It took the country decades to
accommodate the cultural and social changes
resulting from the first industrial revolution and
it would be rashly optimistic to assume that
Americans will not face serious stresses in
coming to terms with the changes that are
transforming the workplace today.

37. It is understood from the passage that the
American economy ____ .
A) was, at the beginning, largely an agricultural one
B) was, from the start, based on heavy industry
C) has, over the years, undergone very little radical
changes
D) has recently entered a period of recession
E) has invariably kept a balance between agriculture
and industry

38. The writer points out that the change in
America from an agricultural to an industrial
economy ____ .
A) was bitterly opposed by a large segment of
society
B) was achieved in a very short period of time,
actually only about two decades
C) made the use of information technologies
indispensable
D) brought with it many new cultural and social
conditions which took years to resolve
E) brought little benefit to the country as a whole

39. The author is worried that the Americans
A) will find the second industrial revaluation hard to
cope with
B) are closing down heavy industry far too soon
C) don't pay adequate attention to conditions in the
workplace
D) may turn back to an agricultural economy
E) have already lost their control over manufacturing
industries

A great many books have been written on
computers, computer programming languages,
particularly Fortran. To produce another book on
Fortran, even the newest Fortran IV, probably
seems unreasonable to most, and it is with mild
trepidation that, I, the author, embark on this
project. However, several good reasons can be
stated for doing just that. Most computer
professionals will agree that the field of
computer and information science has quickly
become a valid discipline for academia and that
rapid changes are occurring in computer
programming languages. Both of these facts
demand that a new direction be taken in
presenting the subject.

40. From the passage we understand that the
writer is somewhat apprehensive in case ____ .
A) computer sales should drop sharply
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B) developments in computer programming will
become more and more costly
C) his book will be felt, by many people, to be
superfluous
D) computer programming should be taken over by
professionals
E) programming languages should become far more
complicated

41. According to the passage, publications on
computer technology ____ .
A) are only concerned with Fortran computer
programming
B) have already reached a very high number
C) are brought out by academia for academia
D) invariably cause a great deal of public reaction
E) are largely repetitive and very costly

42. The writer of this passage feels that his new
book on Fortran is justified because ____ .
A) computer science is a new science with little
relevant literature
B) computer professionals have not as yet recognised
the changes taking place in computer science
C) it will boost the sale of computers throughout the
world
D) it introduces a new approach to computer
programming languages
E) it will change the concept of computer science
among academia

Until the late l9th century most American
museums and art academies considered
watercolor an amateur pursuit or a preliminary
to serious work in oils. Many American
watercolorists saw the medium as a holiday
diversion, using portable paint boxes and a free
style to make what they called "snapshots" of
their travels. In contrast, a few recognised the
exceptional capacity of watercolours as a
medium to provide clear and luminous colours in
works that would evoke the ever changing
nature of lakes and rivers they knew so well, and
ultimately vie for supremacy with oil paintings in
major art collections.

43. We can understand from the passage that, in
America, it was a long time before watercolours
____ .
A) were taken seriously as an art form,
B) fell out of public favour
C) lost their appeal and gave way to oils
D) were confined to the depiction of lakes and rivers
E) became an amateur pursuit among the ordinary
people

44. According to the passage, some American
artists felt that watercolour ____ .
A) and oil painting were equally effective as mediums
for the portrayal of human emotions
B) had been overworked for centuries
C) was only to be practised as a hobby on holidays
D) had always been superior to oil painting
E) was an ideal means for representing nature in its
various shades and colours

45. The passage explains clearly how ____ .
A) watercolour has revolutionised landscape painting
in America
B) watercolour slowly gave way to oils in art
collections
C) American museums and art galleries have
collected their oil paintings and watercolours
D) watercolour has come to be recognised in America
as a valid art medium
E) watercolour differs in style and execution from oil
painting

"Human rights" is a fairly new name for what
were formerly called "the rights of man. It was
Eleanor Roosevelt in 1940s who promoted the
use of the expression "human rights" when she
discovered, through her work in the United
Nations, that the rights of men were not
understood in some parts of the world to include
the rights of women. The "rights of man at an
earlier date had itself replaced the original term
"natural rights", in part, perhaps, because the
concept of natural law, with which the concept of
natural rights was logically connected, had
become a subject of controversy.

46. The passage explains the stages by
which____ .
A) the United Nations carried out its procedures
B) Eleanor Roosevelt developed the idea of human
rights
C) the term "human rights" came into use
D) the various "rights of man" came to be recognised
E) human rights are today being violated throughout
the world

47. By referring to Eleanor Roosevelt, the author
points out that, before the 1940s, the term "the
rights of man ____ .
A) had always been used in conjunction with "the
rights of women"
B) had come under severe criticism
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C) had long been a subject of controversy among
politicians
D) had already become irrelevant in world politics
E) had often been misunderstood by some nations

48. It is pointed out in the passage that the
disagreement over the concept of natural law
____ .
A) was actually of no significance in many parts of
the world
B) meant that the term "natural rights" was no
longer acceptable
C) forced Eleanor Roosevelt to introduce the term
"human rights"
D) undermined the work of the United Nations
E) was closely connected with the growing
recognition of the rights of women

After 1933 the Western World realised that it
was living in another age of absolutism, or
rather, in an age of totalitarian dictatorship far
worse than the worst of the old absolute kings;
such regimes could be seen to be enforcing a
"law" that was the command hardly of a
"sovereign" but of a cruel and genocidal despot.
It was ordinary people who protested: "This
cannot be law. Law, if it is to deserve the name
of law, must respect at least some basic rights to
which every human being is entitled simply
because he is human."

49. According to the passage, compared with the
absolute kings of the past, modern dictators
____ .
A) have been far more cruel and oppressive
B) have shown a relatively high respect for the rights
of the individual
C) have received considerable support from ordinary
people
D) have shown leniency in the enforcement of law
E) have always been anxious to rule by law

50. The writer suggests that a major distinctive
feature of "law" is ____ .
A) to prevent the rise of totalitarianism in society
B) that it disregards the rights of ordinary people
C) respect for basic human rights
D) to uphold respect for the sovereign
E) that it should make a return to absolutism
impossible

51. According to the passage, the major protest
against the despots of modern times ____ .
A) has been largely on account of their genocidal
actions
B) began to increase after 1933
C) has largely been confined to the Western world
D) has been due to a growing fear of totalitarianism
E) has come from common people who are
concerned about their basic rights

The shopping centre emerged in the early 1900s
in the suburbs that encircled American cities.
Suburbs of that time tended to be chiefly
residential and to depend on the traditional city
centres for shopping. The first suburban
commercial centres had three identifiable
features; they consisted of a number of stores
built and leased by a single developer; they were
usually situated at an important intersection, and
they provided plenty of free, offstreet parking.
These "shopping villages" resembled small-town
shopping districts, both in their architecture
which was carefully traditional, and in their
layout, which integrated them into the
surrounding neighbourhood. The stores faced the
street and the parking lots were usually in the
rear.

52. Before the introduction of shopping centres
those living in the residential suburban areas
____ .
A) were anxious to keep commercial activities there
to a minimum
B) usually preferred to go to nearby small towns in
order to do their shopping
C) found parking a great problem when they went
downtown to shop
D) had to go into the centre of the city to do their
shopping
E) felt that shopping facilities could not be integrated
into such neighbourhoods

53. A popular site for the early shopping centres
in the United States was ____ .
A) the very heart of a big city with roads directly
serving all the suburbs
B) one near an important road junctions with enough
space to provide adequate parking facilities
C) the villages bordering on the suburbs of a town,
since they too would benefit from the facilities
D) a suitable point far away from two or three
suburban areas
E) one that was in the hands of a single developer
and architect

54. The new "shopping villages" were
reminiscent of small-town shopping areas ____ .
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A) since many architects felt these could hardly be
integrated effectively into suburban conditions
B) although the stores faced onto the parking lots,
not the streets
C) as regards both the architectural style and the
arrangement of the buildings
D) even though the architecture was very different
E) as most developers wanted to bring something
new into the commercial activities of the region

The Antarctic is the most remote continent in the
world and the last to be discovered, but
nevertheless constitutes about one tenth of the
worlds land surface. So far it has escaped the
worst of mans destructive ingenuity but today it
is threatened by mans insatiable appetite for
natural resources, and seems to be in danger of
losing its pristine environment which serves as
the perfect natural laboratory for scientists to
pursue knowledge for its own sake.

55. The human qualities that are dwelt upon in
this passage are mainly mans ____ .
A) concern for the environment and his
determination to protect it
B) devotion to knowledge and scientific experiment
C) concern for the underprivileged and his desire to
open up new areas of natural resources for them
D) respect for man and the whole created world
E) greed and the reckless way he spoils the world

56. We can understand from the passage that the
Antarctic ____ .
A) is at present virtually unspoiled
B) is a very small and quite useless continent
C) has noting to offer in the way of natural resources
D) has suffered greatly from natural sources of
destruction
E) has a climate so incompatible to man that it is
safe from man

57. One can understand from the passage that
the writer ____ .
A) greatly admires mans persistent search for fresh
natural resources
B) looks forward to the time when the world will
benefit from the rich natural resources of the
Antarctic
C) is opposed to all scientific projects concerning the
Antarctic
D) does not want to see the exploitation of the
Antarctic by man
E) is rather scornful of those who pursue knowledge
for its own sake

Inflation is process of steadily rising prices,
resulting in a diminishing of the purchasing
power of a given nominal sum of money. In other
words, you can buy fewer goods for 1 pound in
December than you could in January of the same
year. One type of inflation is known as demand-
pull inflation. This occurs under conditions of full
employment, when demand exceeds supply of
goods; that is to say, when people want to buy
more goods than are available. The process of
demand-pull inflation operates as follows. An
increased demand for goods leads to an
increased demand for labour, resulting in higher
wages and salaries. This has the effect of
increasing costs of production and thus causes
increased prices. However, as wages and salaries
are higher, the increased demand for goods
continues, and so the cycle goes on.

58. When there is inflation the purchasing power
of any given amount of money ____ .
A) remains unchanged throughout a calendar year
B) starts to increase at a steady rate
C) gradually becomes less and less
D) has to be readjusted at the end of each fiscal year
E) is completely unpredictable from month to month

59. As is pointed out in the passage, the
condition of demand-pull inflation ____ .
A) has a positive effect on production efficiency
B) occurs when there are plenty of goods but few
buyers
C) invariably leads to a state of unemployment
D) can only be checked by devaluation
E) is to be found when there are plenty of would-be
buyers, but not enough goods on sale

60. The writer points out that, with demand-pull
inflation there is an unending cycle of ____ .
A) full employment and stabilized salaries
B) higher wages and more expensive goods
C) overproduction and falling prices
D) higher wages but falling sales
E) increased prices but better quality goods

In the business world today, many companies
are showing less interest in the theoretical
potential of their staff and more in what they are
actually doing at the time. As an alternative or
supplement to judging academic credentials,
many firms have developed assessment-
centres in which employees handle simulated
business problems, in a setting as close to real
life as possible, to demonstrate their competence
or indicate the need for training. Candidates for
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administrative jobs, for example, might work
their way through a sample in-box. Bosses find
those promoted because of their assessment-
centre scores to be competent and the
candidates feel the system is fair. In fact, the
systems can be working well and giving
satisfaction.

61. According to the passage, the trend in
business today ____ .
A) is to put less and less emphasis on academic
qualifications
B) remains roughly what it was at an earlier date
C) is to make all employees try their hand at
administrative work
D) is to promote those who have theoretical
knowledge though lacking in technical background
E) is to keep moving employees round from one job
to another

62. We can understand from the passage that
candidates who get poor assessment-centre
scores ____ .
A) are, in the majority of cases, without much
theoretical potential
B) invariably lose their jobs
C) will never again be considered for promotion
D) are turned down as incompetent
E) will probably be offered further training
programmes

63. It is clear from the passage that the system
of promotion on the basis of assessment-centre
scores ____
A) is proving unsatisfactory as too much emphasis is
placed upon theoretical knowledge
B) it is starting to make for bad relations between
management and worker
C) is proving satisfactory to employer and employee
alike
D) is to be discontinued as it only tests a candidates
ability to get through an in-box at speed
E) generally applies only to candidates with an
exceptionally good academic background

In Eminent Victorians Lytton Strachey portrays
four dominating personalities of the nineteenth
century. He is, noticeably, free of undue
reverence for the great; indeed his satirical view
of life enables him to discover in them many
flaws which were discreetly overlooked by
previous historians. Perhaps his portrayal of
General Gordon is the most controversial of all.
Certainly he was a gifted and gallant soldier, but
was he also an unbalanced mystic and a self
opinionated eccentric? His portrait of Dr Arnold
is also disturbing. Was he a wise and foreseeing
educationalist and headmaster or try sternly
imposing his will on the students in care? The
questions thus raised are intensely provocative
and make reading stimulating.

64. From the passage we understand that as a
biographer, Lytton Strachey was remarkable in
his time for ____ .
A) avoiding all subjects of a controversial nature
B) writing biographies not of the great but of little
known people
C) concentrating his attention on the bad, even
vicious people of his age
D) not giving an idealised picture of the great
E) conforming to the established norms and attitudes
of his society

65. According to the passage, the biographies of
Lytton Strachey are of a kind that ____ .
A) unduly emphasise the faults and weaknesses of
the person portrayed
B) leave the reader stimulated and in doubt as to the
essential nature of the person portrayed
C) trick the reader into disliking the person portrayed
D) give the reader a great deal of unsupported gossip
E) the intelligent reader would do well to ignore

66. The main point of the passage is to ____ .
A) bring to our notice how unreliable Lytton Strachey
is as a biographer
B) explain why so many people have been
disappointed by Lytton Stracheys biographies
C) defend Stracheys view of Victorian attitudes
D) compare and contrast Stracheys portrayal of
General Gordon with that of Dr Arnold
E) give an idea of the content, character and
approach of the book Eminent Victorians

If the key to good nutrition is consuming a
variety of foods, then vegetables can truly stand
as the cornerstone of a health diet. Of all foods,
they offer the most diversity. There are literally
hundreds of varieties available to us, and
because of careful plant breeding, todays
vegetable harvest is continually being expanded
and improved. In addition, vegetables are
replete with nutrients. They supply nearly all of
the vitamins and minerals required for good
health, many of them especially starchy
vegetables like potatoes and winter squash -
contain complex carbohydrates, which furnish us
with energy. Most also provide dietary fiber, and
a few, such as lima beans and potatoes, can
contribute significantly to our protein intake. At
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the same time, vegetables contain no
cholesterol, have little or no fat, and are low in
calories. In nutritional parlance, vegetables are
nutrient dense that is, their store of
nutrients is relatively high for the number of
calories they supply.

67. It is emphasised in the passage that
vegetables ____ .
A) provide us with vitamins and minerals but not
carbohydrates or proteins
B) are a pleasant but unessential part of most
people's diet
C) are highly nutritious and at the same time low in
calories
D) have a surprisingly high calorie content
E) cannot take the place of meat in our diet

68. The author points out that the kinds of
vegetable at our disposal ____ .
A) are constantly increasing as new kinds are
frequently being bred
B) are deceptive as the nutrient content is invariably
the same
C) are unfortunately inadequate in most parts of the
world
D) are not sufficient to keep anyone in really good
health
E) have a dangerously high cholesterol content

____ .
A) vegetables must be eaten in conjunction with
foods rich in fats and minerals
B) only a limited range of vitamins are to be found in
vegetables
C) potatoes are among the least valuable of the
vegetables
D) the starchy vegetables are a good source of
energy
E) only a small fraction of the nutrients we need for
health can be derived from vegetables

The unfavourable effects of cigarette smoking on
the heart have frequently been described, but
the exact basis for these effects has not been
clarified. Some investigators believe nicotine to
be culprit and there has been some experimental
work in animals indicating that large doses of
nicotine in conjunction with cholesterol feeding
and vitamin D could produce a disease of the
arteries resembling that seen in humans. An
alternative explanation has been offered by
other scientists who have pointed to the possible
role of carbon monoxide being inhaled with the
cigarette smoking.

70. It is pointed out in the passage that nicotine
_____ .
A) is considered by some to be one of the reasons
why smoking has an adverse effect on the heart
B) is the only harmful factor in relation to smoking
C) affects animals more seriously than humans
D) has been established as more dangerous than
carbon monoxide for smokers
E) has an adverse effect only upon the arteries

71. According to the passage, studies into the
adverse effects of smoking _____ .
A) have ruled out any relationship between smoking
and cholesterol levels in humans
B) have not been able to establish for certain
whether or not carbon monoxide could be a factor
C) have so far not raised any controversial opinions
D) have shown that vitamin D reduces nicotine in the
body
E) indicate that nicotine and carbon monoxide may
be only minor factors

72. The main concern of the passage is to _____
.
A) describe certain experiments on animals relating
to the effects of carbon monoxide
B) emphasizes the role nicotine and vitamin D play in
the heart diseases
C) demonstrate that the adverse effects of smoking
on the heart are still under debate
D) compare the effects on the heart of nicotine and
carbon monoxide
E) give an account of the research work concerning
animal diseases

Agriculture remains the most crucial area for
development, here it seems that the most
intractable problems of resistance to change
exist. One may argue that scientific training in
agriculture by itself is unlikely to have any
marked impact on agricultural output. Any
attempt at vocational training in agriculture
presupposes that a meaningful structure of
incentive exists for the individual farmer to
increase his output, improve his techniques, and
expand his range of activities. Without such
incentives and opportunities, agricultural
education can have little impact.

73. The author is of the opinion that
improvements in the field of agriculture _____ .
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A) cannot be achieved through vocational training
B) can easily be realized
C) have already led to good results
D) are absolutely vital for productivity
E) have largely been confined to technology

74. We can understand from the passage that the
agriculture community _____ .
A) tends to disregard the problems of the individual
farmer
B) is eager for more vocational training
C) is fully aware of the long-term benefits of scientific
training
D) has already begun to benefit from the improved
techniques
E) is not the one that welcomes change

75. The author concludes that vocational training
in agriculture _____ .
A) will be an effective way of eliminating resistance
to change in society
B) will provide farmers with a wide range of
opportunities
C) will be futile unless its backed up with various
incentives
D) is regarded as a priority for social development
E) has often been underestimated by various
authorities

Some decades ago there was hardly such a
subject as the economics of education. Today it
is one of the most rapidly growing branches of
economics. Together with health economics, it
makes up the core of the economics of human
resources, a field of inquiry which in the last few
years has been silently revolutionising such
traditional subjects as growth economics, labour
economics, international trade, and public
finance. Consequently, the economics of
education with its concept of human investment
has rapidly transformed large areas of orthodox
economics.

76. The author points out that the term the
economics of education _____ .
A) has only come into use in very recent years
B) has for decades been under discussion among
economists
C) is of little significance in orthodox economics
D) has only been accepted in educational circles
E) is gradually disappearing from economic writings

77. According to the passage, the economics of
education _____ .
A) is not connected in anyway with investment in
man
B) relates to a very narrow sphere of human activity
C) has had no impact whatsoever on other areas of
orthodox economics
D) has today come into the forefront of economic
thinking
E) is one of the earliest branches of general
economics

78. The author suggests that the earlier
branches of economics _____ .
A) have grown steadily in importance
B) have been substantially modified through the
introduction of the economics of human resources
C) have been virtually unaffected by health
economics or the economics of human resources
D) gave great importance to the idea of human
investment
E) constituted the essence of the economics of
human resources

Tigers grow to lengths of ten feet or more and
can be bigger than the largest lion. They have
immense strength. They clutch their prey to
them, holding on with their claws, and depend on
the crushing bite of their powerful jaws to end
the struggle. They swim very well and can often
be seen splashing about in water on very hot
days, since they apparently suffer from heat.
When the air is chilly, however, they avoid wet
or damp vegetation. They can climb, but do not
approach the leopards ability in this. They can
negotiate treacherous rocky areas but generally
prefer to stay on level ground. They are not as
well equipped with senses as one might expect.
They apparently depend on their hearing while
hunting. Their eyesight is not particularly good,
they seem unable to spot prey until it moves.

79. It is clear from the passage that tigers
_____.
A) rely on their huge claws alone to catch and kill
their prey
B) are the most skilful climbers of all wild animals
C) are sensitive to significant variations in
temperature
D) closely resemble lions as regards size, speed and
strength
E) rely heavily upon their eyesight in locating and
catching prey

80. As is mentioned in the passage, a flat terrain
_____ .
A) is usually the favoured habitats of the tiger
B) rather than rocky cliffs gives tigers better
opportunities for hiding
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C) provides camouflage for leopards
D) is usually wet, so tigers prefer higher levels
E) usually has thicker vegetation which shelters more
prey

81. From the passage we learn that, contrary to
what is generally thought _____ .
A) once a prey starts to move a tiger can rarely catch
it
B) hearing is the least developed sense of the tiger
C) the leopards hunting ability is far behind that of
the tiger
D) rocky areas are invariably avoided by all wild
animals
E) the tigers senses are not particularly well
developed

Scientists have long sought ways to define and
measure human intelligence. And while theories
of intelligence have grown more sophisticated
since the 1800s when some believed mental
abilities were determined by the size of a
persons head, researchers still do not agree
about certain fundamental principles of human
thought. They, therefore, continue to debate
such basic questions as whether heredity or the
environment is more important in forming
intelligence.

82. As we learn from the passage, the age-old
controversy about whether intelligence depends
upon heredity or the environment _____ .
A) is now being ignored as it is seen to be fruitless
B) was finally received in the 1800s
C) has only recently become a subject for serious
research
D) does not seem to have ceased yet
E) was more sophisticated in the 19th century than it
is today

83. According to the passage, in the early
nineteenth century, some people held the view
that a persons mental capacity _____.
A) could never be changed
B) depended upon the head size
C) was purely heredity
D) was completely shaped by the environment
E) was fundamental to his character

84. One may conclude from the passage that a
full understanding of the nature and the capacity
of human intelligence _____ .
A) can only be achieved by exceptionally
sophisticated
B) has finally been achieved by modern scientists
C) is sure to be realized within the next few years
D) is not likely to be achieved in the near future
E) will emerge through theoretical rather than
experimental studies

The novelist E. L. Doctorow is best known for his
mixing fiction with historical fact, by placing his
stories within the framework of public events. In
fact, by integrating the front-page news of the
20th century America with the lives of his
characters, Doctorow gives readers the feel of
an era, combining the unusual and the
commonplace. His latest novel Worlds Fair
shows how the events of the turbulent 1930s
helped mold the sensibilities of his young
protagonist.

85. It is explained in the passage that
Doctorows novel Worlds Fair _____ .
A) describes the damaging effects of the turbulent
1930s on the sensitive young protagonist
B) is actually a full historical account of the great
changes that took place in the 1930s
C) demonstrates his theories concerning the
relationship between man and his society
D) fails to give his readers a feel of the 1930s in
America
E) gives the account of how the thoughts and
feelings of the main character are shaped by the
period in which he lived

86. From the passage we learn that a blend of
fiction and history _____ .
A) has not always been Doctorows primary concern
B) is deliberately avoided by Doctorow in his most
recent novels
C) is a striking feature of Doctorows writing
D) is commonly used by contemporary American
writers, including Doctorow himself
E) is never to be found in the traditional novel

87. We see in the passage that Doctorows
purpose in bringing together in his novels the
usual and the extraordinary _____ .
A) is to build up a convicting picture of a period
B) did not achieve the result he aimed for in Worlds
Fair
C) has been frequently criticized by his readers
D) has not been properly appreciated except in the
case of Worlds Fair
E) has been shared by other 20th century American
novelists

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In 1964 the United Nations Conference on Trade
and Development was held. For the first time the
poorer nations of the world came together to act
as a pressure group on trading matters. The
Conference made the following
recommendations. The Developing countries
should be given free access to world markets for
their manufactures and semi manufactures by
the elimination of quotas and tariffs.
International commodity agreements should be
made for each major primary commodity in
world trade to stabilise commodity prices.
Moreover, compensation schemes, whereby the
underdeveloped countries are compensated for
the declining prices of their primary products,
were recommended for consideration. The
Conference also resolved that the developed
countries should aim to provide at least 1 per
cent of their national income as aid for the
underdeveloped countries.

88. As can be understood from the passage, the
1964 United nations Conference on Trade and
Development was remarkable because ____
A) the developing countries now had the chance, for
the first time, to have free access to the markets
of the developed countries.
B) it failed to formulate a policy that would ensure
the stabilisation of world commodity prices.
C) all the demands of the underdeveloped countries
were accepted without reservation by the
developed countries.
D) a number of deadlines were set for the signing of
international commodity agreements.
E) the worlds poorer countries participating in the
Conference took joint action to influence the
resolutions on trading matters.

89. With reference to this Conference, one
development mentioned in the passage was that
____
A) each country was to benefit from compensation
schemes.
B) the idea of compensation schemes came to the
fore.
C) developed countries should not benefit from
compensation schemes.
D) compensation schemes were to be put into effect
as soon as possible.
E) the poorer countries should be compensated for
their general trade deficits.

90. From the passage we learn that one of the
resolutions adopted by the United Nations
Conference on Trade and Development ____
A) was soon revoked due to strong pressure coming
from underdeveloped member countries.
B) considerably raised the world trade tariffs on a
variety of commodities.
C) concerned the amount of aid to be given by the
developed countries to the underdeveloped.
D) envisaged a step-by-step lifting of the worlds
trade barriers.
E) made it imperative for the developed countries to
open up their markets to the manufactured goods
of the underdeveloped countries.

In earlier centuries it was thought that a great
continent must exist in the southern hemisphere,
around the South Pole, to balance the known
land masses in the north. Its real extent was
better understood in the 18th century,
particularly when Captain Cook sailed for the
first time south of the Antarctic Circle and
reached the edge of the icepack. A portion of the
ice-covered continent was first sighted by
Edward Bransfield in 1820. Explorers of several
other nations also sighted portions of the coast-
line in other quarters and wrote detailed
accounts of their observations. However, in the
light of these accounts, the first extensive
exploration was made by Captain James Clarke
Ross in 1841 when a great part of the Antarctic
was discovered.

91. As we can understand from the passage, it
was assumed many centuries ago that the large
land mass around the North Pole ____
A) seemed to be impenetrable and, hence,
inexplorable.
B) could not have a counterpart in the southern
hemisphere.
C) had a regular and unchanging coastline.
D) must have been balanced by a similar extent of
land mass around the South Pole.
E) would be reduced in size once the edge of the ice-
pack began to melt.

92. It is pointed out in the passage that it was
only with Captain Cooks voyage in the 18th
century that ____
A) the first serious expedition into the interior of the
Antarctic was launched
B) a partially accurate assessment of the size of the
Antarctic could be made.
C) people began to realise just how small the land
mass here was.
D) multi-national projects for the exploration of the
Antarctic were put into effect.
E) the rich natural resources of the Antarctic became
known to the outside world.

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93. It is clear from the passage that, following
various earlier reports concerning the Antarctic,
____
A) Edward Bransfield joined the international project
to study the ice-pack of the continent.
B) many explorers were discouraged from
undertaking any serious exploration there.
C) explorers from various countries began to
compete with each other for the conquest of the
continent.
D) Captain Cook decided to undertake a second
voyage of discovery in the area.
E) the first major, large-scale discovery of the
continent was undertaken by James Clarke Ross in
1841.

Oceanography is the scientific study of the
worlds oceans which cover over 70 percent of
the earths surface. The beginnings of modern
oceanography go back to the 1870s when, for
the first time, wide ranging scientific
observations and studies of the oceans were
undertaken by British. Since then, oceanography
has developed into a highly technical and
interdisciplinary science which is now divided
into several fields of study. These are biological
oceanography, which deals with the study of the
marine organisms and marine ecology, chemical
oceanography, which is concerned with the
composition of sea water, and physical
oceanography, which studies ocean currents,
tides, waves, and the role played by the oceans
in climate and weather. Geological oceanography
is also another branch of oceanography and is
mainly concerned with the formation,
composition and evaluation of the ocean basins.
Oceanographic knowledge is essential to allow
exploitation of the enormous food, mineral and
energy resources of the oceans.

94. In the passage the writer does not dwell on
____
A) the purpose and research concerns of biological
oceanography.
B) the history of oceanography studies, and the
range of these studies
C) how oceanographic studies can contribute to the
improvement of shipping.
D) the uses for us of the information provided by
oceanographic studies about the oceans.
E) what geological oceanography and chemical
oceanography deal with.

95. It is clear from the passage that, due to the
complexity and variety of its research activities,
oceanography ____
A) cooperates with some of the other sciences
B) focuses only on the discovery of the new energy
resources in the oceans
C) benefits extensively from the findings of biology.
D) is rarely concerned with the problems of the ocean
environment.
E) has developed into a separate and independent
discipline with no relationship with other sciences.

96. We understood from the passage that over
the last hundred years or so ____
A) many wide ranging studies have been made of
ocean currents and their effects on climate.
B) the oceans have been extensively exploited for
food and mineral deposits.
C) British scientists have carried out extensive
studies of the ocean basis.
D) scientists have been much concerned with the
pollution of the ocean environment.
E) much progress has been made in the development
of oceanography as a science.

In 1945, following the Second World War, the
allies that is, the United States, the Soviet Union,
and Britain drew up and signed the Potsdam
Agreement. The main points of this agreement
were that militarism and Hitlerism should be
destroyed; that industrial power should be so
reduced that Germany would never again be in a
position to wage aggressive war; that surplus
equipment should be destroyed or transferred to
replace wrecked plants in allied territories; that
Germany should be treated as an economic
whole, and that local self-government should be
restored on democratic lines as rapidly as was
consistent with military security.

97. As we learn from the passage, the Postdam
Agreement ____
A) was originally proposed by the United States.
B) was the first treaty of its kind to be signed with
the Soviet Union.
C) was a treaty, which was signed by the allies, with
the principle aim of ensuring peace and security in
Europe.
D) improved the relations between the Soviet Unions
and the West.
E) was drafted by the allies in consultation with
Germany.

98. According to the passage, one of the major
provisions made in the Postdam Agreement was
that ____
A) the necessary measures should be taken to
prevent Germany from any future renewal of
aggression.
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B) the rearmament of Germany should be under
allied supervision.
C) the military, but not the domestic, policies of
Hitler should be discontinued.
D) Germanys industrial production should be
reduced to a pre-Hitler level.
E) local administrations in Germany should concern
themselves only with social welfare.

Postdam Agreement envisaged ____
A) a European political institution to safeguard peace.
B) a step-by-step reduction of Germanys economic
efficiency.
C) the restoration of democracy throughout Europe.
D) the transfer of surplus equipment from Germany
to the allied countries to help the recovery of
industry there.
E) the maintenance of military security through a
new alliance with Germany.

The police are a regular force established for the
preservation of law and order and the prevention
and detection of crime. The powers they have
vary from country to country and with the type
of government; the more civilised and
democratic the state is, the less police
intervention there is. England, compared with
other countries, was slow to develop a police
force, and it was not until 1829 that Sir Robert
Peels Metropolitan Police Act established a
regular force for the metropolis. Later legislation
established county and borough forces
maintained by local police authorities throughout
England and Wales.

100. It is clear from the passage that one of the
major concerns of the police is ____
A) to uphold the law and maintain order in society.
B) to put on trial those guilty of criminal behaviour.
C) the enlargement of their own powers as far as is
compatible with democracy.
D) to uphold the universal principles of democracy.
E) to intervene, when necessary, in matters of
legislation.

101. We understand from the passage that the
powers of the police ____
A) are much stronger in country areas than in cities.
B) cannot be limited in democratic countries.
C) have been strongly criticised in England.
D) were first defined by the British government in
1829.
E) are closely related to the political regime of a
country.

102. The writer tells us that, before England set
up a police force, ____
A) various countries had already established one of
their own.
B) the preservation of law and order was being
maintained by local authorities.
C) Sir Robert Peel showed little interest in the
preservation of law and order.
D) the prevention and detection of crime in the
boroughs was almost impossible.
E) Wales had the highest crime rate in Britain.

The International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD) known as the
International Bank or as the World Bank is an
agency of the United Nations established in
1945. It has the primary function of making
loans available to assist developing countries.
Usually, loans are made to finance specific
projects of investment in underdeveloped
countries; and the Bank will normally make a
loan only if it is satisfied that the investment will
yield a revenue sufficient to enable the payment
of interest on the loan, and repayment of the
sum lent. In 1983 the Bank made loans to the
value of $3.300 million. Thus a sizeable amount
of lending is channelled through the Bank, but it
is clear that some projects of great value to
underdeveloped countries cannot be financed in
this way, because they would not yield returns
quickly enough or large enough to meet the
Banks requirements for interest and repayment.

World Bank was founded in order to ____
A) provide the nations with a constant source of
income for its various projects.
B) bring all developing countries up to the same level
of economic prosperity.
C) provide underdeveloped countries in particular,
with the necessary financial support for the
realisation of their major development projects.
D) give loans to all the countries in the world on an
equal basis, regardless of their economic position.
E) make loans available to those countries not
receiving support from the developed countries.

the World Bank will usually not provide loans for
investment projects in developing countries
unless ____
A) it is absolutely certain that the money lent will be
returned in full and with interest.
B) it has been unanimously approved by the United
Nations.
C) these countries are in a position to finance a good
part of these projects.
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D) these projects are indeed of vital importance for
the industrialisation of these countries.
E) these countries are prepared to pay a sizeable
interest rate on the money lent.

105. The passage gives a general account of
____
A) why the World Bank has relaxed its traditionally
strict loan policies in favour of developing
countries.
B) how the World Bank was founded and has been
financed by the United Nations.
C) the ways and means by which the World Bank has
influenced developing countries.
D) how the financial policies of the World Bank are
controlled by the United Nations.
E) the main funding policy followed by the World
Bank in relation to underdeveloped countries.

Paper has been known in one form or another
from very early times. The papyrus reeds of the
Nile swamps served the ancient Egyptians for
sheets upon which to inscribe their records. The
Chinese and Japanese, centuries later, were
using something more akin to modern paper in
substance, an Asiatic paper-mulberry, yielding a
smooth fibrous material, being utilised. With the
spread of learning in Western Europe the
necessity of a readier medium made itself felt,
and paper began to be manufactured from
pulped rags and other substances. Other
papermaking staples were later introduced, such
as linen cotton and wood-pulp. The chief raw
material in the world paper industry now is
wood-pulp, the main exporters being the timber-
growing countries of Canada, Sweden and
Finland.

106. We can understand from the passage that,
throughout history, paper ____ .
A) has played a vital role in the advancement of
learning
B) has been a major export item for Asian countries,
and for China in particular
C) has been produced from a wide range of materials
D) has been valued as a means of communication
more in the West than in the East
E) has largely been used for documentation rather
than for learning

107. It is obvious from the passage that today
the wood-pulp needed for the manufacture of
paper ____ .
A) is largely provided by the countries which produce
a great deal of timber
B) is produced from a variety of substances other
than timber
C) can only be produced economically with the aid of
sophisticated technology
D) is normally made from raw materials locally
available
E) can most readily be prepared from timber with a
high fibrous content

108. The main concern of the passage is to ---
____ .
A) explain why there has been so little change in the
development of papermaking
B) describe how the West learned the techniques of
papermaking
C) account for the economic implications of the paper
industry
D) give a historical account of papermaking with
emphasis on the main raw materials used
E) alert the reader to the fact that very large
amounts of timber are consumed in papermaking

The great expansion in energy demand over
recent years has been met to a large extent by
petroleum oil. The total world reserves of
petroleum oil are still uncertain since large parts
of the world are still not fully prospected. The
cutback in oil production and the rise in the price
of Middle Eastern oil following the 1973 Arab-
Israeli war unleashed a worldwide energy crisis
which affected the economies of consumer
countries. One result of this crisis has been that
Britain has increased its North Sea oil production
and become the fifth largest oil producing
country in the world.

109. It is pointed out in the passage that, to
meet its increasing energy needs, the world ____
.
A) will have to develop new sources of energy in
addition to petroleum oil
B) has had to face a recurrent energy crisis
C) has, in recent years, relied heavily on petroleum
oil
D) has had to rely more and more on British oil
E) is learning to depend upon a larger variety of
energy sources

110. One can understand from the passage that
further oil explorations ____ .
A) would inevitably result in a drop in oil prices
B) are unlikely to produce any positive results
C) should be carried out both in the Middle East and
in the North Sea
D) may cause new tensions in the Middle East
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E) could lead to the discovery of rich reserves of
petroleum as yet untapped

111. According to the passage, one result of the
oil crisis caused by the Arab-Israeli war has been
that ____ .
A) the world has learned to reduce its energy
consumption
B) Britain has become one of the leading oil
producers
C) many new oil fields throughout the world have
been prospected and brought into production
D) Britain has emerged as the largest exporter of
petroleum oil in the world
E) consumer countries have had to redefine their
economic priorities

In 1903 the United States signed a treaty with
Panama, which gave the United States rights in
perpetuity ever a 16 km wide strip of land
extending across the narrowest part of Panama
for the purpose of building and running a canal.
The canal built, now known as the Panama Canal,
connects the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans and
is just over 80 km long. Its depth varies from 12
to 26 meters. It is constructed above sea-level,
with locks and has been available for commercial
shipping since 3 August 1914. An agreement was
reached in 1978 for the waterway to be turned
over Panama by the end of the century.

112. According to the passage, with the 1978
agreement concerning the Panama Canal it was
agreed that ____ .
A) shipping through the Canal would be jointly
supervised by Panama and the United States
B) the right to operate the Canal would rest with the
United States for ever
C) the Canal would revert to Panama at the end of
the century
D) the costs would be shared equally between
Panama and the United States
E) the Canal had to accept commercial shipping from
all countries

locks in the Panama Canal are essential ____ .
A) as, for a canal, 80 kilometres is a very long
stretch of waterway
B) since the canal authorities need to be supervise
shipping in the canal
C) lest enemy ships attempt to enter the Canal
D) even though the United States would have
preferred not to build them
E) because there is a difference between the level of
the Canal and that of the sea

114. As it is pointed out in the passage, the
Panama Canal ____ .
A) will continue to be run jointly by Panama and the
United States
B) has continuously caused friction between the
United States and Panama
C) has had an increasing volume of shipping since it
was first opened
D) was constructed to connect the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans at their closest point
E) has become the worlds busiest waterway for
commercial shipping

When there has been a serious disaster such as
an earthquake or flooding, various relief efforts
are rapidly put into effect. However, experience
has shown that it is usually impractical to
attempt mass immunisation immediately
following a disaster and that, when attempted, it
detracts from the overall relief effort without
producing a discernible benefit. Effective
immunisation requires prior planning good
systems of communication and transport and
access to the population at risk. These
requirements cannot be met in the immediate
postdisaster period. Efforts to achieve mass
vaccination in the relief phase also drain
whatever limited manpower, communication
facilities, and transportation exist.

115. It is pointed out in the passage that, as part
of the relief work following a disaster, ____ .
A) the most difficult to organise is the fair
distribution of supplies
B) mass immunisation is not usually to be
recommended
C) communication facilities are among the most
urgent measures to be taken
D) it is important to plan comprehensively the
evacuation of the badly wounded
E) one of the priorities must be the resettlement of
the displaced population

116. We can understand from the passage that,
in the main, in the aftermath of a disaster, ____ .
A) it is not often possible to have access to adequate
communication facilities
B) the transport of relief workers to the area should
be carefully planned
C) untold benefits are to be derived from mass
immunisation
D) the distribution of food and medicine is the main
activity of the relief phase
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E) conditions are not favourable for the
implementation of an efficient immunisation
programme

117. We can understand from the passage that, if
transport and communication facilities are
inadequate, ____ .
A) then relief efforts will be adversely affected
B) the population at risk has to be removed to a
safer place
C) the problems facing relief workers will not be so
obvious
D) relief efforts have to be doubled to improve the
situation
E) the amount of man power has to be increased by
every means available

Universities are institutions of higher education
whose principal objects are the increase of
knowledge over a wide field through original
thought and research and its extensions by the
teaching of students. Such societies existed in
the ancient world, notably in Greece and India,
but the origin of the University as we know it
today lies in medieval Europe, the word
universitas being a contraction of the Latin
term for corporations of teachers and students
organised for the promotion of higher learning.
The earliest bodies to become recognised under
this description were at Bologna and Paris in the
first half of the 12th century. Oxford was
founded by an early migration of scholars from
Paris, and Cambridge began with a further
migration from Oxford. Other universities sprang
up all over Europe from the 14th century
onwards.

118. The main concern of the passage is ____ .
A) the comparison of different types of university
B) the development of the European universities
from the Middle Ages to the present
C) to describe the aims and the early history of
universities
D) to explain how and why the medieval university
came into being
E) to emphasise the need for research in universities

119. According to the passage, one of the
primary goals of a university is to ____ .
A) encourage the establishment of higher education
institutions
B) undertake the furthering of knowledge, teaching
and research in a wide variety of fields
C) provide students with professional training
D) supervise the research undertaken by other
institutions in society
E) make arrangements for the exchange of students
and scholars in the world

120. The writer points out that, although the
origins of universities can be traced to antiquity,
the history of the modern university ____ .
A) is closely linked to the history of Oxford and
Cambridge universities
B) begins with the use, in the Renaissance, of the
word universitas
C) centres around the migration of scholars in Europe
D) really dates from the Middle Ages
E) largely depends on the studies carried out at
Bologna and Paris

Romanticism is a term for a movement in the
arts, that is, in music, painting, sculpture or
literature, which seeks to give expression to the
artists feelings about his subject rather than to
be concerned with form and reality. The romantic
view is that art is nature seen through a
temperament; the realist view, on the other
hand, is that art is a slice of life. In painting
Delacroix (1789-1863) is the romantic artist par
excellence with his uncontrolled expression of
the passions and love of the exotic. In literature
the Romantic movement reached its finest form
in the works of Goethe, Schiller and Heine; in the
poetry of Byron, Keats, Wordsworth, Shelly and
Blake; and in the writings of Victor Hugo. Since
Romanticism is partly a matter of temperament
in the artist just as Classicism is, it may be found
at all times and places, although whether or not
it becomes predominant depends on
contemporary taste.

121. The writer explains that the most distinctive
characteristic of Romanticism is ____ .
A) an accurate description of the natural world
B) its dedicated concern with the issues of actual life
C) the expression of individuals emotions
D) the importance it attaches to form rather than to
content
E) its avoidance of the pictorial and the exotic

122. It is suggested in the passage that as an
approach to life, the Romantic view ____ .
A) is constantly recurrent in the human temperament
B) has often been subordinate to Classicism
C) is out of favour in the contemporary world
D) is best expressed in music, not in other forms of
art
E) came into being as a reaction against Realism

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123. The passage quite simply describes ____ .
A) the influence of Romanticism in art upon
Romanticism in literature
B) the romantic quality of Delacroixs painting and its
counterpart in literature
C) the similarities and differences between
Romanticism and other literary movements
D) the revival of Romanticism as an artistic
temperament in the contemporary world
E) what Romanticism is and who its major exponents
have been

Eliminating poverty is largely a matter of helping
children born into poverty to rise out of it. Once
families escape from poverty they do not fall
back into it. Middle-class children rarely end up
poor. The primary reason poor children do not
escape from poverty is that they do not acquire
basic mental skills. They cannot read, write,
calculate or articulate. Lacking these skills, they
cannot get or keep a well-paid job. The best
mechanism for breaking this vicious circle is to
provide the poor with better educational
opportunities. Since children born into poor
homes do not acquire the skills they need from
their parents, they must be taught these skills in
school.

124. The writer makes the point that, once
people have overcome poverty, ____
A) the skills of reading and writing cease to be
important for them.
B) they cease to mix socially with the poor.
C) they soon learn to adopt middle-class manners
and ways.
D) it is most unlikely that they will ever become poor
again.
E) they become eligible for well-paid employment in
industry.

125. According to the writer, if poverty is to be
overcome, ____
A) the only effective means for this would be to
provide better education.
B) more well-paid jobs should be offered to the poor.
C) all children, regardless of their social class, should
receive the same formal education.
D) middle-class children should be given better
educational opportunities.
E) the education of children should be based on
mental skills alone.

126. The main argument of the passage is that
____
A) the elimination of poverty can only be achieved if
the poor and the rich attend the same school.
B) middle-class children do not need to learn basic
mental skills at school, since they learn them at
home.
C) the children of the poor must learn basic mental
skills at school so that they can escape from
poverty.
D) Since basic mental skills are not being taught
efficiently at schools, educational reform is
essential.
E) a child born into a poor family will inevitably stay
poor all through his life.

Not just in substance but in manner too, Robin
Trevelyan, who is the Prime Ministers new
righthand man, is a politician in the old style. He
avoids the flourish which characterizes modern
politicians. His speeches are at best unemotional,
at worst dull. He is all but incapable of inspiring
an audience. His face is inexpressive, solid
almost. He evades making promises and is
completely lacking in vision. He is a politician
whose talent has never been to inspire the mob.

Robin Trevelyan ____
A) cannot keep his real feelings from the public eye.
B) has, with his speech, always been able to sway
public feeling.
C) is, with his dramatic speeches, a typical politician
of our time.
D) is trusted and valued by the prime minister.
E) is one of those rare politicians who really
understands the psychology of the people.

128. With regard to the Prime Ministers new
righthand man, it is pointed out in the passage
that one of his shortcomings as a politician is
____
A) his lack of any genuine belief in his own party.
B) his inability to follow someone elses lead.
C) his reluctance to commit himself or articulate a
vision.
D) his tendency to scorn public opinion.
E) his fondness for modern political manners.

129. In this passage, the writer has set out to
____
A) highlight the rare political qualities of the present
Prime Minister.
B) criticise modern British politics in the person of
the Prime Minister.
C) portray the ideal type of a politician in our time.
D) account for the failure of the Prime Ministers
previous adviser
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E) present a concise study of the political personality
of the Prime Ministers new adviser.

Work is central in British culture. When someone
asks one What do you do?, they really mean
What work do you do?. When a woman is asked
Do you work?, what is meant is Are you doing a
paid job?. Yet many people without a paid job
work at other kinds of productive activities.
Women, notably, perform an unpaid double
shift in the home as housekeepers and mothers.
To confine the term work to paid employment,
therefore, restricts it far too narrowly. There are
many other kinds of work, some of which can
take more time and energy than we put into our
paid employment from the voluntary working in
the garden to repairs to the house or the car. In
other cultures, work is not as highly valued as
this; some people value leisure more, and work
only as much as they need in order to provide
basic necessities.

130. The writer suggests that people tend to
regard the word work as ____
A) referring only to paid employment.
B) being limited only to voluntary work.
C) relating only to physical effort.
D) interchangeable with leisure.
E) an activity with an end-product.

131. The writer points out that, unlike the case in
Britain, in some cultures ____
A) work in any form is highly respected.
B) unpaid activities such as housework make up
virtually the whole of a womans day.
C) voluntary work is held in high respect.
D) it is leisure, not work, that is of primary
importance.
E) people are unwilling to work to meet even their
basic necessities.

132. According to the passage, unpaid jobs ____
A) are invariably more pleasurable than paid ones.
B) can be quite as time-consuming as paid ones.
C) are always assigned to women rather than to
men.
D) are not readily available in Britain.
E) are rarely taken on by people who go out to work.

Alcohol, nicotine and caffeine are psychoactive
drugs that are freely available in our society.
Their wide spread use shows that they provide a
common solution to the problems of vast
numbers of individuals. The extent and the
nature of their use is not , however, uniform but
varies with the particular sub-culture involved.
To take alcohol, for example, there are wide
differences between the drinking habits and
rituals of merchant, seamen and businessmen,
between Italians and Jews. Each sub-group in
society will have a conception of what the
permissible and desirable effects of alcohol are,
how much it is necessary to drink to achieve this
desired state; what is normal and what is deviant
drinking behaviour.

133. It is pointed out in the passage that
psychoactive drugs such as alcohol, nicotine and
caffeine are widely used because _____
A) sub-groups in society identify themselves with
them.
B) people with problems find them helpful
C) their effects have been proved to be harmless
D) they are much cheaper than many other drugs
and legally obtainable
E) society at large regards them as harmful

134. According to the author, the consumption of
alcohol in the world ____
A) is particularly widespread among members of sub-
cultures
B) is directly related to the economic prosperity of
each sub-group
C) varies from race to race, culture to culture and
class to class
D) is closely linked with the increase of deviant
drinking behaviour
E) made the practices and behaviour of sub-cultures
in society more uniform

135. The writer points out that there is little
agreement among sub-groups _____
A) about the extent to which psychoactive drugs
should be produced
B) about the benefits of psychoactive drugs
C) as regards why businessman drink so much
D) as to why Italians and Jews have different
drinking habits
E) as to how much alcohol can be properly consumed

In the early 1970s, there was a great deal of
optimism about improving womens position,
ending male privilege and doing away with
gender divisions and even gender difference.
Equal opportunities legislation was enacted in
many countries, and the voice of the womens
movement was heard criticising discrimination
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between the sexes in every sphere of working
life. Now it is clear that legislation can make only
a marginal difference to entrenched patterns of
job segregation and inequality. The voices of
feminism, too, are varied; some demand equality
with men while others pursue the revaluation of
womens skills and womanly virtues.

136. It is pointed out in the passage that many
people in the early 1970s ____ .
A) realised that a majority of women were not
genuinely interested in job segregation
B) were doubtful as to whether legislation could
improve the position of women in society
C) actively took part in womens demonstrations
against male aggression and dominance in the
workplace
D) confidently expected the elimination of the
inequality existing between the sexes
E) were scarcely aware of there being any
discrimination between the sexes

137. According to the author, legislation against
gender discrimination ____
A) has contributed surprisingly little towards the
improvement of womens position in society
B) has been grossly neglected especially in less
prosperous countries
C) has, in many countries, already made the position
of women fully equal to that of men
D) has brought about balance in society that satisfies
the womens movement everywhere
E) has been fully successful in eradicating job
segregation in industrial countries

138. According to the passage, there are people
in the feminist movement who ____ .
A) argue that women dont deserve equal
opportunities with men in working life
B) believe that womens qualities have been
undervalued and should be reassessed
C) are convinced that women would have a stronger
position if they kept their femininity
D) believe that the movement is far from achieving
any of its original objectives
E) are concerned that the legislation against sex
discrimination in working life may be revoked in
the near future

All of us are born, all of us will die; but there is
infinite variety in the nature and circumstances
of these two events themselves and in what
happens to our bodies and our minds in between.
Some individuals, for example, are born without
difficulty and grow uninterruptedly during
childhood and adolescence, suffering at worst
only minor infectious diseases and accidents. As
adults, they reproduce their kind. They age
gradually until, in extreme old age, they die
peacefully without pain or discomfort. This is an
idealised picture of how we would like things to
be, rather than the reality that most people
experience. Death comes to many of us, not
when we are old, but during or before birth, in
infancy, in adolescence, in early adulthood or in
middle age.

139. One point made by the author in this
passage is that we, as human beings, ____ .
A) must face the fact that accidents in old age are
inevitable
B) have all similar opportunities but use them
differently
C) all enjoy a happy childhood and a healthy
adolescence
D) ought to take certain measures to avoid infections
diseases in childhood
E) have widely differing experiences of birth, life and
death

140. The writer points out that, though most
people expect life to be free of care and death
easy, ____ .
A) this is not likely to happen either in adolescence
or in adulthood
B) they have to strive hard to attain this idealised
condition
C) this is, in fact, very rarely the case
D) for many people a worthwhile life has more to it
than this
E) this is seldom the case except in old age

141. In this passage the writer points out the
disparity between ____ .
A) the basically fortunate lives of the majority and
the tragic experience of a small minority
B) what everyone expects of life and what he actually
achieves in life
C) the early happy years of our lives, and the later
tragic ones
D) the near ideal life experience of the few and the
actual life experience of the majority
E) the happier middle years of a persons life and the
more trying later years

The Amazon is the largest river in the world. It
carries about a quarter of the world's running
water and is the second longest after the Nile.
Much of it is brown, brackish, piranha-infested
and bitterly cold. Ranging from narrow
tributaries and raging rapids to stretches of
prodigious width and calm, the river's banks can
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take half a day to reach. In parts, it can drop up
to 40 metres in less than a kilometre
Furthermore, it runs through deep canyons and
steep gorges that have been carved out by its
turbulent waters.

142. We learn from the passage that, though the
Amazon has the largest volume of water of any
river in the world, ____ .
A) it is not the longest
B) it is in no parts particularly wide
C) there is very little topographical variety in its
course
D) it is seldom used for the transportation of goods
E) it is in most parts congested with mud and slime,
hence slow-moving
waters of the Amazon ____ .
A) shelter many species of exotic fish
B) are in parts muddy and not fresh
C) form a chain of spectacular waterfalls
D) are not suitable for the survival of piranha
E) flow calmly throughout its course

144. The passage largely deals with ____ .
A) the differences and the similarities between the
Amazon and the Nile
B) the varying problems of navigation along the
Amazon
C) the geological formation of the course of the
Amazon
D) the number and the size of the Amazon's many
tributaries
E) The size of the Amazon and its topographical end
aquatic features

The great window-dresser Gene Moore seems to
have been self-taught. As a young man his main
idea was to get away from Birmingham,
Alabama, then a town of steel and pollution. It
was, he said, the wrong place to be born in for
anyone with dreams. He dreamt of being a
concert pianist and then of being a painter. But
he decided that he did not play very well, and
presently gave up painting. In New York in the
1930s he got various casual jobs. One was with a
store that decided he had flair and put him in its
display department, and that was the start of his
career. He worked for a number of shops
promoting their wares, and built a reputation for
innovative ideas.

145. One understands from the passage that it
took Gene Moore very many years to ____ .
A) find out what he was really good at
B) return to his native town of Birmingham, Alabama
C) realise that he hated living in an industrial city
D) accept the fact that he wasn't a gifted artist
E) get a department store of his own in New York

146. It is suggested in the passage that Gene
Moore spent his early years ____ .
A) preparing for the career of his choice which was
window-dressing
B) in New York where he made his dreams come true
C) in an environment that he felt was hostile to his
creative development
D) in Alabama where he got his professional training
E) painting industrial landscapes in Alabama

147. It is clear from the passage that Gene
Moore become a window-dresser ____ .
A) in order to make a name for himself in New York's
fashion circles
B) more by accident than by design
C) only after he had established himself as a
musician and a painter
D) almost as soon as he arrived in New York
E) even though he lacked any form of creative talent
as his employers knew well

Pollution is no respecter of national boundaries
today. But environmental scientists can still be
surprised by the distances that large quantities
of industrial pollutants can sometimes be carried
by winds. For instance, a group of chemists at
the University of Washington in Seattle have
been involved in a case study of such pollutants
which reached the West Coast of America all the
way from Asia. They are keen to understand how
such an event could take place and to what
extent it could have been forecast. In fact, back
in March 1997, pollutants such as carbon-
monoxide from Asia had been spotted as far
across the Pacific Ocean as Hawaii. Thus, it
seems increasingly likely that the West Coast of
America is particularly exposed to pollution from
Asia.

148. It is suggested in the passage that
industrial pollution in our world today ____ .
A) is largely concentrated in the Pacific Ocean
B) is gradually being brought under full control
C) has been the main concern of scientists from the
University of Washington
D) can be predicted and the necessary measures
taken
E) can travel amazing distances
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149. It is pointed out In the passage that one of
the issues the chemists from the University of
Washington are seriously concerned with ____ .
A) is how to clean up the Pacific Ocean and save it
from industrial pollutants
B) is whether it may be possible to foretell the
movements of pollutants from Asia
C) is whether it might be possible to change the
course of industrial pollutants along the West
Coast
D) has been the measurement of carbon monoxide
levels around Hawaii
E) should be the prevention of the emission of
pollutants along the West Coast of America

150. One can conclude from the passage that
Asian industry appears to ____ .
A) be in desperate need of reconstruction and
relocation
B) be doing all it can to prevent environmental
pollution
C) be emitting more carbon-monoxide than any other
industrial pollutant
D) pose a serious environmental threat to the West
Coast of America
E) be a major competitor for the American industrial
enterprises along the West Coast

Most poetry anthologies are assembled by poets.
This is not necessarily a good thing. They are in
fact assembled for many different reasons. Some
resemble star charts, trying to define the scope
of the new and show us what direction poetry is
heading. Others turn their gaze on the past,
seeking to define poetries of earlier centuries or
to identify influential currents of thinking and
feeling. Yet other anthologies strive to present
enduring images of the beautiful for the reader's
pleasure, as if poems were bunches of flowers.

151.From the passage we understand that the
writer ____ .
A) considers the main role of poetry anthologies to
be the cultivation of a sense of beauty
B) is in favour of poets' compilation of poetry
anthologies
C) is rather critical of the way that most poetry
anthologies are compiled
D) is himself compiling an anthology of modem
poetry
E) seems to favour anthologies that give priority to
the poetry of the past

152. According to the passage, a major concern
of some poetry anthologies is to ____ .
A) introduce readers to the works of poets who have
generally been overlooked
B) emphasise the vital importance of poetry in our
everyday life
C) help people to understand and appreciate the art
of the past
D) offer guidance to aspiring young poets
E) illustrate certain major intellectual and literary
movements of the past

153. The writer compares some anthologies of
modern poetry to "star charts' because ____ .
A) they attempt to foresee forthcoming trends in
poetry
B) he is himself a representative of this type of
poetry
C) his own predictions have rarely been accurate
D) he doesnt believe the future can be interpreted
by reference to the past
E) they provide a comprehensive perspective of
various poetical movements

Everybody needs vitamins and minerals to
remain healthy. The questions are, which ones,
how much and when? And the answer is
surprisingly simple: take XXX. Actually, the
Department of Health has recognised 18
essential vitamins and mineral that we need on a
daily basis. The daily amount required of these
vitamins and minerals is termed the
Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA). XXX meet
this requirement and more. As a new vitamin
complex, it contains these 18 essential vitamins
and minerals, plus a total of no less than 31
other micro-nutrients, including the complete
antioxidant group and folic acid. There is no
more complete a multimineral-multivitamin on
the market. So, because you dont always eat as
you should, it makes sense to take XXX.

154. One essential point made in the passage is
that ____ .
A) vitamins and minerals must always be taken in
conjunction with other micro-nutrients
B) the Recommended Daily Allowance of vitamins
and minerals is actually not adequate
C) the Recommended Daily Allowance of vitamins
and minerals should not be exceeded by a
supplementary intake of other nutrients
D) micro-nutrients, such as folic acid, are an
adequate substitute for the 18 basic vitamins and
minerals
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E) a daily intake of vitamins and minerals is vital for
good health

155. In the passage it is claimed that XXX ____ .
A) is the easiest way of getting an adequate supply
of vitamins and other micro-nutrients daily
B) has been strongly recommended by the
Department of Health
C) is the only multimineral-multivitamin complex
currently on sale
D) is particularly effective if it is taken after meals
E) is an aid to better eating habits

156. It is clear from the passage that, in taking
vitamins and minerals, the basic problem one
faces is to ____ .
A) decide the quantity required in any given situation
B) keep the correct balance between the two
C) avoid an excessive intake of the anti-oxidant
group
D) determine the kind and the amount to be taken
daily
E) follow a strict diet that includes them all

In Japan, there is a government investment and
loan programme, known as zaito. Unlike normal
government spending, zaito relies not on tax
revenues but on people's savings. These are
drawn from the publicly-owned postal-savings
system, which by law must place all deposits
with zaito, and from the postal life-insurance
schemes and various pension funds. The finance
ministry, which has run zaito for more than 100
years, then lends the money out. During the
second World War, zaito financed Japans
military build-up. Afterwards, it paid for
reconstruction and helped to channel low-cost
funds into such strategic industries as steel and
car-making. More recently, it has turned to
social investments, such as infrastructure
projects and housing.

157. According to the writer, the most distinctive
feature of zaito is that ____ .
A) it has continued to be in use for longer than was
originally envisaged
B) its revenues are invariably directed towards
military rearmament
C) it provides the government with a revenue raised
not through taxation but by way of personnel
savings
D) it does not come under the mandate of the
ministry of finance
E) it has aroused a great deal of resentment among
Japanese savers

resources of zaito were once used to ____ .
A) strengthen the financial position of pension funds
in the country
B) provide houses for the care of the elderly in Japan
C) improve the efficiency and performance of the
Japanese postal-services
D) revive Japan's industrial potential
E) provide a supplementary source of income for the
needs of the ministry of finance

159. One can easily conclude from the passage
that the implementation of zaito has ____ .
A) changed over the years in accordance with the
pressing needs of the country
B) always been strictly confined to housing projects
C) greatly increased the operational capacity of the
Japanese army today
D) always had in adverse impact upon the saving
habits of the Japanese people
E) given a boost to the governments insurance and
pension policies
Edison, one of the pioneers of modern
technology, lacked formal education. His
understanding of literature, art, history and
philosophy was superficial. Also, despite the fact
that he had invented the phonograph and
founded a recording company, his musical taste
was abominable. He is, therefore, sometimes
regarded with disdain by academic scientists,
who often forget that his ingenuity, inquiring
spirit and tireless efforts contributed
significantly to the development of modern
technology.

some scientists in the universities ____ .
A) are oblivious of Edison's achievements and look
down on him
B) argue that modern technology owes everything to
Edison
C) have followed closely in Edison's footsteps and
upgraded his inventions
D) possess the same inquiring spirit as Edison did
E) have no greater an appreciation of literature than
did Edison

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161. It is stressed in the passage that. with his
creative talent, Edison ____ .
A) became a favorite model for the scientists in the
universities
B) achieved great success in many disciplines
C) was able to contribute enormously to the progress
of modern technology
D) exercised a lasting influence in the music world
E) was able to put his formal education to pragmatic
uses

162. This passage, while admitting some
deficiencies in Edison, ____ .
A) seeks to establish his moral integrity
B) in fact stresses his achievements in the
humanities
C) finds nothing to criticize in his academic abilities
D) suggests that he has been unjustly criticized by
non-scientists
E) actually focuses on the value of his work in
technology

Under increasing social pressure in the late
nineteenth century, some universities opened
their doors to a small number of women. More
significant, however, was the founding of many
women's colleges, frequently run by women.
These colleges strove over the years to maintain
a curriculum equivalent to that of the largely
male universities. Therefore, many leaders of the
women's college movement saw themselves as
social reformers. Although women entered
universities in large numbers in the first half of
the twentieth century, their participation was
limited by their professional objectives: teaching,
social work, nursing, home economics and the
like were "women's fields".

163. It is clear from the passage that higher
education for women ____ .
A) received very little public attention prior to the
twentieth century
B) had always been a primary concern for
governments throughout the nineteenth century.
C) became feasible only after the establishment of
women's colleges
D) only became available in the closing years of the
last century
E) was soon on a level with that for men

164. To start with, as the writer suggests
women's access to higher education ____ .
A) was confined to certain professions
B) was greatly eased when radical social reforms
were introduced in the nineteenth century.
C) reached its highest peak in the late nineteenth
century
D) began to decline in the early decades of this
century
E) has still not reached the anticipated goal

165. It is explained in the passage that the early
colleges founded for women ____ .
A) offered training in a very wide range of disciplines
B) were largely governed by male administrators
C) made a great effort to keep their educational
standards on a level with those of men's
universities
D) acted as pioneers for social reforms in all aspects
of the community
E) avoided any interaction with men's colleges

Atmosphere is the gaseous envelope of the
earth, and consists of a mixture of gases and
water vapour. The variability of the latter is
meteorologically of great importance. The ozone
layer, which absorbs solar ultra-violet radiation,
especially lethal to plant life, lies between 12 and
50 kilometres above the earth. The lower level of
the atmosphere, up to a height of about 12
kilometres, is known as the troposphere, and it is
in this region that nearly all weather phenomena
occur. This is the region of most interest to the
forecaster studying temperature, humidity,
wind-speed and the movement of air masses.

166. According to the passage, the earth ____ .
A) is exposed to the deadly effects of the dangerous
gases and water vapour that surround it.
B) Is surrounded by gases in combination with water
vapour
C) has an atmosphere which is comprised of
extremely harmful gaseous substances
D) has a constant climate in spite of meteorological
variations in the atmospheric gases
E) gives off a constant supply of water vapour into
the atmosphere

167. As we learn from the passage, it is the
plants of the earth that ____ .
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A) are most obviously affected by the meteorological
changes in the atmosphere
B) benefit most from the water vapour in the
atmosphere
C) help to reduce the effects of solar radiation
D) suffer most from the ultra-violet radiation of the
sun
E) contribute of the elimination of toxic gases in the
atmosphere

troposphere is of vital importance as regards the
weather, ____ .
A) even though wind-speeds cannot be accurately
measured here
B) as it accommodates the ozone layer
C) even though the atmospheric variability is not
predictable
D) since it prevents solar radiation from reaching the
earth
E) because all the meteorological phenomena take
place in this region
Edger Lawrence Doctorow is 55, and on almost
anyones list he is counted among the leading
serious American novelists today. Although he is
not simply a writer of comedies, his books sell
widely, and three have been made into movies.
Readers, some critics excepted, have come to
relish the blending of the fact and fiction that
marks his odd scrutiny of the American past. In
his recently published book, Worlds Fair, he
turns his historically inventive method on himself
drawing heavily on material taken from his
1930s boyhood.

169. We understand from the passage that, in his
works, Doctorow ____ .
A) uses both true and imaginary material in order to
depict the past of his country
B) deals with not only the comic but also the tragic
aspects of his own life
C) concentrates on grotesque situations largely
pertaining to American history
D) constantly reiterates the events of his childhood in
the 1930s
E) draws on the American past so as to instruct the
present

Doctorows works ____ .
A) turn historical facts and events into comic fiction
B) have nearly all been made into films
C) are rarely representative of the American way of
life
D) have received relatively little criticism in literary
journals
E) have a wide appeal for American readers

171. According to the passage, Doctorows latest
work ____ .
A) has turned out to be the most popular of all his
works
B) is already attracting the attention of the film
makers
C) is a historical account of American life in the
1930s
D) is autobiographical, but employs the same method
used in his earlier works
E) can be considered to be a political analysis of the
years of his childhood

William Saroyans parents and relatives were
Armenian immigrants who settled in the farming
area around Fresno, California. Saroyan left
school at fifteen and went to work, doing odd
jobs. During this time he read widely and began
writing in his distinctive natural style. By the late
1930s his many short stories, novels and plays
had established him as a writer. Many of his
stories have grown out of his experiences in the
Armenian community around Fresno.
Saroyan ____ .
A) was already an established writer when he
emigrated to America
B) based most of his stories on the life of the
Armenian community that he knew so well
C) expected that one day he would be recognised as
a great writer
D) began his career by writing short stories but later
he became primarily a playwright
E) portrayed in his writings not only Armenian types
but also other ethnicities

173. One point made in the passage is that
Saroyan began his writing career ____ .
A) with the aim of helping the Armenian community
to be better understood
B) before he reached the age of fifteen
C) after he arrived in America
D) as a self-taught man
E) with the encouragement and support of his
parents
174. According to the passage, what made
Saroyans writing so special was ____ .
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A) that he was influenced by a wide variety of other
literatures
B) that they all dealt solely with Armenian
immigrants
C) the fact that he was the first writer to present the
Armenian community in literature
D) that the setting was in all cases Fresno in
California
E) the simple yet striking manner in which he wrote
them

For many years after Mt. Everest had been
shown to be the highest mountain in the world,
political conditions in Nepal, lying south of the
summit, and in Tibet to the North, prevented
mountaineers from attending an ascent. At last
in 1921 the Tibetan authorities gave permission
and the first expedition organised, as were all
subsequent expeditions by international joint
committee, was sent out. This was primarily a
reconnaissance. Besides mapping the Northern
flank, it found a practicable route up to the
mountain. By 1939, six further expeditions had
climbed on the northern face. Some were
hampered by bad weather, others by problems
previously little known, such as the effect of high
altitudes on the human body and spirit.
Nevertheless, notable climbs were accomplished,
though the summit was never reached.

175. It is pointed out in the passage that during
the 1920s and 1930s ____ .
A) the governments in the Everest area were
invariably suspicious of the purpose of the
climbing expeditions
B) several attempts were made to climb Mt. Everest
and learn more about it
C) it was Nepal that made possible the various efforts
to climb
D) it was finally established that Mt. Everest was
indeed the worlds highest peak
E) climbers heading for Mt. Everest encountered
almost no problems

176. We learn from the passage that the first
Everest expedition ____ .
A) was sponsored and encouraged by the Tibetan
government
B) established that high altitudes have a negative
impact on the human body
C) aimed to explore the terrain and chart out a
feasible route to the peak
D) was greatly hampered by the adverse political
conditions prevailing in Nepal and Tibet
E) undertaken by an international team failed to
achieve its objectives

177. According to the passage, several
expeditions had, by the end of the 1930s,
attempted to climb Mt. Everest but ____ .
A) none of them succeeded in reaching the top
B) none of them achieved any measure of success at
all
C) no suitable routes to the top could be found
D) unfavourable weather conditions meant that no
progress could be made at all
E) only one or two of them were in any way
successful

Heat-waves, if the temperature is high enough,
above 400 for instance, lead to wilting, and
even death in plant, because of structural
damage to essential proteins. The problem is
that plants react by closing their pores when,
due to a serious heat-wave, they are subjected
to water stress, so shutting down on
transpiration and conserving water. Just as the
body would overheat dangerously if it shut its
pores to prevent sweating, so, in a plant, the
shutting of the pores will cause permanent
damage, if not death. Temperatures above -50
can damage most plants if lasting for half an
hour or more. High soil temperatures will also
damage roots and prevent nutrient uptake.

178. As we learn from the passage, a heat-wave
can cause serious damage to plant life ____ .
A) even if the essential proteins remain unharmed
B) even when the temperature remains below 40C
C) unless the soil temperature remains stable
D) through harming the plant's essential proteins
E) especially if the soil is fertile

death of a plant in a heat-wave is due to ____ .
A) a sudden loss of proteins which can occur within
half an hour
B) excessive transpiration in an effort to keep its
temperature down
C) overheating in the plant following the closing of
the little holes in its surface
D) a structural deformation which cannot be detected
easily
E) the plant's inability to conserve water in its cells

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180. It is understood from the passage that, in
extremely high temperatures, the roots of a
plant ____ .
A) fail to supply the plant with adequate nutrients
B) dry out well before the leaves begin to wilt
C) store an adequate amount of nutrients to prolong
plant life
D) increase their nutrient intake in order to protect
the plant
E) maintain their vitality so that they can function
normally

A conspicuous feature of cities in many
countries, in particular those of Western Europe,
is that buildings and streets devastated during
the war are, once peace is reinstated, rebuilt in
exactly the same manner as they existed before.
Enormous efforts are taken to recreate the
environment with total fidelity. This reflects the
extent to which ordinary people value the
traditions and culture of the past. In Japanese
cities, however, one sees little evidence of such
respect for tradition. Tokyo presents an extreme
example: it is quite common these days for the
appearance of a street or quarter to change
almost beyond recognition every year. In
provincial cities as well, one often finds that an
absence of several years has rendered a city
almost unrecognisable.

181. It is emphasized in the passage that in
Western Europe, in the post-war period ____ .
A) people relished the chance to break with tradition
and create a new style of city
B) new style of architecture were favoured in the
bigger cities
C) every effort was made to rebuild the cities in the
pre-war style
D) environmental concerns were usually disregarded
in the reconstruction of cities
E) many countries were still doubtful about the
permanence of the peace

182. According to the passage, unlike the
Europeans, the Japanese ____ .
A) take every opportunity to promote their traditions
and culture
B) reconstructed their cities in accordance with their
cultural traditions
C) were reluctant to introduce any novelties into city
planning
D) paid considerable attention to environmental
matters in rebuilding their cities
E) are, on the whole, indifferent to their past

183. With reference to Japanese, the writer
points out that ____ .
A) the cities are constantly undergoing massive
changes in appearance
B) Tokyo is an extreme example of traditional
designs in architecture
C) provincial cities have imitated Tokyo as regards
city planning
D) in major cities, the streets invariably follow a
similar design
E) there is a strong European influence in city
planning

Modern education is almost exclusively focused
on preparing children for an urban future, as
consumers in a global free market. This makes
a return to any sort of rural existence almost an
impossibility for those tutored by the Western
education system in the 21st century. The fact is
that, for all the fashionable talk about cultural
diversity, schools, colleges and universities
today prepare their graduates poorly for
anything other than a uniform urban existence.
We educate the young from country to city alike,
to be urban with urban appetites, skills, minds,
dependencies and expectations. And as
globalised, future will overwhelmingly mean an
urban future, our graduates of tomorrow will be
trained, above all, to keep the wheels of the
global economy running, with all the implications
that has for nature and society.

184In this passage one feels that the author
____ .
A) greatly values the educational system current in
the West today
B) is not happy with the kind of education the young
in the West are receiving today
C) admires the enormous contribution modern
education is making to the global economy
D) looks forward to the time when the world's
population will all be urban
E) emphasises the high quality of modern education
presently being offered to the young

185. The author argues that the young are
everywhere being educated to ____ .
A) be aware of the drawbacks of a global "free"
market
B) appreciate equally both the rural and the urban
ways of life
C) appreciate the joys of rural life
D) feel comfortable only in a purely urban way of life
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E) play a creative role in the intellectual life of the
21st century

186. In the passage the author seems to ____ .
A) deplore any effort in education to revive rural
values
B) be confident of the future of the global economy
C) favour free market policies throughout the world
D) expect that the young will create a better world in
the 21st century
E) discount the idea that there is any cultural
diversity in modern life

People in other European countries have been
wondering for some time why and how Norway
has stayed out of the European Union. Austria,
Finland, Sweden joined in 1994, almost without
any public debate, just a few months after their
governments had proposed the joining. By then,
the Norwegians had been debating the issue for
33 years, ever since their government had
started the drive towards unionisation. One
reason for the success of Norwegian resistance is
that in both 1952 and 1967, when the Norwegian
government sent off applications for joining the
EEC, President De Gaulle of France rejected the
proposals. He feared that the inclusion of
Norway, as of England, would complicate and
slow down EEC integration.

187. We learn from the passage that the
government of Norway ____ .
A) deliberated for over three decades whether or not
to become a member of the European Union
B) openly disagreed with De Gaulle on many issues
concerning the future of Europe
C) has generally collaborated with England on
matters concerning the European Union
D) never showed any desire to join what was known
in the 1980s as the EEC
E) was exceedingly disappointed when Finland and
Sweden decided to join the European Union

188. It is pointed out in the passage that De
Gaulle ____ .
A) personally urged Norway, but not England to join
the EEC
B) was the statesman largely responsible for the
establishment of the EEC
C) was anxious to keep both England and Norway out
of the EEC
D) was disillusioned by the unwillingness of the
Norwegian government to join the EEC
E) was determined to keep the EEC solely for the
countries of Continental Europe

189. According to the passage, Austria, Finland
and Sweden ____ .
A) had, in the 1960s, been designated by De Gaulle
as future EEC members
B) entered the European Union with very little
opposition from their own people
C) worked together to persuade Norway to join them
in applying for European Union membership
D) had all applied for EEC membership in the 1960s
but they were only admitted in the 1990s
E) were among the few European Union countries to
favour England's membership

In its full force the Gulf Stream, which begins in
the Gulf of Mexico, carries warm water to a
depth of up to 100 meters at rates of up to 8
kilometres an hour, and penetrates right up into
the Arctic Circle to the north of Scandinavia,
bearing with it a climate that makes life just
about tolerable, even in the thick of the winter.
The energy it carries in the form of heat is
equivalent to 100 times the entire use of energy
in human societies across the world or put
another way, more than 27,000 times Britain's
electricity generating capacity. In terms of
temperature the Gulf Stream heats the surface
over a wide area by at least 5C. Were the-Gulf
Stream to fail, temperatures over northern
Europe would fall by more than 10 centigrade
degree during the winter months. Northern
Europe would have a climate comparable to that
of Siberia: just how it would support its current
population is difficult to imagine.

190. This passage mainly deals with ____ .
A) the adverse effects that Gulf Stream has on the
wild life in Scandinavia
B) how the Gulf Stream transforms the climate in the
Arctic Circle
C) the question of whether man can benefit from the
energy latent in the Gulf Stream
D) the reasons why the climate of Scandinavia differs
from that of Siberia
E) the course, climatic effects and energy capacity of
the Gulf Stream

191. As we understood from the passage, one of
the great benefits of the Gulf Stream is that it
____ .
A) causes an average ten percent rise in temperature
in Northern Europe throughout the winter
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B) provides a huge amount of electricity for the
Northern Europe countries
C) warms up the whole of Scandinavia and Siberia in
winter
D) circles around Britain and then moves into the
northern waters
E) carries warm waters nearly as far as the Arctic
Circle

192. It is clear from the passage that ____ .
A) the energy to be derived from the Gulf Stream
would theoretically barely meet the needs of the
whole world
B) the effects of the Gulf Stream are far more
noticeable in the Arctic Circle than along the
shores of Northern Europe
C) without the Gulf Stream, it would be almost
impossible for Northern Europe to support its
population
D) the Gulf Stream brings with it disadvantages as
well as advantages for the people of Northern
Europe
E) the Gulf Stream is indispensable if the people of
Siberia are to survive

Within a short time after the outbreak of the
Second World War, Britain was without imports
of many vital pharmaceuticals that had formerly
come from Japan, Germany and the Far East. As
a result, the first wartime government set up
systematic research into the cultivation and
medical use of herbs, By 1940, women's
voluntary organisations had been drawn into a
national campaign to gather wild herbs, Up and
down the country, County Herb Committees were
organised to oversee the gathering, drying,
distillation and distribution of the medicinal
herbs. Lay people were given brief locally-based
training in how to recognise herbs, store and dry
them. Farmers were given subsidies to farm
certain naturally hard-to-find herbs. By 1943,
every county had its herb committee and during
the five years of the Second World War, over 750
tons of dried herbs were gathered and turned
into medicines.

193. We learn from the passage that, before
World War II, Britain ____ .
A) rarely traded with Germany or the Far East
B) traded primarily with Germany, Japan and the Far
East
C) imported raw materials from Japan, Germany and
the Far East and exported pharmaceuticals to
them
D) was largely dependent on Germany, Japan and
the Far East for its pharmaceuticals
E) thought of exporting dried herbs for
pharmaceutical purposes

194. It is vividly described in the passage how,
during World War II, the British government
____ .
A) banned the import of all kinds of pharmaceuticals
from Germany, Japan and the Far East
B) gave priority to the import of medicines
C) encouraged scientific research into improving the
efficiency and variety of vital pharmaceuticals
D) only gave subsidies to those farmers who were
interested in growing herbs
E) took serious measures to ensure that the country
should not be short of medicines

195. It is clear from the passage that, of the
special arrangements made in Britain during the
war, one was ____ .
A) the reduction of imports from Germany and Japan
B) the setting up of local and national organisations
to produce medicinal herbs
C) the introduction of new agricultural policies to
increase production in every sphere
D) the launching of a national women's campaign for
the distribution of medicines throughout the
country
E) the training of local people in the production of
herb-based medicines

Restorative justice does not ask 'how do we
punish?', but instead asks 'how do we get people
to take responsibility for what they have done?'.
Paying a fine, or even going to prison are easy
options for some people. They are all ways that
offenders can avoid taking responsibility,
because in this way they never have to face the
human reality of what they have done. Prisons
have been called "universities for criminals".
Young people go in for unpaid fines, often for
victimless crimes, and they come out with a
degree in burglary or worse. I am not saying that
the answer is to tear down all prisons. Far from
it. There are people who are dangerous to
society, who the community will want to keep
locked up. Prison can also be part of a
sentencing package under restorative justice.
But the vast majority of people in prison are not
violent, and do not need to be there. What they
do need is to be brought face to face with the
human reality of the harm they have caused, and
they must be given an opportunity to rectify

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196. In the opinion of the author, prisons ____ .
A) teach people to become better citizens
B) serve no useful purpose whatsoever
C) should be remodelled on the lines of universities
and polytechnics
D) should largely be reserved for violent people who
constitute a threat to society
E) are essential as more and more violence occurs in
society

197. According to the writer, such a traditional
punishment as fining ____ .
A) helps to keep the crime-rate down
B) actually helps offenders to avoid facing the fact
that they have hurt society
C) has been shown to be far more effective than
imprisonment
D) is highly effective if the offenders are young
E) is regarded as a harder option than imprisonment

to the passage, restorative justice ____ .
A) regards most criminals as not being responsible
for the crimes they have committed
B) is only concerned with punishment when the
criminal has proved violent
C) concentrates on criminal acts in which there is no
victim
D) is too idealised and has little chance of working
successfully
E) is less concerned with punishment than with
helping the offender to become a better citizen

In the coming weeks, wine makers north of the
equator will oversee the harvesting and
fermenting of the first vintage of the millennium.
But long before the finished product reaches the
shelves - before it even makes it out of the
barrel, in some cases - samples will be offered to
exporters and distributors. A select group of
wine critics will also be given a taste. Most will
record their impressions in the extravagant
prose that wine journalists unfortunately love to
use. Others will go one step further and assign
numerical grades. These days a high score is
more effective than mere praise. it can make a
comparatively unknown wine into a highly
desirable one that everyone is seeking to buy.

199.According to the passage, before the new
season's wines even reach the shops, wine
critics will have ____ .
A) tasted samples and described or graded them
B) suggested suitable prices for each type
C) bought up large quantities of what they think will
sell well
D) advised producers on the fermenting process for
the next year's vintage
E) compared their impressions with those of other
wine critics

200. In the opinion of the writer, most of the
wine journalists ____ .
A) dislike the practice of awarding wines numerical
grades
B) generally use too many exotic words and literary
expressions
C) have very little influence on the public's choice of
wine
D) are less influential than distributors in the
business of buying and selling of wines
E) should be consulted at all stages of the wine-
making process

practice of awarding numerical grades to wines
____ .
A) is not as reliable or satisfactory as the practice of
describing wines
B) is not at all popular among exporters and
distributors
C) has had a truly amazing effect on wine sales
D) means that little known wines never get a chance
to be known
E) is rapidly giving way to the system of verbal
description

One never finishes learning about art. There are
always new things to discover. Great works of
art seem to look different each time one stands
before them. They seem to be as inexhaustible
and unpredictable as real human beings. It is an
exciting world of its own with its own strange
laws and its own adventures. Nobody should
think he knows all about it, for nobody does.
Nothing, perhaps, is more important than just
this: that to enjoy these works we must have a
fresh mind, one which is ready to catch every
hint and to respond to every hidden harmony: a
mind, most of all that has not been dulled by the
terminology and ready-made phrases of art
appreciation. it is infinitely better not to know
anything about art than to have the kind of half-
knowledge which makes for snobbishness. The
danger is very real.

202. According to the passage, great works of art
are, in a way, like real people ____ .
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A) and we can expect to like them for some reasons,
dislike them for others
B) because there is a lot to learn about them before
we finally know them
C) and one needs a special vocabulary if one is to
discuss them effectively
D) because they can surprise us and give us
something new each time we face them
E) though, naturally, they are incapable of change

203. The writer feels that, if we are to enjoy
works of art, we must ____ .
A) concentrate on the ones that appeal to us and
ignore those that don't
B) learn everything there is to learn about art
C) keep finding new works of art to look at and
compare them with our old favourites
D) look at them again and again until we have seen
and understood everything about them
E) come to them without preconceived ideas and
with a readiness to respond to whatever they have
to offer

204. In the opinion of the writer ____ .
A) the world of art is more exciting than the real
world
B) the clichs of art appreciation are extremely
dangerous and likely to stand in the way of
genuine appreciation
C) it is easy for everyone to appreciate great art
D) everyone can and should acquire some kind of
half-knowledge of art
E) it is not advisable to keep going back to a work of
art until we have exhausted all it has to say to us

In theory, the multimedia age should be killing
off bookshops. Who still has time to read books,
what with surfing the Internet, viewing scores of
new digital television channels, and putting in
ever-longer hours at work? And presumably
those few people who do still read books will be
buying them on the Internet. After all, Amazon, a
bookseller, is the most cited example of a
successful online retailer. So much for the
theory. What about the practice? This week the
largest bookshop in Britain opened up in the old
Simpson's of Piccadilly in London. With 265,000
titles and 1.5 million books, the new branch of
Waterstone's stretches over seven floors. A
department store, which once sold everything
from sushi to plus-fours, is now devoted entirely
to one product - books. The new Waterstone's is
almost next door to Hatchards, a mere five-
storey bookshop, with a well-established
clientele, and two smaller bookshops. It is also
less than a mile from Borders, another huge
bookstore in Oxford Street.

205. The passage suggests that, in this world of
technological advance one might, in theory,
expect that ____ .
A) Internet, among other things, would make book
shops obsolete
B) Internet would prove a serious rival to television
C) smaller bookshops would be brought up by larger
ones
D) Internet book retailers like Amazon would find few
customers
E) new digital television channels have little chance
of success

206. In the passage, we are given a great deal of
information about the new Waterstone's
bookshop, ____ .
A) together with the number and quality of the staff
employed there
B) including the exact postal address
C) and the incredible variety of second hand books to
be found there is given special emphasis
D) but it is the original use of floor space that
receives special attention
E) including the fact that the premises once belonged
to a department store that sold literally every type
of goods

207. As if to emphasise his own surprise, the
writer makes the point that the new
Waterstone's bookshop ____ .
A) is designed and run like a department store
B) has deprived neighbouring bookshops of a lot of
their trade
C) plans to open yet another branch in Oxford Street
D) is situated in a neighbourhood of well--established
bookstores
E) is not likely to attract many customers

The seventeenth-century scientist Francis Bacon
was the first to insist that science be
methodically separated from values so as to
make it truly 'neutral', or objective. In reality, he
did nothing of the sort. His 'scientific
knowledge', instead of being value-free, set out
explicitly and purposefully to give humanity
power over nature. 'Truth and utility are
perfectly identical,' he wrote in his Novum
Organum, and 'that which is most useful in
practice is most correct in theory'. In effect, he
merely replaced the old 'subjective' values of
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'good' and 'evil' with the values of 'useful' and
'useless', or more precisely 'of contributing or
not contributing to man's domination over or
transformation of the natural world'. There were
to be no limits to this transformation. His goal
was explicitly stated. It was to 'achieve all things
achievable'. At least he was honest enough to
admit the fact. Modern science has followed
Bacon's lead exactly, but does not admit it.

208. According to the author, the broad goals of
modern scientists are identical with those of
Bacon, ____ .
A) except that they regard nothing as 'useless'
B) only they avoid saying so
C) although Bacon never actually discussed goals
D) and even more ambitious
E) but they consider him too subjective in his outlook

209. It is argued in the passage that though
Bacon was determined to make science objective
and value-free, ____ .
A) he know he was setting himself an impossible task
B) this was impossible as truth and utility are
inseparable
C) he did not want man to have dominion over
nature
D) he was himself greatly influenced by the concepts
of right and wrong
E) he actually simply substituted one set of values
for another

210. We understand from the passage that Bacon
regarded science as a means to ____ .
A) establish what was useful and what true
B) overcome such subjective values as 'good' and
'evil'
C) protect the natural world and so preserve it
D) give man power over nature so he could benefit
from it
E) keep the natural world unchanged and unspoilt

If a greater proportion of the food people eat
were to be locally produced, this would be of
great benefit to the farmer. A mix of local,
regional, national, and international production
would still be available; indeed, the goal would
not be to put an end to the international trade in
food, but to avoid transporting food thousands of
miles when it could instead be produced next
door. Such a shift would help revitalise rural
economies ruined by the global economy. Less
money would go into the hands of corporate
middlemen, and far more would remain in the
hands of farmers. This would especially be the
case with the direct marketing of food via
farmers' markets and farm stands and other
forms of community supported agriculture. If
farmers were not impelled to specialise their
production in a few global commodities, the
trend towards ever larger and more highly
mechanised farms would slow down. Moreover,
since small farms use a proportionally higher
amount of human labour than mechanised
inputs, a return to smal

211. It is pointed out in the passage that it
would be to the advantage of the farmer and the
rural economy at large if ____ .
A) people were to eat locally produced food more
often
B) the sale of farm products were in the hands of
corporate middlemen
C) the advantages of a global economy were better
appreciated
D) the practice of direct marketing of food at farmers'
markets were forbidden
E) the marketing of all food products were at a
national or international level

212. According to the author, farms are growing
larger and more highly mechanised ____ .
A) as this is the only sure way to make money out of
farming
B) as this is what the rural community wants
C) since no one is willing to work on the land
D) because imported foodstuffs are so much cheaper
E) because farmers feel obliged to concentrate on a
very few products for global markets

213. The author is opposed to the trend towards
larger and mere highly mechanised farms ____ .
A) as they result in unnecessarily high food prices
B) since the quality of food they produce is poor
C) because it has resulted in a great many farm
labourers losing their jobs
D) though he admits the quality of food they produce
is high
E) though this is what the owners of small farms
want

In the case of shallow tunnels or in urban areas
it is often possible, by means of carefully sited
boreholes, to gain an idea as to the nature of the
ground and water conditions. Under high
mountains boring becomes expensive so reliance
has to be placed upon geological interpretations.
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As strata can vary so much, surprises are often
met with and techniques sometimes have to
change in a single tunnel. In the Severn railway
tunnel (4 mls 628 yd long, completed in 1886)
great quantities of water were unexpectedly
encountered and are still being pumped out.

214. The writer explains that when a tunnel does
not go deep underground, ____ .
A) one can learn about the type of ground it is to
pass through by means of strategically placed
boreholes
B) the type of strata it is to pass through is
unimportant
C) it may prove unsuitable in urban areas
D) the geological nature of the terrain does not, in
general, have to be taken into consideration
E) the techniques used to excavate it vary very little

215. We understand from the passage that
before any tunnel is opened ____ .
A) an exact understanding of the nature of the rock
strata around it must be gained
B) samples of the ground through which It is to pass
must always be taken
C) it is desirable to get an idea of the nature of the
ground that is being tunnelled
D) the area surrounding it should be drained of any
underground water
E) the suitability of the site has to be test-blasted

geological interpretations made of the strata
through which a tunnel is to go ____ .
A) are based on samples of the ground taken from
boreholes
B) cannot detect underground waterways
C) are particularly relevant in urban areas
D) are not always reliable
E) are especially useful if underground water is
suspected

As with all revolutions, the causes of the
American Revolution which separated the
original thirteen American colonies from Great
Britain were social, economic and political and so
inextricably interwoven that it is difficult to
appraise them. First there was the distance from
Great Britain and the environment of a new
country which, whether they willed it or not, had
gradually over a period of 150 years turned
Englishmen into Americans. The older stock was
largely English but the bulk of them, as a
contemporary historian commented, "knew little
of the mother country, having only heard of her
as a distant kingdom, the rulers of which had in
the preceding century persecuted and banished
their ancestors to the woods of America". With
each generation and with each move westward
old contacts were broken. Furthermore, large
groups of colonists had come from Germany,
Ireland and other parts of Europe and had no ties
with England and, in the case of the Irish, no
affection.

217. The writer makes the point that it is very
hard to ____ .
A) assess the separate causes of the American
Revolution because they are so complex
B) justify the American Revolution historically
C) relate the American Revolution to the economic
circumstances of the time
D) account for the political causes of the American
Revolution
E) explain the social implications of the American
Revolution on Britain

218. According to the passage, by the time the
American Revolution took place, ____ .
A) generations of the colonists in America had
dreamed of gaining their independence
B) the non-British immigrants had demographically
far exceeded the British ones
C) many of the British colonists were still trying to
maintain their ties with the mother country
D) the colonists living in America felt they no longer
had any ties with Britain
E) the number of the Irish in America had more than
doubled

219. The writer points out that, among the non-
British colonists in America, it was the Irish who
____ .
A) had suffered most at the hands of the British
B) were the least friendly towards Britain
C) united with the German colonists to oppose Britain
D) were among the first ones to settle there
E) felt they had been unjustly banished to these
parts

Translation renders knowledge mobile. The task
of the scientific translator, no less than the
literary translator, has been to create new texts,
to multiply sources into new languages, and
thereby to produce new "originals". Over time,
translation itself has built a great scientific
library, ever more enriched, and accessible.
Although we may think of scientific translation
as literal, mechanical work, this has never been
the case. The reasons for this are complex, but
have much to do with the lack of exact one-to-
one correspondence among languages.
Translating science always involves
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interpretation, the remaking of an original. If it
did not, machine translation would have long ago
rendered the scientific translator extinct.

220. According to the passage scientific
translation, just like literary translation, ____ .
A) requires a kind of rewriting of the original text
B) should avoid the temptation of trying to interpret
the original text
C) is becoming increasingly mechanised and making
translators themselves redundant
D) has actually played a very small part in the spread
of knowledge
E) is presently being carried out into fewer and fewer
languages

221. The writer stresses that the job of a
scientific translator ____ .
A) requires more technical knowledge than linguistic
B) is far easier than that of the translation of literary
texts
C) has been made much easier with the introduction
of machine translation
D) is actually far more creative than has generally
been assumed
E) goes back farther in history than does that of the
literary translator

222. As the writer suggests, an important
obstacle that a scientific translator faces, is that
____ .
A) new scientific texts are growing more and more
complex in content
B) very few people are interested in the translations
of scientific works
C) the machine translation of scientific texts has
reached a high level of efficiency
D) the work is so mechanical and tedious that it
offers almost no satisfaction
E) the exact translation of one language into another
can almost never be achieved

The ideal of a family life shared by all in 19th
century England survived into the early 20th
century, until home life was seriously dislocated
in 1914 by World War I, which was a war on the
largest scale the world had ever known. But
since the last decade of the 19th century new
developments and inventions had been rapidly
affecting the home life of an increasing number
of people. Town and country were knit more
closely together by easier railway travel, cheap
and efficient postal services, the popularity of
the bicycle, the development of the petrol engine
and the cheap popular newspaper; such things as
these helped to break down social formalities
and to place women again on a more equal
footing with men.

223. It is pointed out in the passage that, as a
result of a variety of changes in the way of life in
England at the turn of century, ____.
A) travel by rail became the most popular form of
transport
B) living conditions in the country couldn't keep up
with those in the towns
C) the position of women in society improved
significantly
D) country people were for the first time able to
benefit from postal services
E) the urban people had the unique opportunity of
exploring to countryside on their bicycles

224. According to the author, one of the
damaging effects in England of World War I, was
that ____.
A) more and more people began to leave urban areas
and move to the countryside
B) the manufacturing industry experienced a severe
recession
C) technological progress was adversely affected
D) the traditionally close family life was badly
disrupted
E) everybody began to take an interest in political
and economic affairs

225. The author points out that World War I
____.
A) helped to bring town life and country life closer
together
B) showed people how important family life was
C) was a greater magnitude than any previous war
had been
D) was an important factor in the break down of
social formalities
E) had been expected as far back as the last decade
of the 19th century

Most people take it for granted prices will always
rise and understandably so. A 60-year-old
American has seen them go up by more than
1.000 % in his life time. Yet prolonged inflation
is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Until
about 60 years ago prices in general were as
likely to fall as to rise. On the eve of the First
World War, for example, prices in Britain, over
all, were almost exactly the same as they had
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been at the time of London in 1666. Now the
world may be reverting to that earlier normality.
The prices of many things have fallen over the
past 12 months or so. Not only computers and
video players, but a wide range of goods- from
cars and clothes to coffee and petrol - are in
many countries, cheaper than they were a year
ago.

226. It is emphasized in the passage that, up to
the last half century or so, _____ .
A) a period of prolonged inflation was a rare
occurrence
B) prices were rigidly controlled to avoid inflation
C) Britain was one of the few countries to suffer from
inflation
D) people were more disturbed by a fall in prices
than by a rise in prices
E) it was extremely unusual for prices either to rise
or to fall

experience of average Americans over the last 60
years or so, ____ .
A) has made them one of the most economy-
conscious nations in the world
B) has taught them to expect continual price
increases
C) has impressed on them the need to produce more
and more goods
D) has encouraged them to cut down on expenditure
E) has made them fear deflation more than inflation

228. The writer of this passage suggests that,
economic trends, worldwide, _____ .
A) can rarely be accurately predicted
B) have been characterised by ever-increasing
inflation
C) have not been affected by a drop in prices in a few
countries
D) have been affected by the danger of deflation
E) seem to be changing as the prices of many goods
are falling

Water of doubtful purity for drinking can be
rendered safe by boiling and then can be cooled
in water bags or in earthenware containers,
which must be protected from dust and flies.
When boiling is not possible, drinking water can
in many areas be adequately sterilised by
chlorination; one tablet of Halazone is added to
one litre of water and allowed to stand for 30
minutes. Water containing suspended matter
should be filtered first. There is, however the
danger of a particularly serious infectious
disease in many regions of Africa, the Middle and
Far East and South America. In these regions the
water of rivers, lakes and canal may be infected,
and the disease is acquired when the water
comes in contact with the skin.

229. In this passage the writer points out that
boiling ____.
A) is the only safe method of producing drinking
water
B) is commonly used in Africa and the less developed
countries to purify water
C) is a reliable method of making impure water safe
to drink
D) will purify water but must not continue for more
than 30 minutes
E) is one method of combating infectious diseases in
third world countries

230. We learn from the passage that, when
sterilisation of water is to be carried out by
means of chlorination, ____.
A) It is important to make sure that the water is not
infected
B) it must be preceded by filtration
C) great care must be taken that no dust be allowed
to get into the water
D) the best containers for the job are earthenware
one
E) the process should be followed by the boiling of
the water

231. We understand from the passage that, in
certain regions of the world, such as parts of
Africa and Asia ____ .
A) filtration is vital for the removal of suspended
matter from the water
B) river water may be so infected that boiling cannot
purify it
C) people are cautioned not to use canal water
because it is always infected
D) Halazone tablets are frequently used to sterilise
infected water
E) skin contact with infected water can cause the
development of a highly infectious disease

Angling is the art of catching fish with very basic
equipment, in fact just a rod, a line and a hook,
or even just a line and a hook, the special feature
of the pursuit being the attraction of the prey by
a suitable bait. The requisites for a successful
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angler are knowledge of the haunts and habits of
fish, skill in the use of tackle and a patience
much in excess of that required for most out-of-
door sports. Skill in the use of rod and line
depends more upon actual experience by the
waterside than on acquisition of theories
published in books and magazines.

232. The passage emphasizes the fact that, for
an angler to succeed, ____ .
A) it is essential for him to know a lot about the ways
of fish, and have great patience
B) he must have read a great deal of theoretical
material about fish
C) it is of vital importance that he has all the right
equipment
D) he must have a wide variety of bait for each
species of fish
E) he needs to train in the various methods of
angling

233. It is emphasized in the passage that angling
____
A) is a very intricate art that has to be learned from
books
B) is a sport similar to many other outdoor sports
C) is a kind of fishing in which a very simple and
limited type of tackle is used
D) requires not so much actual experience as
theoretical knowledge
E) depends more on the tackle and bait than on the
angler's skilful use of them

234. The passage is mainly concerned with ____
A) the different methods of attracting fish to the bait
B) the art of angling and the requirements of success
in angling
C) the pleasure and satisfaction the angler gets out
of this activity
D) the theoretical aspects of the art of angling
E) the importance and variety of the tackle used in
angling

The parachute was used for certain kinds of
military operation in World War I, but it was not
until about 1925 that a conception of airborne
forces, that is to say, large numbers of troops
moved about by aircraft and deposited at or near
the field of battle, by glider, parachute or
aeroplane, came into being. Russia was the first
to develop the idea on a large scale, and in army
manoeuvres in 1930 she conducted practical
trials. The Italians were also early in the field
with the idea of parachute troops. The French
had created an airborne battalion, but it was
disbanded before the war, Great Britain had done
almost nothing to develop airborne forces up to
the outbreak of war in 1939.

235. The author points out that the idea of
airborne forces ____
A) first emerged in the mid 1920s
B) was a closely guarded secret for many years
C) was slow to gain approval as it was felt to be
dangerous
D) was first developed by the Italians during World
War I
E) was immediately recognized as of vital importance
during World War I

Britain ____
A) vehemently disapproved of the use of airborne
forces
B) was extremely slow to recognize the importance
of airborne forces in time of war
C) and France cooperated in manoeuvres of their
airborne forces
D) was very concerned when Russia began military
manoeuvres with airborne forces
E) 'Has one of the first to build aircraft for airborne
forces

237. It is clear from the passage that one of the
benefits of airborne forces is that ____
A) it gives army and airforce the opportunity to
compete with each other
B) they can be trained in a very short period of time
C) their main equipment is the parachute which is
cheap and easy to supply
D) troops can be transported rapidly by air to a
position close to the scene of battle
E) they can easily be mobilized and just as easily be
disbanded

Letters are often autobiographical records of
great importance and some collections of
correspondence are practically autobiographies.
The preservation and publication of the letters of
famous persons is a practice that goes back to
antiquity .Thirteen letters ascribed to Plato are
still in existence at least some of these are
considered by modern scholars to be genuine.
Genuine letters of Epicurus and Socrates have
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also been preserved. Cicero's letters to his friend
Atticus, to his daughter and to other,
correspondents are among the most intimate and
interesting autobiographical documents of
antiquity.

238. According to the passage, it is believed that
Plato _____
A) preferred letter writing to other forms of
autobiographical writing
B) was the first of the ancients to write
autobiographical letters
C) wrote only thirteen letters which contain a great
many details about his private life
D) started the tradition of letter writing and this was
taken up by Epicurus and others
E) may have left behind over a dozen letters

239. The writer points out that letter writing
____
A) requires both a great deal of insight and precision
of expression to be effective
B) was considered by Cicero to be a form of art which
should be cultivated
C) is a practice that only celebrated people are
interested in
D) has been traced back to ancient times and
frequently reflects the personality of the letter
writer
E) has furnished scholars with more factual and
historical material than official documents have
done

240. As the author suggests, Cicero ____
A) expected that his letters would be preserved as
records of his age
B) was extremely fond of his daughter and wrote
most of his letters to her
C) wrote letters to Atticus which are not nearly as
personal as those to his daughter
D) followed the lead of Plato in the art of letter
writing
E) reflected his own self and life in his letters with
remarkable sincerity

Literature in Australia is a branch of English
literature in general, as one might expect from
the fact that the population is very largely of
British stock and that in education Australia
followed English and Scottish traditions as it did
in its other institutions. Unlike Canada or South
Africa, Australia never had two cultures and two
literary traditions, and its isolation during the
19th century meant that its cultural links were
almost entirely with Britain. Australians read
English books and English magazines for the
most part, and 19th-century Australian writers
hoped or expected to have their books published
in England and wrote mainly with an eye to
English readers.

241. In the passage it is stressed that
Australians ____
A) avoided the example of Canada and South Africa
in establishing their own cultural identity
B) were trying to create their own genuine literature
as early as the 19 In century
C) were for a long time culturally and educationally
closely affiliated with Britain
D) were extremely prejudiced against books and
magazines published in 19th-century Britain
E) in the 19th century felt so isolated that they
turned to Britain for support

people of Australia _____
A) have closer ties with Scotland than with England
B) are, to a great extent, of British origin
C) are similar to the people of Canada and South
Africa in their literary cultural traditions
D) set up educational institutions unlike those in
England
E) Like the people of South Africa have never had
any interest in the indigenous population of their
country

243. It is pointed out in the passage that England
and Scotland provided models, for ____
A) the establishment of cultural institutions in
Australia as well as in Canada
B) Canada and South Africa as they developed their
cultural and literary traditions
C) Australian institutions only during the early 19th
century
D) Australia not only in education but also in other
respects
E) cultural activities in Australia, but gave no support
to Australian writers
An insecticide is a substance employed to
destroy insects. It is significant that the word
dates from the mid-19th century; only since then
has any real progress been made in preventing
the attacks and subsequent damage of insects,
formerly regarded as unavoidable. Most of the
earlier methods were based on the
recommendations of such writers as the Roman
author Pliny or upon folklore. A few were
soundly based on observation and experience,
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but most were fanciful stories of doubtful logic.
The evolution of modern insecticides owes much
to gradually improving methods of testing. In
early times natural plant products and minerals
were used; later a great variety of industrial by-
products and synthetic substances became
available.

244. We understand from the passage that, up to
the 19 century, ____
A) most of the insecticides were industrial by-
products
B) insecticides had been used in accordance with the
advice of Pliny
C) methods used to combat insects had little
scientific basis
D) the harmful effects of insects were not widespread
enough to require the use of insecticides
E) Pliny was the only author to dwell on the subject
of insect control
245. The writer points out that In recent times
synthetic substances ____
A) are no longer used in the making of insecticides
B) rather than natural ones have been used in the
production of insecticides
C) are small in number and not easily available
D) are proving more efficient than industrial by-
products in insect control
E) have fallen out of favour for various reasons

progress in methods of testing ____
A) has revealed the value of natural products in the
production of insecticides
B) dates back 10 the Roman author, Pliny
C) has led to an increase in the manufacturing of
synthetic materials
D) has developed alongside improved methods of
extraction
E) has facilitated improvements in the development
of insecticides in our time

Stockholm this year celebrates the centenary of
the Nobel Prize, an event that has already been
marked by a major exhibition in the city's old
Stock Exchange building. The exhibit, "Cultures
of Creativity", explores the life and work of
Alfred Nobel, inventor of dynamite and one of
Stockholm's most illustrious citizens. The prize
he established, first awarded in 1901, has
subsequently gone to more than 700 scientists,
writers and peacemakers for their contributions
to humanity. The exhibit also examines the
qualities needed to foster creativity and courage,
and it explains how nominees and winners are
selected.

Nobel Prize ____
A) has contributed enormously to the international
fame of Stockholm
B) is generally awarded to scientists rather than to
writers and peacemakers
C) is awarded to celebrate the invention of dynamite
D) has been awarded to very many people over the
last hundred years
E) is the primary reason for the fame of Alfred Nobel

248. According to the passage, Alfred Nobel ____
A) will always be remembered for his contribution to
the prosperity of humanity
B) had been involved in various creative projects
before he invented dynamite
C) was a much admired and respected member of
the Stockholm community
D) was known for his scientific creativity and political
courage
E) gathered around him many scientists who were
working on explosives

249. We understand from the passage that one
of the major aims of the exhibit "Cultures of
Creativity" is to ____
A) demonstrate the procedures whereby candidates
for the Nobel Prize and its winners are chosen
B) publicize and honour the achievements of the
Nobel Prize winners
C) celebrate a hundred years of scientific advance
D) inform people of the main qualifications required
for application for Nobel Prize candidacy
E) demonstrate how scientific and humanitarian
progress can be achieved simultaneously

Does advertising encourage waste by persuading
consumers to buy goods that they do not need? In
reply to this, it has been pointed out that all the
consumer really needs, is a bare minimum of clothing,
food and shelter, and that one of the distinguishing
marks of any civilized community is that it lives well
above the minimum subsistence level. Most
advertising is designed to influence the consumer's
spending power. In western countries, advertising has
played a great part in bringing laboursaving
equipment, and so a degree of leisure, and even
luxury, to millions. Advertising that encourages the
public to want more is also claimed to act as an
incentive making people want to earn more in order to
buy the goods advertised, and therefore making them
work harder. For this reason advertising has been
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defended as having an essential part to play in the
move towards higher standards of living. The
defenders of advertising also point out that it is not
solely concerned with encouraging the public to spend.
Banks, insurance companies and building societies are
amongst the commercial advertisers who encourage
saving.

250. The basic aim of this passage is to -----.
A) emphasize the vital importance of
advertising for banks and insurance
companies
B) initiate a controversy as regards the
advantages and disadvantages of
advertising
C) enlighten the public as to the misleading
aspects of advertising
D) draw attention to the large amounts of
money wasted as a result of
advertisements
E) present a positive attitude towards
advertising and its benefits
251. According to the passage, one of the
ultimate benefits of advertising is to -----.
A) make working life more competitive and
sociable
B) encourage people to attain a higher and
better standard of living
C) help banks and insurance companies to
extend their activities to all sections of
society
D) make the public better informed about how
to manage their savings
E) advise working people on how to avoid
excessive spending on luxury goods
252. One of the points made in the passage is
that -----.
A) advertising does not always aim at making
people spend
B) advertising is most effectively practised in
western countries
C) luxury goods are more extensively
advertised than other goods
D) the consumer can easily be deceived by
the clever advertising of very ordinary
goods
E) those who attack advertising are the very
people most affected by advertising
Though Italy's national boundaries have altered
relatively little since unification in the 1860s, national
identity is qualified by sharp internal differentiation.
Economic and occupational structures, standards of
living, political loyalties, cultural traditions and even
language vary substantially between parts of the
country. Only since the 1970s has there existed a
comprehensive system of regional government with
financial and legislative authority. However, the
division of powers between central and regional
governments is imprecise, and in practice the latter
depend on substantial resources from the former. In
the absence of clear and effective rules, relations
between the regions and the central government are
determined by a process of political bargaining. In this
process, political alliances and personal linkages play a
vital role. In this respect, the Italian system may be
defined as a kind of federalism.

253. It is clear from the passage that in Italy,
during the past 25 years or so, regional
government -----.
A) has slowly become more powerful while
central government has grown less
B) has enjoyed considerable power though
this is not very specific in nature
C) has frequently been on bad terms with
central government
D) has become financially independent of
central government
E) has resisted all efforts on the part of the
central government to bring uniformity to
the country

254. The passage puts considerable emphasis
on the fact that -----.
A) there is a great deal of variety, in virtually
every respect, among the regions of Italy
B) the vast regional differences in Italy
threaten the political unity of the country
C) the traditional cultural, economic and
linguistic differences in Italy have now
almost disappeared
D) federalism is a system of government that
is unsuitable to Italy
E) the central government exercises excessive
authority on the affairs of local
administrations
255. It is clear from the passage that local
administrations in Italy today -.
A) are hardly at all concerned about the
preservation of national unity
B) are trying hard to get rid of the local
differences of the country
C) are, to a large extent, dependent upon the
central government for financial and other
support
D) are far stronger and better organized that
they were in the 1860s
E) change whenever there is a change in the
central government

Sir Philip Sidney was a 16th-century English poet and
critic. His Defence of Poesy is the only major work of
literary criticism in sixteenth-century England, a period
during which Italy and France produced large numbers
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of critical treatises, heavily influenced by Aristotle's
Poetics. By contrast, Sidney's text is highly eclectic,
drawing together aesthetic principles from several
traditions and emphasizing especially those principles
that are of primary importance to the Elizabethans:
ideal imitation, moral teaching and decorum. Looking
back to Aristotle, Sidney defines poetry as an imitation
of nature, but links that imitation to his view of the
poet as maker. The poet imitates not the real nature
we see but rather he imitates an ideal nature. Sidney
also makes large claims for the didactic role of poetry,
following Horace's idea that poetry teaches by
delighting.

256. According to the passage, Sidney believed
that -----.
A) poetry's chief function was to give pleasure
rather than to convey a moral message
B) Horace was the most didactic of the
classical poets
C) Aristotle's Poetics had been unfairly
neglected up to the Renaissance
D) poetry combines moral instruction with
pleasure
E) literary criticism in 16th-century England
was far more advanced than it was in Italy
and France

Sidney's Defence of Poesy -----.
A) is still the most highly-regarded work of
criticism in English literature
B) is essentially a mere imitation of Aristotle's
Poetics
C) enjoyed much popularity in 16th-century
Italy and France
D) was entirely original since it drew on no
other critical source or literary tradition
E) is the single important work of English
criticism in its time

258. As we understand from the passage, in
Sidney's view, the poet -----.
A) should make Horace his guide and
instructor
B) must make pleasure the sole purpose of his
poetry
C) should be fully familiar with the principles
of Aristotle's Poetics
D) presents not an actual but a perfected view
of nature
E) must first be instructed in aesthetic
principles

Although the idea of the skyscraper is modern, the
inclination to build upward is not. The Great Pyramids,
with their broad bases, reached heights unapproached
for the next four millennia. But even the great Gothic
cathedrals, crafted of bulky stone into an aesthetic of
lightness and slenderness are dwarfed by the steel and
reinforced concrete structures of the 20th century. It
was modern building materials that made the true
skyscraper structurally possible, but it was the
mechanical device of the elevator that made the
skyscraper truly practical. Ironically, it is also the
elevator that has had so much to do with limiting the
height of most tall buildings to about 70 or 80 stories.
Above that, elevator shafts occupy more than 25
percent of the volume of a tall building, and so the
economics of renting out space argues against
investing in greater height.

259. It is clear from the passage that the Great
Pyramids -----.
A) are at least as spacious as the average
modern skyscraper
B) inspired the building of the great Gothic
cathedrals
C) were as tall as they were wide
D) were designed on similar principles to the
modern skyscraper
E) had no rival, as regards height, for four
thousand years

construction of skyscrapers only became
structurally feasible -----.
A) after such new building materials as
reinforced concrete came into use
B) once the technique of broad foundations
had been perfected
C) after people had realized how much space
could be gained by them
D) for heights of 70 or 80 floors
E) if aesthetic considerations were
disregarded

261. It is explained in the passage that
skyscrapers of above 70 or 80 floors are
generally uneconomic -----.
A) as the price of installing fast elevators is
excessive
B) as elevator shafts have then to occupy too
large a proportion of the volume of the
building
C) since the majority of people feel insecure
above that height
D) though in appearance they are most
attractive
E) even though the lower floors no longer
need to be built on broad bases

Land cleared of trees is exposed to erosion, which can
be severe in deforested areas having slopes greater
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than 15 to 17 percent. If land is not disturbed any
further and new growth becomes established, erosion
may gradually subside. If, however, vegetation on the
cutover land is continually removed by man or
livestock, erosion will intensify, and environmental
problems can be severe. When a forest is removed
from a slope, the rate of water runoff is increased two
to tenfold or more, depending on the degree of
clearing, slope, and rainfall. All too often this leads to
flooding of agricultural land in the lowlands. In
Pakistan, for example, almost 2 million hectares of
standing crops on the lowlands were destroyed by
floodwater in 1973, and about 10,000 villages were
wiped out. Since valuable soil is lost in floods, the
quantity of the arable lands decreases. Alluvial silt
deposited elsewhere is rarely usable enough to
compensate for such losses.

deforestation -----.
A) and erosion are only very loosely
connected
B) is a matter that man can do nothing about
C) is particularly serious when it occurs on a
slope
D) will stop once man has realized how
serious its effects can be
E) has been practised more in Pakistan than
elsewhere

263. We understand from the passage that once
a forest has been removed from a slope,
the rate of water runoff -----.
A) may be in itself enough to prevent the
establishment of new growth there
B) will increase irrespective of the amount of
rainfall
C) will steadily increase even after new
vegetation starts to establish
D) will depend almost wholly on the gradient
of the slope
E) will increase and this is likely to cause
flooding

264. According to the passage, flooding-----.
A) occurs in Pakistan regularly every year
B) results in silt deposits which compensate
for earth losses elsewhere
C) is only a temporary disaster
D) leads to a reduction in the amount of land
that can be farmed
E) is a natural disaster that until recently has
been largely overlooked
Trade unions, that is, workers' unions, are usually
concerned to some extent with mutual benefit
activities as well as with collective bargaining and the
endeavour to establish standard rates and conditions.
The mutual benefit activities have been greatest
among the skilled manual workers, whose craft unions
have in most cases maintained high rates of
contributions and benefits, covering not only dispute
benefit but also unemployment, sickness, funeral and
often superannuation benefits. The less-skilled workers
have not been able to afford the high contributions
necessary for such benefits - particularly
superannuation - and have usually provided few
mutual benefits (except funeral benefit and of course
dispute benefit), though some have provided optional
benefits in return for higher contributions. In addition
to providing cash benefits, most trade unions provide
free legal assistance to their members in cases arising
out of their employment, and fight important cases
affecting their several trades in the courts of law.

265. We clearly understand from the passage
that one of the main aims of trade unions -
----.
A) has always been to oppose management
B) is to ensure that skilled and unskilled
manual workers enjoy the same benefits
C) is to keep rates of pay and working
conditions equitable
D) is no longer to fight for full employment
E) is to keep contribution rates to a minimum

skilled / manual workers enjoy more
benefits than unskilled ones -----.
A) though their contribution rates are about
the same
B) because they can afford higher
contributions
C) since there are so many more of them
D) but they have not won as many law suits
E) which gives rise to the bad relations that
exist between the two groups

In modern times, it was perhaps the "gentleman
scientists" of the nineteenth century who came closest
to a genuinely objective form of scientific research.
These privileged amateurs enjoyed a financial
independence which most scientists today cannot
have, and which enabled them to satisfy their scientific
curiosity without the need to please patrons. With the
growth of scientific research after World War II,
science has become an expensive occupation. Many
scientists today look back upon the 1960s as a golden
age of modern-day science, when research was mainly
funded by the taxpayer, and scientific enquiry was
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seen by governments to be part of the public good,
and worth paying for. Today, the situation is very
different. "Academic freedom" is now often little more
than an illusion for most scientists working at
universities or in publicly-funded research institutes.
Moreover, science is now largely dominated by the
interests of the industrial world, and hence, hardly
deserves the name "science".
267. According to the passage, the major
difference between the "gentleman
scientists" and present-day ones -----.
A) has frequently been ignored by
governments and universities
B) is that the former were free to research as
they chose, while the latter are not
C) has become a highly controversial issue in
university circles
D) is not nearly so obvious as some people
believe it to be
E) the former were less objective in their
research methods than the latter are
268. The writer points out that in the 1960s ----
-.
A) research activities were largely carried out
under the sponsorship of industry
B) scientists believed that they were entering
upon a golden age
C) academic freedom was already a thing of
the past
D) scientists carried out their research
activities at the public expense
E) scientific research largely concentrated on
meeting the needs of war
269. The writer of the passage argues that
contemporary scientific research -----.
A) is, to a large extent, controlled by the
interests of industry
B) finds its best milieu within the universities
C) is advancing at an incredibly fast rate
D) offers one of the most exciting and
stimulating of careers
E) is far more concerned with theory than
with any practical application
270. The writer of the passage regards the
"gentleman scientists" of the nineteenth
century as privileged because -----.
A) the choice of field was rapidly expanding
B) there were plenty of patrons willing to
finance them
C) they were unrestricted by financial
pressures
D) scientific research was still in its early
stages and it was easy to discover
something new
E) they were always well-rewarded for their
efforts
271. The phrase "part of the public good" (lines
13-14) in effect means -----.
A) deserving of a good public
B) setting good standards for society
C) ensuring a better future for society
D) beneficial to society
E) recognized by the general public as being
good

Some people believe that meat consumption
contributes to famine and depletes the Earth's natural
resources. Indeed, it is often argued that cows and
sheep require pasturage that could be better used to
grow grain for starving millions in poor countries.
Additionally, claims are made that raising livestock
requires more water than raising plant foods. But both
these arguments are illogical. As for the pasturage
argument, this ignores the fact that a large portion of
the Earth's dry land is unsuited to cultivation. For
instance, desert and mountainous areas are not
suitable for cultivation, but are suitable for animal
grazing. However, modern commercial farming
methods prefer to raise animals in an enclosed space
feeding them on grains and soybeans. Unfortunately
the bulk of commercial livestock is not range-fed but
stall-fed. Stall-fed animals do not ingest grasses and
shrubs (like they should), but are fed an unnatural
array of grains and soybeans - which could be eaten
by humans. The argument here, then, is not that
eating meat depletes the Earth's resources, but that
commercial farming methods do. Such methods
subject livestock to deplorable living conditions where
infections, antibiotics, and synthetic hormones are
common. These all lead to an unhealthy animal and,
by extension, to an unhealthy food product.
272. One important point made in this passage
is that -----.
A) desert and mountainous regions should be
developed as arable land for cultivation
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B) the way livestock is raised on modern
farms involves various health hazards
C) more encouragement should be given to
the application of modern farming
technologies
D) meat production in the developed world
needs to be increased to combat famine
E) every measure must be taken to conserve
the Earth's natural resources
273. One argument that is clearly opposed in
the passage -----.
A) concerns the value of antibiotics in the
raising of healthy livestock
B) concerns the introduction of soybeans as
the basic feed for livestock
C) is related to the inadequate methods
employed in the prevention of famine
D) is that livestock need water as much as
plants do
E) is that land used for pasturage should be
utilized for the cultivation of crops
274. Contrary to what is often argued, the
passage points out that -----.
A) synthetic hormones can be used to
improve the quality of meat
B) underdeveloped countries need to adopt
modern farming methods in order to
overcome famine
C) grazing for sheep and cows needs to be
upgraded so as to increase meat
production
D) the famine in the world is not directly
related to the consumption of meat
E) a very extensive part of the earth's surface
is ideally suitable for the cultivation of
crops

275. The writer attacks present day commercial
farming methods -----.
A) but admits that there is a higher
production rate than there was with earlier
methods
B) though the end product is extremely
healthy
C) and claims that they are responsible for
depleting the natural resources of the
world
D) though it ensures that there is sufficient
food for everyone
E) because, among other things, it makes no
effort to cultivate dry, mountainous
regions

276. By the "pasturage argument" (line 9) is
meant the argument that -----.
A) the land used for animal grazing ought to
be cultivated and used to grow grain
B) livestock should be stall-fed on grains and
not allowed to graze freely
C) cultivated land ought to be turned into
pasturage
D) only cattle that are allowed to graze freely
produce good meat
E) dry mountainous areas could be watered
and turned into good pasturage

The chief triumph of this book is its depiction of
Wellington. He is not simply the famous British general
who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. He remains a
great general but he is also shown to have had feet of
clay inside his splendid boots. For example, the writer
dwells on Wellington's vanity and his unattractive lack
of generosity in sharing the credit for his victories. This
is a splendid book. Never less than interesting, but
always trenchant. It redefines Wellington without
diminishing his achievements and ends by reminding
us that it was Napoleon who so forcefully articulated a
wish that there should be "a European code of laws, a
European judiciary ... one people in Europe". The
ogre's dream is coming true.

277. From this passage, we get the impression
that the book being reviewed -----.
A) makes fun of both Napoleon and
Wellington
B) overlooks the fact that Wellington was a
great general
C) pays more attention to Napoleon than to
Wellington
D) is unnecessarily critical of Wellington
E) is well-written and gives a balanced picture
of Wellington
278. In the book under review, Wellington is
criticized for -----.
A) not recognizing the role played by others in
his victories
B) his plan of campaign at Waterloo
C) trying to buy people's affection and support
D) underestimating Napoleon's strength
E) failing to consult his subordinates
279. It is clear from the passage that the book
under review differs from traditional
biographies of Wellington -----.
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A) as his great enemy Napoleon receives
more than his share of praise
B) as it questions his skills as a leader
C) because it shows up his human
weaknesses
D) in attitude, but not in content
E) by putting the emphasis on his vices, not
on his virtues
280. We understand from the passage that in
the book under review, Napoleon -.
A) is simply presented as the big enemy
B) receives acclaim for envisaging a united
Europe
C) is shown to have had greater military skills
than Wellington
D) and Wellington each admired the military
skills of the other
E) knew from the beginning that he would
never conquer Britain

281. In line 5, "feet of clay" stands for -----.
A) disgraceful impulses
B) unmilitary feelings
C) desires that have to be suppressed
D) basic human weakness or faults
E) an overwhelming desire to deceive

Fast-food is such a pervasive part of American life that
it has become synonymous with American culture.
Fast-food was born in America and it has now swollen
into a $106-billion industry. America exports fast-food
worldwide and its attendant corporate culture, has
probably been more influential and done more to
destroy local food economies and cultural diversity
than any government propaganda programme could
hope to accomplish. No corner of the earth is safe from
its presence and no aspect of life is unaffected. Fast-
food is now found in shopping malls, airports,
hospitals, gas stations, stadiums, on trains, and
increasingly, in schools. There are 23,000 restaurants
in one chain alone, and another 2,000 are being
opened every year. Its effect has been the same on
the millions of people it feeds daily and on the people
it employs. Fast-food culture has changed how we
work, from its assembly-line kitchens filled with robotic
frying machines to the trite phrases spoken to
customers by its poorly paid part-time workforce. In
the United States, more than 57 per cent of the
population eat meals away from home on any given
day and they spend more money on fast-food than
they do on higher education, personal computers, or
even on new cars.

282. This passage on American's fast-food
industry -----.
A) shows convincingly that it is falling into
disfavour
B) is clearly written by someone who loves
good food
C) concentrates on negative aspects
D) gives a rational account of why it grew so
fast
E) reveals the support it received from
government propaganda
283. The word "swollen" in line 3 -----.
A) emphasizes the speed at which the
industry has grown
B) suggests that the growth is excessive and
unhealthy
C) has very positive connotations
D) draws attention to the inevitability of the
growth of the industry
E) implies that the industry will continue to
grow on steadily

284. One point that receives a lot of attention in
the passage is -----.
A) the fact that fast-food is now more popular
outside the US than it is inside
B) the fact that fast-food meets our dietary
needs
C) the consideration the fast-food companies
show to their employees
D) the far-reaching effects of the fast-food
industry
E) the idea that in such places as gas stations
and trains fast-food is actually the only
practical kind of food

285. The writer of the passage clearly regrets
the fact that -----.
A) the fast-food companies cannot afford to
pay even their part-time workers adequate
salaries
B) the growth of the fast-food industry has
now come to a halt
C) there are still more traditional restaurants
than fast-food ones
D) the fast-food industry cannot retain the
high standards with which it started
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E) local and traditional styles of food are
being pushed off the market

286. The assertion at the end of the passage
that Americans spend more money on fast-
food than they do on higher education -----
.
A) is a criticism of the amount of money spent
on fast-food by Americans
B) suggests that Americans are greedy for
good food
C) means that 57 percent of the American
population has very little money left over
when it has paid for its food
D) is an indication that higher education in the
US is not expensive
E) is, in the light of the rest of the passage, a
gross exaggeration
Even though there have been truly
significant advances in modern
medicine, health problems still abound
and cause untold misery. Although heart
disease and cancer were rare at the
beginning of the 20th century, today
these two diseases strike with
increasing frequency, in spite of billions
of dollars in research to combat them,
and in spite of tremendous advances in
diagnostic and surgical techniques. In
America, one person in three suffers
from allergies, one in ten has ulcers and
one in five is mentally ill. Every year, a
quarter of a million infants are born with
a birth defect and undergo expensive
surgery, or are hidden away in
institutions. Other degenerative diseases
such as arthritis, multiple sclerosis,
diabetes, and chronic fatigue afflict a
significant majority of Americans.
Further learning disabilities make life
miserable for seven million young people
and their parents. These diseases were
extremely rare only a generation or two
ago. Today, chronic illness afflicts nearly
half of all Americans and causes three
out of four deaths in the United States.

287. One point that is stressed in the passage
about the American people is that -----.
A) they are less liable to degenerative
diseases than most other peoples
B) the rate of infant mortality among them is
rising rapidly
C) there is an alarming lack of communication
between parents and their children
D) the incidence of cancer among them is
slowly being reduced due to medical
advances
E) in one way or another, a very large
proportion of them have health problems

288. According to the passage, cancer and heart
diseases are on the increase ----.
A) and most of the cures have serious side-
effects
B) due to problems of diagnosis which for the
present seem insurmountable
C) since research so far carried out in these
fields has been quite inadequate
D) even though a great deal of money is being
spent on research into them
E) but very little is being done by the
authorities to combat them
Mevlt Tikence
Gazi niversitesi
Uygulama ve Aratrma


SAYFA: 48

289. The writer of this passage draws our
attention to -----.
A) the fact that it is young people who are the
most affected by degenerative diseases
B) the paradox that medicine today has
improved remarkably, but more and more
people are suffering from various diseases
C) the commonly-held view that cancer will, in
a few decades, be completely eradicated
D) the argument that good health depends
upon a healthy diet and early diagnosis
E) the possibility that it is mental rather than
physical health that is going to be the
major problem of the future in the US

290. The passage stresses that ill-health gives
rise to a great deal of misery ----.
A) which is not confined to the patient alone
B) which is largely associated with pain
C) especially in the case of chronic illness
D) even before an accurate diagnosis has
been made
E) especially when the symptoms are severe

291. In line 15 of the passage the term
"significant majority" refers to -----.
A) an articulate majority
B) a statistically small majority
C) a large and important majority
D) a rapidly increasing majority
E) an unexpected but continuing majority

292. As it is pointed out in the passage, most
trade union members are entitled to -----.
A) free legal assistance in law cases in any
way pertaining to their work
B) equal superannuation benefits regardless
of their contribution rates
C) take part in collective bargaining activities
D) dispute benefit but not funeral benefit
E) invest in state insurance schemes and
usually do so

Okuma Parcalari

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