LARGE GAS TURBINE

Gas Turbine Functional Description

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. General
The gas turbine designed for operation as a simple-
cycle unit or in a combined steam and gas turbine cycle
(STAG). The gas turbine assembly contains six major
sections or groups:
. Air inlet
!. "ompressor
#. "ombustion System
$. Turbine
%. &xhaust
'. Support systems
This section brie(y describes ho) the gas turbine
operates and the interrelationship of the major
components.
1.2. Gas Path Description
The gas path is the path by )hich gases (o) through
the gas turbine from the air inlet through the
compressor* combustion section and turbine* to the
turbine exhaust.
+hen the turbine starting system is actuated and the
clutch is engaged* ambient air is dra)n through the air
inlet plenum assembly* ,ltered and compressed in the
multi-stage* axial-(o) compressor. -or pulsation
protection during startup* compressor bleed .al.es are
open and the .ariable inlet guide .anes are in the
Chapter
4
closed position. +hen the high-speed relay actuates*
the bleed .al.es begin operation automatically and the
.ariable inlet guide .ane actuator energi/es to position
the inlet guide .anes for normal turbine operation.
"ompressed air from the compressor (o)s into the
annular space surrounding the combustion chambers*
from )hich it (o)s into the spaces bet)een the outer
combustion casings and the combustion liners* and
enters the combustion /one through metering holes in
each of the combustion liners.
-uel from an o0-base source is pro.ided to (o) lines*
each terminating at the primary and secondary fuel
no//les in the end co.er of the separate combustion
chambers.
Options:
1 2n li3uid fueled machines* the fuel is controlled prior
to being distributed to the no//les to pro.ide an e3ual
(o) into each li3uid fuel distributor .al.e mounted on
each end co.er and each li3uid fuel line on each
secondary no//le assembly.
1 2n gas fueled machines* the fuel no//les are the
metering ori,ces )hich pro.ide the proper (o) into
the combustion /ones in the chambers.
The no//les introduce the fuel into the combustion
/one )ithin each chamber )here it mixes )ith the
combustion air and is ignited by one or more of the
spar4 plugs. At the instant )hen fuel is ignited in one
combustion chamber (ame is propagated* through
connecting cross,re tubes* to all other combustion
chambers )here it is detected by four primary (ame
detectors* each mounted on a (ange pro.ided on the
combustion casings.
The hot gases from the combustion chambers (o) into
separate transition pieces attached to the aft end of the
combustion chamber liners and (o) from there to the
three-stage turbine section. &ach stage consists of a
ro) of ,xed no//les and a ro) of turbine buc4ets. 5n
each no//le ro)* the 4inetic energy of the jet is
increased* )ith an associated pressure drop* )hich is
absorbed as useful )or4 by the turbine rotor buc4ets*
resulting in shaft rotation used to turn the generator
rotor to generate electrical po)er.
After passing through the third-stage buc4ets* the
gases are directed into the exhaust di0user. The gases
then pass into the exhaust plenum and are introduced
to atmosphere through the exhaust stac4.
2. B!" ND !UPPORT!
2.1. Turbine Base
The base that supports the gas turbine is a structural
steel fabrication of )elded steel beams and plate.
5ts prime function is to pro.ide a support upon )hich
to mount the gas turbine.
6ifting trunnions and supports are pro.ided* t)o on
each side of the base in line )ith the t)o structural
cross members of the base frame. 7achined pads on
each side on the bottom of the base facilitate its
mounting to the site foundation. T)o machined pads*
atop the base frame are pro.ided for mounting the aft
turbine supports.
2.2. Turbine !upports
8igid leg-type supports at the compressor end and
supports )ith top and bottom pi.ots at the turbine end.
2n the inner surface of each support leg a )ater jac4et
is pro.ided* through )hich cooling )ater is circulated
to minimi/e thermal expansion and to assist in
maintaining alignment bet)een the turbine and the
load e3uipment. The support legs maintain the axial
and .ertical positions of the turbine* )hile t)o gib 4eys
coupled )ith the turbine support legs maintain its
lateral position. 2ne gib 4ey is machined on the lo)er
half of the exhaust frame. The other gib 4ey is
machined on the lo)er half of the for)ard compressor
casing. The 4eys ,t into guide bloc4s )hich are )elded
to the cross beams of the turbine base. The 4eys are
held securely in place in the guide bloc4s )ith bolts
that bear against the 4eys on each side. This 4ey-and-
bloc4 arrangement pre.ents lateral or rotational
mo.ement of the turbine )hile permitting axial and
radial mo.ement resulting from thermal expansion.
#. CO$PR"!!OR !"CTION
#.1. General
The axial-(o) compressor section consists of the
compressor rotor and the compressor casing. +ithin
the compressor casing are the .ariable inlet guide
.anes* the .arious stages of rotor and stator blading*
and the exit guide .anes. 5n the compressor* air is
con,ned to the space bet)een the rotor and stator
)here it is compressed in stages by a series of
alternate rotating (rotor) and stationary (stator) airfoil-
shaped blades. The rotor blades supply the force
needed to compress the air in each stage and the stator
blades guide the air so that it enters the follo)ing rotor
stage at the proper angle. The compressed air exits
through the compressor discharge casing to the
combustion chambers. Air is extracted from the
compressor for turbine cooling and for pulsation
control during startup.
Option:
1 Air may also be extracted from the compressor )hen
the combustion turbine is operating for use in the plant
compressed air system.
#.2. Rotor
The compressor portion of the gas turbine rotor is an
assembly of )heels9 a speed ring* tie bolts* the
compressor rotor blades* and a for)ard stub shaft (see
-igure ).
&ach )heel has slots broached around its periphery.
The rotor blades and spacers are inserted into these
slots and held in axial position by sta4ing at each end
of the slot. The )heels are assembled to each other
)ith mating rabbets for concentricity control and are
held together )ith tie bolts. Selecti.e positioning of the
)heels is made during assembly to reduce balance
correction. After assembly* the rotor is dynamically
balanced.
The for)ard stubshaft is machined to pro.ide the
thrust collar* )hich carries the for)ard and aft thrust
loads. The stubshaft also pro.ides the journal for the
:o. bearing* the sealing surface for the :o. bearing
oil seals and the compressor lo)-pressure air seal.
The stage ; )heel carries the rotor blades and also
pro.ides the sealing surface for the high-pressure air
seal and the compressor-to-turbine marriage (ange.
#.#. !tator
#.#.. General
The casing area of the compressor section is
composed of three major sections. These are the:
a. 5nlet casing
b. "ompressor casing
c. "ompressor discharge casing
These casings* in conjunction )ith the turbine casing*
form the primary structure of the gas turbine.
They support the rotor at the bearing points and
constitute the outer )all of the gas-path annulus. All
of these casings are split hori/ontally to facilitate
ser.icing.
#.#.!. Inlet Casin%
The inlet casing (see -igure !) is located at the
for)ard end of the gas turbine. 5ts prime function is
to uniformly direct air into the compressor. The inlet
casing also supports the :o. bearing assembly. The
:o. bearing lo)er half housing is integrally cast
)ith the inner bellmouth. The upper half bearing
housing is a separate casting* (anged and bolted to
the lo)er half. The inner bellmouth is positioned to
the outer bellmouth by nine airfoil-shaped radial
struts. The struts are cast into the bellmouth )alls.
They also transfer the structural loads from the
adjoining casing to the for)ard support )hich is
bolted and do)eled to this inlet casing.
<ariable inlet guide .anes are located at the aft end of
the inlet casing and are mechanically positioned* by a
control ring and pinion gear arrangement connected
to a hydraulic actuator dri.e and
lin4age arm assembly. The position of these .anes has
an e0ect on the 3uantity of compressor inlet air (o).
#.#.#. Co&pressor Casin%
The for)ard compressor casing contains the stage =
through stage $ compressor stator stages.
The compressor casing lo)er half is e3uipped )ith
t)o large integrally cast trunnions )hich are used to
lift the gas turbine )hen it is separated from its base.
The aft compressor casing contains stage % through
stage ! compressor stator stages. &xtraction ports in
aft casing permit remo.al of #th-stage compressor
air. This air is used for cooling functions and is also
used for pulsation control during startup and
shutdo)n.
#.#.$. Co&pressor Dischar%e Casin%
The compressor discharge casing is the ,nal portion
of the compressor section. 5t is the longest single
casting* is situated at midpoint - bet)een the for)ard
and aft supports - and is* in e0ect* the 4eystone of
the gas turbine structure. The compressor discharge
casing contains the ,nal compressor stages* forms
both the inner and outer )alls of the compressor
di0user* and joins the compressor and turbine
casings. The discharge casing also pro.ides support
for the combustion outer casings and the inner
support of the ,rst-stage turbine no//le.
The compressor discharge casing consists of t)o
cylinders* one being a continuation of the compressor
casing and the other being an inner cylinder that
surrounds the compressor rotor. The t)o cylinders are
concentrically positioned by fourteen radial struts.
A di0user is formed by the tapered annulus bet)een the
outer cylinder and inner cylinder of the discharge casing.
The di0user con.erts some of the compressor exit
.elocity into added static pressure for the combustion air
supply.
#.#.%. Bla'in%
The compressor rotor and stator blades are airfoil shaped
and designed to compress air e0iciently at high blade tip
.elocities. The blades are attached to the compressor
)heels by do.etail arrangements.
The do.etail is .ery precise in si/e and position to
maintain each blade in the desired
position and location on the )heel.
The compressor stator blades are airfoil shaped and are
mounted by similar do.etails into ring segments in the
,rst ,.e stages. The ring segments are inserted into
circumferential groo.es in the casing and are held in
place )ith loc4ing 4eys. The stator blades of the
remaining stages ha.e a s3uare base do.etail and are
inserted directly into circumferential groo.es in the
casing.
6oc4ing 4eys hold them in place.
(. D)N*2 CO$BU!TION !+!T"$
(.1. General
The combustion system is of the re.erse-(o) type )ith
the > combustion chambers arranged around the
periphery of the compressor discharge casing as sho)n
on -igure #. "ombustion chambers are numbered
countercloc4)ise )hen .ie)ed loo4ing do)nstream and
starting from the top left of the machine. This system also
includes the fuel no//les* a spar4 plug ignition system*
(ame detectors* and cross,re tubes. ?ot gases*
generated from burning fuel in the combustion chambers*
(o) through the impingement cooled transition pieces to
the turbine.
?igh pressure air from the compressor discharge is
directed around the transition pieces. Some of the air
enters the holes in the impingement slee.e to cool the
transition pieces and (o)s into the (o) slee.e. The rest
enters the annulus bet)een the (o) slee.e and the
combustion liner through holes in the do)nstream end of
the (o) slee.e. (See -igure $ and -igure %). This air
enters the combustion /one through the cap assembly for
proper fuel combustion. -uel is supplied to each
combustion chamber through ,.e no//les designed to
disperse and mix the fuel )ith the proper amount of
combustion air.
Fi%ure #: Co&bustion !,ste&
rran%e&ent
Fi%ure (
Options:
@ual fuel-The @6:-! combustion system sho)n in -igure
$ is a single stage* dual mode combustor capable of
operation on both gaseous and li3uid fuel.
2n gas* the combustor operates in a di0usion mode at lo)
loads (A%=B load)* and a pre-mixed mode at high loads
(C%=B load). +hile the combustor is capable of operating
in the di0usion mode across the load range* diluent
injection )ould be re3uired for :2x abatement.
2il operation on this combustor is in the di0usion mode
across the entire load range* )ith diluent injection used
for :2x .
Gas -uel only-2n gas* the combustor operates in a
di0usion mode at lo) loads (A%=B load)* and a pre-mixed
mode at high loads (C%=B load). +hile the combustor is
capable of operating in the di0usion mode across the load
range* diluent injection )ould be re3uired for :2x
abatement.
6i3uid fuel only- 2n oil operation* this combustor is in the
di0usion mode across the entire load range* )ith diluent
injection used for :ox.
(.2. Outer Co&bustion Cha&bers an' Flo- !lee.es
The outer combustion chambers act as the pressure
shells for the combustors. They also pro.ide (anges for
the fuel no//le-end co.er assemblies* cross,re tube
(anges* and* )here called for* spar4 plugs* (ame
detectors and false start drains. The (o) slee.es (-igure
%) form an annular space around the cap and liner
assemblies that directs the combustion and cooling air
(o)s into the reaction region. To maintain the
impingement slee.e pressure drop* the openings for
cross,re tubes* spar4 plugs* and (ame detectors are
sealed )ith sliding grommets.
(.#. Cross/re Tubes
All combustion chambers are interconnected by means of
cross,re tubes. The outer chambers are connected )ith
an outer cross,re tube and the combustion liner primary
/ones are connected by the inner cross,re tubes.
(.(. Fuel No00le "n' Co.ers
There are ,.e fuel no//le assemblies in each combustor.
-igure ' and -igure ; sho)s a typical cross-section of a
@6:-! fuel no//le. The no//le sho)n is for the dual fuel
option and sho)s the passages for di0usion gas*
premixed gas* oil* and )ater. +hen mounted on the end
co.er* as sho)n in -igure '* the di0usion passages of four
of the fuel no//les are fed from a common manifold*
called the primary that is built into the end co.er. The
premixed passage of the same four no//les is fed from
another internal manifold called the secondary. The
premixed passages of the remaining no//le are supplied
by the tertiary fuel system9 the di0usion passage of that
no//le is al)ays purged )ith compressor discharge air
and passes no fuel.
(.1. Cap an' )iner sse&blies
The combustion liners (-igure >) use external ridges and
con.entional cooling slots for cooling. 5nterior surfaces of
the liner and the cap are thermal barrier coated to reduce
metal temperatures and thermal gradients. The cap
(-igure D and -igure =) has ,.e premixer tubes that
engage each of the ,.e fuel no//le. 5t is cooled by a
combination of ,lm cooling and impingement cooling and
has thermal barrier coating on the inner surfaces (-igure
D and -igure =).
(.2. !par3 Plu%s
"ombustion is initiated by means of the discharge from
spar4 plugs )hich are bolted to (anges on the
combustion cans and centered )ithin the liner and (o)
slee.e in adjacent combustion chambers.
A typical spar4 plug arrangement is sho)n in -igure .
These plugs recei.e their energy from high energy-
capacitor discharge po)er supplies. At the time of ,ring*
a spar4 at one or more of these plugs ignites the gases in
a chamber9 the remaining chambers are ignited by
cross,re through the tubes that interconnect the reaction
/one of the remaining chambers.
(.4. Ultra.iolet Fla&e Detectors
@uring the starting se3uence* it is essential that an
indication of the presence or absence of (ame be
transmitted to the control system. -or this reason* a (ame
monitoring system is used consisting of multiple (ame
detectors located as sho)n on -igure #. The (ame
detectors (-igure and -igure !) ha.e )ater cooled
jac4ets to maintain acceptable temperatures.
The ultra.iolet (ame sensor contains a gas ,lled detector.
The gas )ithin this detector is sensiti.e to the presence
of ultra.iolet radiation )hich is emitted by a hydrocarbon
(ame. A @" .oltage* supplied by the ampli,er* is
impressed across the detector terminals. 5f (ame is
present* the ioni/ation of the gas in the detector allo)s
conduction in the circuit )hich acti.ates the electronics
to gi.e an output indicating (ame. "on.ersely* the
absence of (ame )ill generate an output indicating no
(ame.
The signals from the four (ame detectors are sent to the
control system )hich uses an internal logic system to
determine )hether a (ame or loss of (ame condition
exists.
Fi%ure 2. Fuel No00le Cross*
!ection
-igure = Spar4 -lag
Assemble
1. TURBIN" !"CTION
1.1. General
The three-stage turbine section is the area in )hich
energy in the form of high temperature pressuri/ed gas*
produced by the compressor and combustion sections* is
con.erted to mechanical energy.
gas turbine hard)are includes the turbine rotor* turbine
casing* exhaust frame* exhaust di0user* no//les* and
shrouds.
1.2. Turbine Rotor
%.!.. !tructure
The turbine rotor assembly* sho)n in -igure $* consists
of the for)ard and aft turbine )heel shafts and the ,rst-*
second- and third-stage turbine )heel assemblies )ith
spacers and turbine buc4ets. "oncentricity control is
achie.ed )ith mating rabbets on the turbine )heels*
)heel shafts* and spacers. The )heels are held together
)ith through bolts mating up )ith bolting (anges on the
)heel shafts and spacers. Selecti.e positioning of rotor
members is performed to minimi/e balance corrections.
1.2.2. 5heel !ha6ts
The turbine rotor distance piece extends from the ,rst-
stage turbine )heel to the aft (ange of the compressor
rotor assembly.
The turbine rotor aft shaft includes the :o. ! bearing
journal.
1.2.#. 5heel sse&blies
Spacers bet)een the ,rst and second* and bet)een the
second and third-stage turbine )heels determine the
axial position of the indi.idual )heels. These spacers
carry the diaphragm sealing lands. The -! spacer
for)ard and aft faces include radial slots for cooling air
passages.
Turbine buc4ets are assembled in the )heels )ith ,r-
tree-shaped do.etails that ,t into matching cut-outs in the
turbine )heel rims. All three turbine stages ha.e
precision in.estment-cast* long shan4 buc4ets. The long-
shan4 buc4et design e0ecti.ely shields the )heel rims
and buc4et root fastenings from the high temperatures in
the hot gas path )hile pro.iding mechanical damping of
buc4et .ibrations. As a further aid in .ibration damping*
the stage-t)o and stage-three buc4ets ha.e interloc4ing
shrouds at the buc4et tips. These shrouds also increase
the turbine e0iciency by minimi/ing tip lea4age. 8adial
teeth on the buc4et shrouds combine )ith stepped
surfaces on the stator to pro.ide a labyrinth seal against
gas lea4age past the buc4et tips.
-igure ! sho)s typical ,rst-* second-* and third-stage
turbine buc4ets for the gas turbine. The increase in the
si/e of the buc4ets from the ,rst to the third stage is
necessitated by the pressure reduction resulting from
energy con.ersion in each stage* re3uiring an increased
annulus area to accommodate the gas (o).
1.2.(. Coolin%
The turbine rotor is cooled to maintain reasonable
operating temperatures and* therefore* assure a longer
turbine ser.ice life. "ooling is accomplished by means of
a positi.e (o) of cool air extracted from the compressor
and discharged radially out)ard through a space bet)een
the turbine )heel and the stator* into the main gas
stream. This area is called the )heelspace. -igure #
sho)s the turbine cooling air (o)s.
1.2.1. First*!ta%e 5heelspaces
Figure 12. MSPSO1FA First, Second and Third-Stage Turbine Elements
The ,rst-stage for)ard )heelspace is cooled by
compressor discharge air. A labyrinth seal is installed at
the aft end of the compressor rotor bet)een the rotor and
inner barrel of the compressor discharge casing. The
lea4age through this labyrinth furnishes the air (o)
through the ,rst-stage for)ard )heelspace. This cooling
air (o) discharges into the main gas stream aft of the
,rst-stage no//le.
The ,rst-stage aft )heelspace is cooled by #th stage
extraction air ported through the !nd stage no//le. This
air returns to the gas path for)ard of the !nd stage
no//le.
1.2.2. !econ'*!ta%e 5heelspaces
The second-stage for)ard )heelspace is cooled by
lea4age from the ,rst-stage aft )heelspace through the
interstage labyrinth. This air returns to the gas path at
the entrance of the second-stage buc4ets.
The second-stage aft )heelspace is cooled by #th stage
extraction air ported through the #
rd
stage no//le. Air
from this )heelspace returns to the gas path at the third-
stage no//le entrance.
1.2.4. Thir'*!ta%e 5heelspaces
The third-stage for)ard )heelspace is cooled by lea4age
from the second-stage aft )heelspace through the
interstage labyrinth. This air reenters the gas path at the
third-stage buc4et entrance.
The third-stage aft )heelspace obtains its cooling air
from the discharge of the exhaust frame cooling air
annulus. This air (o)s through the third-stage aft
)heelspace* and into the gas path at the entrance to the
exhaust di0user.
1.2.7. Buc3ets
Air is introduced into each ,rst-stage buc4et through a
plenum at the base of the buc4et do.etail (-igure #). 5t
(o)s through serpentine cooling holes extending the
length of the buc4et and exits at the trailing edge and the
buc4et tip. The holes are spaced and si/ed to obtain
optimum cooling of the airfoil )ith minimum compressor
extraction air. -igure $ sho)s the ,rst-stage buc4et
design.
Enli4e the ,rst-stage buc4ets* the second-stage buc4ets
are cooled by span)ise air passages the length of the
airfoil. Air is introduced li4e the ,rst-stage* )ith a plenum
at the base of the buc4et do.etail. Again airfoil cooling is
accomplished )ith minimum penalty to the
thermodynamic cycle. See -igure %.
The third-stage buc4ets are not internally air cooled9 the
tips of these buc4ets* li4e the second stage buc4ets* are
enclosed by a shroud )hich is a part of the tip seal. These
shrouds interloc4 from buc4et to buc4et to pro.ide
.ibration damping.
1.#. Turbine !tator
1.#.1. !tructure
The turbine casing and the exhaust frame constitute the
major portion of the 7SD==-A gas turbine stator
structure. The turbine no//les* shrouds* and turbine
exhaust di0user are internally supported from these
components.
1.#.2. Turbine Casin%
The turbine casing controls the axial and radial positions
of the shrouds and no//les. 5t determines turbine
clearances and the relati.e positions of the no//les to the
turbine buc4ets. This positioning is critical to gas turbine
performance.
?ot gases contained by the turbine casing are a source of
heat (o) into the casing. To control the casing diameter*
it is important to reduce the heat (o) into the casing and
to limit its temperature.
?eat (o) limitations incorporate insulation* cooling* and
multi-layered structures. #th stage extraction air is
piped into the turbine casing annular spaces around the
!nd and #rd stage no//les.
-rom there the air is ported through the no//le partitions
and into the )heel spaces.
Structurally* the turbine casing for)ard (ange is bolted to
the bul4head (ange at the aft end of the compressor
discharge casing. The turbine casing aft (ange is bolted
to the for)ard (ange of the exhaust frame
1.#.#. No00les
5n the turbine section there are three stages of stationary
no//les (-igure #) )hich direct the high-.elocity (o) of
the expanded hot combustion gas against the turbine
buc4ets causing the turbine rotor to rotate. Fecause of
the high pressure drop across these no//les* there are
seals at both the inside and the outside diameters to
pre.ent loss of system energy by lea4age. Since these
no//les operate in the hot combustion gas (o)* they are
subjected to thermal stresses in addition to gas pressure
loadings.
1.#.(. First*!ta%e No00le
The ,rst-stage no//le recei.es the hot combustion gases
from the combustion system .ia the transition pieces. The
transition pieces are sealed to both the outer and inner
side)alls on the entrance side of the no//le9 this
minimi/es lea4age of compressor discharge air into the
no//les.
The 7odel D==-A gas turbine ,rst-stage no//le (-igure
') contains a for)ard and aft ca.ity in the .ane and is
cooled by a combination of ,lm* impingement and
con.ection techni3ues in both the .ane and side)all
regions.
The no//le segments* each )ith t)o partitions or airfoils*
are contained by a hori/ontally split retaining ring )hich
is centerline supported to the turbine casing on lugs at
the sides and guided by pins at the top and bottom
.ertical centerlines. This permits radial gro)th of the
retaining ring* resulting from changes in temperature*
)hile the ring remains centered in the casing.
The aft outer diameter of the retaining ring is loaded
against the for)ard face of the ,rst-stage turbine shroud
and acts as the air seal to pre.ent lea4age of compressor
discharge air bet)een the no//le and turbine casing.
2n the inner side)all* the no//le is sealed by a (ange
cast on the inner diameter of the side)all that rests
against a mating face on the ,rst-stage no//le support
ring. "ircumferential rotation of the segment inner
side)all is pre.ented by an eccentric bushing and a
locating do)el that engages a lug on the inner side)all.
The no//le is pre.ented from mo.ing for)ard by the lugs
)elded to the aft outside diameter of the retaining ring at
$% degrees from .ertical and hori/ontal centerlines.
These lugs ,t in a groo.e machined in the turbine shell
just for)ard of the ,rst-stage shroud T hoo4. Fy mo.ing
the hori/ontal joint support bloc4 and the bottom
centerline guide pin and then remo.ing the inner side)all
locating do)els* the lo)er half of the no//le can be rolled
out )ith the turbine rotor in place.
1.#.1. !econ'*!ta%e No00le
"ombustion air exiting from the ,rst stage buc4ets is
again expanded and redirected against the second- stage
turbine buc4ets by the second-stage no//le. This no//le is
made of cast segments each )ith t)o partitions or
airfoils. The male hoo4s on the entrance and exit sides of
the outer side)all ,t into female groo.es on the aft side
of the ,rst-stage shrouds and on the for)ard side of the
second-stage shrouds to maintain the no//le concentric
)ith the turbine shell and rotor.
This close ,tting tongue-and-groo.e ,t bet)een no//le
and shrouds acts as an outside diameter air seal. The
no//le segments are held in a circumferential position by
radial pins from the shell into axial slots in the no//le
outer side)all.
The second-stage no//le is cooled )ith #th stage
extraction air
Fi%ure 1( First*!ta%e Buc3et Coolin% Passa%es
Figure 13. Turbine Sections-ue!"a# $ie" Sho"ing ooling Air Flo"s
Fi%ure 11
Fi%ure 12 First*!ta%e No00les Coolin%
%.#.'. Thir'*!ta%e No00le
The third-stage no//le recei.es the hot gas as it lea.es
the second-stage buc4ets* increases its .elocity by
pressure drop* and directs this (o) against the third-
stage buc4ets. The no//le consists of cast segments* each
)ith three partitions or airfoils. 5t is held at the outer
side)all for)ard and aft sides in groo.es in the turbine
shrouds in a manner similar to that used on the second
stage no//le. The third-stage no//le is circumferentially
positioned by radial pins from the shell.
#th stage extraction air (o)s through the no//le
partitions for no//le con.ection cooling and for
augmenting )heelspace cooling air (o).
%.#.;. Diaphra%&
Attached to the inside diameters of both the second and
third-stage no//le segments are the no//le diaphragms.
These diaphragms pre.ent air lea4age past the inner
side)all of the no//les and the turbine rotor. The
highGlo)* labyrinth seal teeth are machined into the inside
diameter of the diaphragm. They mate )ith opposing
sealing lands on the turbine rotor. 7inimal radial
clearance bet)een stationary parts (diaphragm and
no//les) and the mo.ing rotor are essential for
maintaining lo) interstage lea4age9 this results in higher
turbine e0iciency.
%.#.>. !hrou's
Enli4e the compressor blading* the turbine buc4et tips do
not run directly against an integral machined surface of
the casing but against annular cur.ed segments called
turbine shrouds. The shroudsH primary function is to
pro.ide a cylindrical surface for minimi/ing buc4et tip
clearance lea4age.
The turbine shroudsH secondary function is to pro.ide a
high thermal resistance bet)een the hot gases and the
comparati.ely cool turbine casing. Fy accomplishing this
function* the turbine casing cooling load is drastically
reduced* the turbine casing diameter is controlled* the
turbine casing roundness is maintained* and important
turbine clearances are assured.
The ,rst and second-stage stationary shroud segments
are in t)o pieces9 the gas-side inner shroud is separated
from the supporting outer shroud to allo) for expansion
and contraction* and thereby impro.e lo)-cycle fatigue
life. The ,rst-stage shroud is cooled by impingement* ,lm*
and con.ection.
The shroud segments are maintained in the
circumferential position by radial pins from the turbine
casing. Ioints bet)een shroud segments are sealed by
interconnecting tongues and groo.es.
%.#.D. "8haust Fra&e
The exhaust frame is bolted to the aft (ange of the
turbine casing. Structurally* the frame consists of an
outer cylinder and an inner cylinder interconnected by
the radial struts. The :o. ! bearing is supported from the
inner cylinder.
The exhaust di0user located at the aft end of the turbine
is bolted to the exhaust frame. Gases exhausted from the
third turbine stage enter the di0user )here .elocity is
reduced by di0usion and pressure is reco.ered. At the
exit of the di0user* the gases are directed into the
exhaust plenum.
&xhaust frame radial struts cross the exhaust gas stream.
These struts position the inner cylinder and :o. ! bearing
in relation to the outer casing of the gas turbine. The
struts must be maintained at a constant temperature in
order to control the center position of the rotor in relation
to the stator.
This temperature stabili/ation is accomplished by
protecting the struts from exhaust gases )ith a metal
fairing that forms an air space around each strut and
pro.ides a rotated* combined airfoil shape.
20-base blo)ers pro.ide cooling air (o) through the
space bet)een the struts and the )rapper to maintain
uniform temperature of the struts. This air is then
directed to the third-stage aft )heelspace.
Trunnions on the sides of the exhaust frame are used )ith
similar trunnions on the for)ard compressor casing to lift
the gas turbine )hen it is separated from its base.
2. B"RING!
2.1. General
The 7SD==-A gas turbine unit has t)o four-element*
tilting pad journal bearings )hich support the gas turbine
rotor. The unit also includes a thrust bearing to maintain
the rotor-to-stator axial position. Thrust is absorbed by a
tilting pad thrust bearing )ith eight shoes on both sides
of the thrust bearing runner. These bearings and seals are
incorporated in t)o housings: one at the inlet casing* one
in the exhaust frame. These main bearings are pressure-
lubricated by oil supplied from the main lubricating oil
system. The oil (o)s through branch lines to an inlet in
each bearing housing.
'... )ubrication
The main turbine bearings are pressure-lubricated )ith
oil supplied* from the oil reser.oir. 2il feed piping* )here
practical* is run )ithin the lube oil drain lines* or drain
channels* as a protecti.e measure. 5n the e.ent of a
supply line lea4* oil )ill not be sprayed on nearby
e3uipment* thus eliminating a potential safety ha/ard.
+hen the oil enters the housing inlet* it (o)s into an
annulus around the bearing. -rom the annulus* the oil
(o)s through machined holes or slots to the bearing
rotor interface.
'..!. )ubricant !ealin%
2il on the surface of the turbine shaft is pre.ented from
being spun along the shaft by oil seals in each of the
bearing housings. These labyrinth seals are assembled at
the extremities of the bearing assemblies )here oil
control is re3uired. A smooth surface is machined on the
shaft and the seals are assembled so that only a small
clearance exists bet)een the oil seal and the shaft. The
oil seals are designed )ith tandem ro)s of teeth and an
annular space bet)een them. Jressuri/ed sealing air is
admitted into this space to pre.ent lubricating oil .apor
from exiting the bearing housing.
The air that returns )ith the oil to the main lubricating oil
reser.oir is .ented to atmosphere after passing through
an oil .apor extractor.
Flo- !lee.e sse&bl,
6iner