Chapter 2

Exercise 2A
1. (a) 035 (read directly from the diagram)
(b) 35 + 45 = 080

40m
7.

(c) 35 + 45 + 30 = 110

18

35

dAB

(d) 180 35 = 145

dB
dA

(e) 180 + 20 = 200

(f) 360 60 = 300

40
dA
40
dA =
tan 18
40
tan 35 =
dB
40
dB =
tan 35
40
40
dAB =

tan 18
tan 35
= 66m
tan 18 =

(g) Back bearings:

35 + 180 = 215
(h) 80 + 180 = 260
(i) 110 + 180 = 290
(j) 145 + 180 = 325
(k) 200 180 = 020
(l) 300 180 = 120
2. No working required. Refer to the answers in
Sadler.
h
22.4
h = 22.4 tan 28

3. tan 28 =

= 11.9m
B

4. tan =

2
4.1

= tan

4.1m

2
4.1

h
h
22.5
h = 22.5 tan 24

A
239
302

8.

= 26

5. tan 24 =

12
.2k

2.0m
1

212

24
22.5m

= 10.0m
CAB = 302 239
= 63

6. After one and a half hours, the first ship has travelled 6km and the second 7.5km.
North
110
6km
d2 = 62 + 7.52
7.5km
d = 9.6km
10km

CBA = 212 (302 180)

= 90
12.2
cos 63 =
d
12.2
d=
cos 63
= 26.9km

d
1

Exercise 2A
Total height of second tower:
42m
9.

28
A

17

dA

DB = 25.22 + 40
C

dC

65.2m

dAC
42
dA
42
dA =
tan 28
42
tan 17 =
dC
42
dC =
tan 17
42
42
dAC =
+
tan 28
tan 17
= 216m

tan 28 =

39

51 h
12.
19
39 35m

C
20

= 19

36m
15

dAB

CAB = 90 39

40
dB

= 51

dA
Now use the sine rule:

36
dA
36
dA =
tan 15
36
tan 40 =
dB
36
dB =
tan 40
36
36
dAB =

tan 15
tan 40
= 91m

tan 15 =

35
h
=
sin 19
sin 51
35 sin 19
h=
sin 51
= 14.7m

11.

20
30

E
13.

d
N

40m
A
Distance between towers:

First determine the angles in the triangle made

by the tree, the hillslope and the suns ray.
ACB = 39 20

10.

65

40
AB
40
AB =

tan
30
= 40 3

tan 30 =

5.3km

B
335

ABF = 335 270

= 65
d
tan 65 =
5.3
d = 5.3 tan 65

Additional height of second tower:

DE

40 3

DE = 40 3 tan 20

tan 20 =

= 11.4km

= 25.22m
2

Exercise 2A
Plane

Rounded up to the next metre this is 19m.

30

500m
14.

40
Ship1

17.

Ship2
d2

1.6
19.6
= 4.7

1.6m

19.6m

= 35.3
DE
tan 35.3 =
19.6
DE = 19.6 tan 35.3

500
d1
500
d1 =
tan 30
= 866m
500
tan 40 =
d2
500
d2 =
tan 40
= 596m
tan 30 =

= 13.9m
h = 13.9 + 1.6
= 15.5m
18. Let the height of the flagpole be h and the distance from the base be d. Let be the angle of
elevation of the point 34 of the way up the flagpole.

d = d1 d2
= 270m

h
d
0.75h
tan =
d
h
= 0.75
d
= 0.75 tan 40

tan 40 =

A
15.
40m

10

= tan1 (0.75 tan 40 )

= 32

60m

y1

x
y1
x
y1 =
tan
x
tan =
y2
x
y2 =
tan
y = y1 + y2
x
x
=
+
tan tan


1
1
=x
+
tan tan


tan
tan
=x
+
tan tan tan tan


tan + tan
=x
tan tan
tan =

ABC = 180 123.7 10

= 46.3

AB
20 13
=
sin 10
sin46.3
20 13 sin 10
AB =
sin 46.3
= 17.3m
d
17

y2
y

= 123.7

540
d
A
540
d=
sin 17
= 1847cm

BAC = 180 56.3

16. sin 17 =

19.

p
AC = 602 + 402

= 20 13
60
tan DAC =
40
DAC = 56.3

540cm
B


3

DCE = 40 4.7

d1

40

tan =

Exercise 2A

20.

22.
z

y2

y1

y
cos =

x
tan =
y1
x
y1 =
tan
x
tan =
y2
x
y2 =
tan
y = y1 y2
x
x

=
tan tan


1
1
=x

tan tan


tan
tan
=x

tan tan tan tan



tan tan
=x
tan tan

z
x

x
cos
y
cos =
z
y = z cos
z=

= (x cos ) cos
= x cos cos


23. (a)

sin =

x
z

x
sin
y
sin =
z
y = z sin
 x 
=
sin
sin
x sin
=
sin
z=

21.

(b)
z

x
sin =
z

x
sin
y
tan =
z
y = z tan
 x 
=
tan
sin
x tan
=
sin
z=

tan =

x
z

x
tan
y
cos =
z
y = z cos


x
=
cos
tan
x cos
=
tan
z=

Exercise 2B

Exercise 2B
1
1. (a) AM = AC
2
1p 2
AB + BC2
=
2
1p 2
=
5.2 + 5.22
2
= 3.68cm
(b) tan EAM =

= tan1

EM
AM
6.3
3.68

= 180 90 EAM

622 + 382 + 352

3. The key to this problem and others like it is

a clear diagram that captures the information
given.
F

= 90 59.7
= 30.3
(d) Let F be the midpoint of AB. The angle between the face EAB and the base ABCD is
EFM.
1
FM = AB
2
= 2.6cm
EM
tan EFM =
FM
EM
EFM = tan1
FM
1 6.3
= tan
2.6
= 67.6

= tan1

= 159mm
DF
BF
30
=
159

(b) sin FBD =

GC
DC
35
62

FBD = sin1

30
159

= 10.9
186
AC
186
AC =
tan 50
= 156cm

4. (a) tan 50 =
GC
BC
35
38

186
AB
186
AB =
tan 24
= 418cm
p
BC = AB2 + AC2
p
= 1562 + 4182
= 446cm

(b) tan 24 =

GC
AC

GAC = tan1

= 1002 + 302 + 1202

BF = 25300

= 42.6
(c) tan GAC =

100mm

= (AB2 + AE2 ) + EF2

GC
BC

GBC = tan1

120mm

(a) BF2 = BE2 + EF2

= 29.4
(b) tan GBC =

E
30mm
A

GC
DC

= tan1

(f) The angle between skew lines DB and HE

is equal to ADB.
AB
tan ADB =
AD
AB
ADB = tan1
AD
62
= tan1
38

= 58.5

(c) DEM = AEM

GDC = tan1

AC2 + GC2

(e) The angle between the plane FADG and the

base ABCD is equal to GDC = 29.4 .

= 59.7

2. (a) tan GDC =

= 80.7mm

EM
AM

EAM = tan1

(d) AG =

GC
AC

= tan1

35
622 + 382

= 25.7
5

Exercise 2B
AB
AC

(c) tan ACB =

ACB = tan1

BF
FI
6
=
9
2
=
3

(b) cos IBF =

418
156

= 69.5

IBF = cos1

5. (a) 4DCA
= 4DBA (SAS) so
DCA
= DBA and
DBA = 50
(b) DBA =

= 48
(c) The angle between 4IAB and the base
ABCD is the same as the angle between
rectangle ABGH and the base ABCD (since
the triangle and the rectangle are coplanar).
This is the same as GBC: 45 .
F
E

DA
AB

DA
tan DBA
7.4
=
tan 50
= 6.2cm

AB =

30mm
7.

(c) There are a couple of ways this could be

done. Since we now know all three sides of
triangle ABC we could use the cosine rule
to find ACB. Alternatively, since we have
an isosceles triangle, we can divide it in half
to create a right triangle, like this:
C

6.2c

(a) tan EBC =

50mm

G
80mm

CE
BC

EBC = tan1

4.6cm

2.3cm

2
3

30
50

= 31
CE
(b) tan EGC =
GC

EBC = tan1
= 25
CE
(c) tan EAC =
AC

B
cos ACB =

2.3
6.2

ACB = cos1

EBC = tan1

2.3
6.2

G
T

8.

6.

20

30
+ 502

802

= 18

= 68

30
+ 502

402

2.3cm
C

30
P

6cm

QU
VR
tan 20 =
PQ
QR
2.3
2.3
PQ =
QR =
tan 30
tan 20
= 3.98cm
= 6.32cm
Volume = 2.3 3.98 6.32

(a) tan 30 =
p
BF2 + FI2
p
= BF2 + FG2 + GI2
p
= 62 + 6 2 + 3 2
=9

(a) BI =

= 57.9cm3
6

Exercise 2B
q
(b) PV = PQ2 + QR2 + RV2
p
= 3.982 + 6.322 + 2.32

750m
10

= 7.8cm

11.

17

Town

a
(c) tan USW =

UW
SW

USW = tan

d
Airfield

3.982 + 6.322
2.3

= 73
750
tan 17
= 2453m
750
t=
tan 30
= 4253m
p
d = a2 + t2

a=
9. The angle between plane VAB and plane ABC
is equal to the angle between lines that are both
perpendicular to AB. Consider point D the midpoint of AB such that VD and VC are both perpendicular to AB.
V

30mm

= 4910m

5km

40mm

DC
AC
DC = 40 sin 45

sin 45 =

= 28.28mm
VC
tan VDC =
DC
30
VDC = tan1
28.28
= 47

20
10.

120m
20

12.
a
b

10

Q
120
tan 20
= 330m
120
b=
tan 30
= 681m
p
d = b2 a2

a=

20m
30
P

20
tan 20
= 54.9m
20
PR =
tan 30
= 34.6m
q
QR = PQ2 + PR2
PQ =

= 595m
595
Speed =
10
= 59.5m/min
= 59.5 60m/hr
= 3572m/hr

= 65m

= 3.6km/hr
7

Exercise 2C
D

14.

BD = h
h
sin 28
AB
cos 35 =
AC
AB
AC =
cos 35
AB =

13.

23
40m

70m

h
sin 28
cos 35

h
cos 35

sin 28

h
AC
h sin 28 cos 35
=
1
h
= sin 28 cos 35

sin =

h
(a)
= 40 tan 23
2
h = 33.96m
h
ABD = tan1
40
= 40
h
(b) ACD = tan1
70
= 26

= sin1 (sin 28 cos 35 )

= 23

Exercise 2C
1. (a)

c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C
2

B = 180 A C
= 180 50 31.2
x
= 98.8
sin 98.8
10.2 sin 98.8
x=
sin 50
= 13.2cm

10.2 = x + 6.9 2 x 6.9 cos 50

x = 4.29 or x = 13.16
Reject the negative solution and round to
1d.p.: x = 13.2cm.

2.

sin C
sin A
=
(b)
a
c
a sin C
sin A =
c
1 a sin C
A = sin
c
6.9
sin 50
= sin1
10.2
= 31.2

10.2
sin 50

sin 50
sin x
=
11.2
12.1
11.2 sin 50
x = sin1
12.1
= 45
No need to consider the obtuse solution since the
opposite side is not the longest in the triangle (x
must be less than 50 ).

or A = 180 31.2
3. x2 = 6.82 + 14.32 2 6.8 14.3 cos 20
p
x = 6.82 + 14.32 2 6.8 14.3 cos 20

= 148.8
Reject the obtuse solution since it results in
an internal angle sum greater than 180 .

= 8.2cm
8

Exercise 2C
H

4. 19.72 = 9.82 + 14.32 2 9.8 14.3 cos x

9.82 + 14.32 19.72
2 9.8 14.3
9.82 + 14.32 19.72
x = cos1
2 9.8 14.3
= 108

5.

6.

sin 55
sin I
=
19.4
18.2
19.4 sin 55
I = sin1
18.2
= 61

or

119

H = 180 55 61

or

180 55 119
=6

= 64
h
g
=
sin H
sin G
g sin H
h=
sin G
18.2 sin 64
=
sin 55
= 20.0cm

or x = 180 75

or

c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C
North

15.
2k
m

x = 9.6
(rejecting the negative solution)

30

12.

8. The smallest angle is opposite the shortest side,

so

12.1km

332 + 552 272

2 33 55

= 21

ALB = 100 30
= 70
p
AB = 15.22 + 12.12 2 15.2 12.1 cos 70

a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A
9.12 = 7.32 + x2 2 7.3x cos 72
x = 8.1
(rejecting the negative solution)
AB=8.1cm
B
12.4cm

10.

100

272 = 333 + 552 2 33 55 cos

= cos1

18.2 sin 6
sin 55
=2.3cm

11.82 = x2 + 8.72 2 x 8.7 cos 80

9.

= 105
7.

18.2cm
55

x
11.8
=
sin(180 105 25)
sin 105
11.8 sin 50
x=
sin 105
= 9.4cm
sin x
sin 40
=
7.2
4.8
7.2 sin 40
x = sin1
4.8
= 75

19.4cm

11.

cos x =

= 15.9km

9.1cm
72

7.3cm

North

North

43

A 14.3cm

70
130

150

m
7.3k

13.

a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A
p
a = 12.42 + 14.32 2 12.4 14.3 cos 43
a = 9.9cm
Q

sin C
sin 43
=
12.4
a
12.4 sin 43
C = sin1
9.9

= 58
(Cannot be obtuse because c is not the longest
side.)

PQL = 150 130

= 20
PLQ = 130 70
= 60
LPQ = 180 20 60

B = 180 43 58

= 100

= 79

Exercise 2C
D

LQ
LP
=
sin LPQ
sin PQL
LP sin LPQ
LQ =
sin PQL
7.3 sin 100
=
sin 20
= 21.0km

16.
20

35
C

40m

ADB = 35 20
= 15
40
BD
=
sin 20
sin 15
40 sin 20
BD =
sin 15
= 52.9m
DC
sin DBC =
BD
DC = BD sin DBC

14.

52
25m30

= 52.9 sin 35

HBT = 90 30

= 30m

= 60
BTH = 180 60 52
= 68
h
25
=
sin 52
sin 68
25 sin 52
h=
sin 68
= 21m

17. There are a couple of ways you could approach

this problem. You could use the cosine rule to
determine an angle, then use the formula Area=
1
2 ab sin C. Alternatively you could use Herons
formula:
A=

40m
15.

30
18

s(s a)(s b)(s c)

where s = a+b+c
and determine the area without
2
resort to trigonometry at all. Ill use trigonometry for the first block, and Herons formula for
the second.
First blockIll start by finding the largest angle:

T
20

N
= cos1
12

252 + 482 532

2 25 48

= 87.1
1
Area = ab sin
2
1
= 25 48 sin 87.1
2
= 599.2m2

C
40
tan 20 =
AB
40
AB =
tan 20
= 109.9m
40

tan 12 =
AC
40
AC =
tan 12
= 188.2m

Second block:
33 + 38 + 45
2
= 58
p
Area = 58(58 33)(58 38)(58 45)
s=

BAC = 30 + 18
= 48
2

BC = AB2 + AC2 2AB AC cos BAC

p
BC = 109.92 + 188.22 2 109.9 188.2 cos 48

= 614.0m2

= 141m

The second block is larger by 15m2 .

10

Exercise 2C
T

(c)

BD2 = BC2 + CD2 2 BC CD cos 80

104.3 = 8.22 + CD2 2 8.2 CD cos 80
CD = 7.7cm

37m

P = 7.2 + 8.2 + 7.7 + 6.1

18.

= 29.2cm

17
A

30

1
6.1 7.2 sin 100
2
= 21.6cm2
1
= 8.2 7.7 sin 80
2
= 31.1cm2

(d) A4ABD =

12
A4CBD

C
37
AB
37
AB =
tan 17
= 121.0m

tan 17 =

AABCD = 21.6 + 31.1

= 52.7cm2
D

37
AC
37
AC =
tan 12
= 174.0m

tan 12 =

m
xc

14cm

20.

12cm

BC2 = AB2 + AC2 2 AB AC cos 30

p
BC = 121.02 + 174.02 2 121.0 174.0 cos 30

9cm

= 92.0m

10cm
A

8.2cm

6.1cm

19.

100

(a) x2 = 102 + 122 2 10 12 cos

= 100 + 144 240 cos

= 244 240 cos

7.2cm

(b) x = 142 + 92 2 14 9 cos

= 196 + 81 252 cos

= 277 252 cos

(a) BCD = 180 100

(c)

= 80

= 180
cos = cos(180 )

(b) BD2 = 6.12 + 7.22 2 6.1 7.2 cos 100

= cos

= 104.3

244 240 cos = 277 252 cos

BD = 10.2cm
sin ADB
sin 100
=
7.2
10.2
7.2 sin 100
ADB = sin1
10.2
= 44.0
sin CDB
sin 80
=
8.2
10.2
8.2 sin 100
CDB = sin1
10.2
= 52.3

= 277 + 252 cos

240 cos = 33 + 252 cos
492 cos = 33
33
492
= 94

cos =

ADC = 44.0 + 52.3

= 96

11

Exercise 2D

Exercise 2D
Questions 115 are single step problems. No
worked solutions necessary.
Note: My exact values
are given with rational de
nominators. I write 22 rather than 12 . Your answers
may appear different without being wrong.

34.
35.
36.

16. 120 makes an angle of 60 with the x-axis

and is in quadrant II (where sine is positive) so
sin 120 = sin 60 = 23 .

37.
38.

17. 135 makes an angle of 45 with the x-axis and

is in quadrant II (wherecosine is negative) so
cos 135 = cos 45 = 22 .

2
5
5

15
8

3=
3=

23=
53=

6
15

5 = ( 5)2 = 5

3=

6=

15 3 =

86=

95=

16 3 =

9 5=3 5

16 3 = 4 3

39. 3 2 4 2 = 12 2 2 = 12( 2)2 = 12 2 = 24

40. (5 2)(3 8) = 15 2 8 = 15 2 8 = 15 16 =
15 4 = 60

18. 150 makes an angle of 30 with the x-axis and

is in quadrant II (wherecosine is negative) so
cos 150 = cos 30 = 23 .

41. (6 3)( 12) = 6 3 12 = 6 36 = 6 6 = 36

42. (3 5)(7 2) = 21 5 2 = 21 10

19. 120 makes an angle of 60 with the x-axis and

is in quadrant II (where cosine is negative) so
cos 120 = cos 60 = 12 .

43. (5 2) ( 8) = 5 2 4 2 = 5 2 (2 2) =
5 2 = 2.5

20. 180 makes an angle of 0 with the x-axis and is

on the negative x-axis (where cosine is negative)
so cos 180 = cos 0 = 1.

44. (5 3)2 = 52 ( 3)2 = 25 3 = 75

45. (3 2)2 = 32 ( 2)2 = 9 2 = 18

21. 135 makes an angle of 45 with the x-axis and

is in quadrant II (where tangent is negative) so
tan 135 = tan 45 = 1.

46.

1
2

1
2

2
2

47.

1
3

1
3

3
3

48.

1
5

1
5

5
5

5
5

49.

3
2

3
2

2
2

3 2
2

24. 180 lies on the negative x-axis (where tangent

is zero) so tan 180 = 0.

50.

2
7

2
7

7
7

2 7
7

25. 180 lies on the negative x-axis (where sine is

zero) so sin 180 = 0.

51.

6
3

6
3

3
3

6 3
3

52.

1
3+ 5

1
3+ 5

35
3 5

3 5
95

3 5
4

53.

1
3 2

1
3 2

3+2
3+ 2

3+ 2
92

3+ 2
7

54.

1
3+ 2

1
3+ 2

32
3 2

3 2
92

3 2
7

55.

2
3+ 2

2
3+ 2

32
3 2

2( 3 2)
32

=2 3

3
3 2

3
3 2

3+2
3+ 2

3( 3+ 2)
32

=3 3+

22. 120 makes an angle of 60 with the x-axis and

is in quadrant II (where
tangent is negative) so
tan 120 = tan 60 = 3.

23. 150 makes an angle of 30 with the x-axis and

is in quadrant II (where tangent is negative) so
tan 150 = tan 30 = 33 .

26. 150 makes an angle of 30 with the x-axis

and is in quadrant II (where sine is positive) so
sin 150 = sin 30 = 21 .
27. 135 makes an angle of 45 with the x-axis
and is in quadrant II (where sine is positive) so
sin 135 = sin 45 = 22 .

28. 20 = 4 5 = 4 5 = 2 5

29. 45 = 9 5 = 9 5 = 3 5

30. 32 = 16 2 = 16 2 = 4 2

31. 72 = 36 2 = 36 2 = 6 2

32. 50 = 25 2 = 25 2 = 5 2

33. 200 = 100 2 = 100 2 = 10 2

2
2

3
3

=2 3

2 2
56.

3 2
57.

12

6
6
2
= 5+
5
5+
2
2
5 2

6( 5 2)
=2 52 2
3

6( 5 2)
52

Exercise 2D
9
58. sin 60 =
x

3
9
=
2
x

3x = 18
18
x=
3

3
18
=
3
3

18 3
=
3
=6 3

62. Label the diagonal in the diagram as y, then

y
10
=
sin 60
sin 45
10 sin 60
y=

sin 45

3
1
= 10

2
2

5 3
2
=

1
1

=5 3 2

=5 6
x
tan 30 =
y
x = y tan 30

1
=5 6
3

5 3 2
=
3

=5 2

59. x2 + 32 = 72
x2 + 9 = 49
x2 = 40

x = 40

= 4 10

= 4 10

= 2 10
60. Label the vertical in the diagram as y, then
y
sin 45 =
10

y
2
=
2
10

y=5 2
x
sin 60 =
y

3
x
=
2
5 2

5 2
3
x=

1
2

5 3 2
=
2
5 6
=
2

63.

b
45

a
y

x
cos 30 =
a

3
x
=
a
2
3a = 2x
2x
a=
3
a

sin 60 =
b

3
a
=
b
2
3b = 2a

61. Use the cosine rule:

x2 = 42 + (2 3)2 2 4 2 3 cos 150

= 16 + 22 ( 3)2 16 3 ( cos 30 )
!

3
= 16 + 4 3 16 3
2

16 3 3
= 16 + 12 +
2
= 28 + 8 3

2x
=2
3
4x
=
3
4x
1
b=
3
3
4x
=
3

= 52

x = 52

= 4 13

= 2 13
13

60

30
x

Exercise 2E
x
w
=
sin
sin 60
w sin
x=

sin
60
2 6 sin

y
b
=
sin
sin 45
y = b sin sin 45
1
= b sin
2

2
= b sin
1

= 2b sin

4x
= 2
sin
3

4 2x sin
=
3

2
2
2 6 sin

=
1
3

4 3 2 sin

=
3

= 4 2 sin
y
x
=
sin 45
sin
x sin 45
y=
sin
x 12
=
sin

4 2 sin 12
=
sin
4 sin
=
sin

60

45
x

64.

2 2

w2 = 42 + (2 2)2

= 16 + 4 2
= 24

w = 24

= 46

=2 6

Exercise 2E
1. 43 19 = 24
24
d=
2 6350
360
= 2660km

4. 51.5 5 = 46.5
46.5
d=
2 6350
360
= 5154km

2. 32 21 = 11
11
d=
2 6350
360
= 1219km

5. 41 4 = 37
37
d=
2 6350
360
= 4101km

3. 39 (32) = 71
71
d=
2 6350
360
= 7869km

6. 134 114 = 20
20
d=
2 6350 cos 25
360
= 2009km
14

Exercise 2E
7. 119 77 = 42
42
2 6350 cos 39
d=
360
= 3617km

15.

8. 105 75 = 30
30
d=
2 6350 cos 40
360
= 2547km

longitude = 135 9
= 126 W

2000
=
360
2 6350
2000
=
360
2 6350
= 18

9. 122 117 = 5
5
2 6350 cos 34
d=
360
= 459km

latitude = 35 + 18
= 53 S
New position: 53 S, 126 W

10. 175 (73) = 248

Longitude difference is greater than 180 so it is
shorter to go the other way and cross the date
line.
360 248 = 112
112
2 6350 cos 40
d=
360
= 9509km
11.

If the ship first heads south, the new latitude remains 53 S.

820

=
360
2 6350 cos 53
820
=
360
2 6350 cos 53
= 12

555

=
360
2 6350
555
=
360
2 6350
= 5

longitude = 135 12
= 123 W
New position: 53 S, 123 W
16. First find the length of the chord LS from Los
Angeles to Shimoneski through the earth using
the angle subtended at the middle of the latitude
circle:

latitude = 29 + 5
= 34 S
Augusta: 34 S, 115 E

r = 6350 cos 34

3300

=
12.
360
2 6350 cos 34
3300
=
360
2 6350 cos 34
= 36
longitude = 115 + 36

= 5264km
= 360 (131 + 118)
= 111

0.5LS
sin =
2
r
0.5LS = 5264 sin 55.5

= 151 E
Sydney: 34 S, 151 E
13.

820
=
360
2 6350 cos 35
820
=
360
2 6350 cos 35
= 9

LS = 2 5264 sin 55.5

7870

=
360
2 6350
7870
=
360
2 6350
= 71

= 8677km
Now consider the angle that same chord subtends at the centre of the earth (i.e. the centre of
the great circle passing through the two points).
Lets call this angle .

latitude = 71 36
= 35 S
Adelaide: 35 S, 138 E
14.

sin

9600
=
360
2 6350 cos 35
9600
=
360
2 6350 cos 35
= 106

0.5LS

=
2
R
0.5 8677
=
6350

= 43
2
= 86

Now use this angle to determine the arc length

along this great circle:

longitude = 135 + 106

= 241 E

86
2 6350
360
= 9553km

d=

= 360 241
= 119 W
Bakersfield: 35 N, 119 W
15

Miscellaneous Exercise 2

Miscellaneous Exercise 2
1. See the answer in Sadler.

= cos1

15
AC
15
AC =
tan 20
= 41.2m
15
(b) tan 30 =
AB
15
AB =
tan 30
= 26.0m

2. (a) tan 20 =

= 71

3 6
52 6
3 6

5.
5+2 6
5+2 6 52 6

(3 6)(5 2 6)

=
(5 + 2 6)(5 2 6)

15 6 6 5 6 + 12
=
25 24

27 11 6
=
1
= 27 11 6

(c) BC2 = AC2 + AB2

p
BC = 41.22 + 26.02
= 48.7m

6. (a) Read the question as distance from 3 is less

than distance from 11. The midpoint between 11 and 3 is 4, so the solution is
x > 4.

AC
(d) tan ABC =
AB
41.2
26.0
bearing = 270 + 58
ABC = tan1

= 58

(b) Read the question as distance from 0 is less

than distance from 6. The midpoint between 0 and 6 is 3, so the solution is x < 3.

= 328

(c) First solve the equation |3x 17| = |x 3|

North

3.
L

6.2
k

3x 17 = x 3

40

100

or 3x 17 = (x 3)

2x = 14

3x 17 = x + 3

x=7

4x = 20

x=5
10.8km

Now test a value for x, say x = 6, to determine whether the inequality holds at that
point.

B
AB =

5 cos 75
4

6.22 + 10.82 2 6.2 10.8 cos 60

|3(6) 17| |(6) 3|

Is it true that

= 9.4km

13

sin LBA
sin 60
=
6.2
9.4
6.2 sin 60
LBA = sin1
9.4
= 35

Conclude that the solution lies outside the

interval 57:
{x R : x 5} {x R : x 7}
(d) This is the complementary case to the previous question, so it will have the complementary solution:

bearing = (100 + 180) + 35

= 315
4. Let l be the length of the ladder.
cos 75 =
l=
cos =

: no.

{x R : 5 < x < 7}

a
l

a
cos 75
5a
4

y = |2x a|

l
5a 1
=

4
l
5a cos 75
=

4
a
5 cos 75
=
4

7.
y = |x a|
a
2

16

Miscellaneous Exercise 2
From the graph it appears that |2x a| |x a|
is true for 0 x 2a
3 . (You should confirm that
these are the interval endpoints by substitution.)
p
8. (a) AH = AG2 + GH2
s

2
12 6
2
= 4 +
2

Since it must also satisfy the triangle inequality x

must be less than the sum ofthe other two sides.
The solution in this case is 106 < x < 14.
If x is not the longest side, then
92 > 52 + x2

x < 56

x < 2 14

= 5m
p
(b) EH = AE2 AH2
p
= 82 52

= 39m

Since it must also satisfy the triangle inequality

x must be greater than the difference between
the other
two sides. The solution in this case is
4 < x < 2 14.

6.2m

11. (a) y = f(x) represents a reflection in the xaxis.

y

AH
AE
5
=
8
EAH = 51
EH
(d) tan EGH =
GH
6.2
=
3
EGH = 64
EH
(e) tan =
GB
6.2
=
4
= 57
(c) cos EAH =

9.

5
-10

-5

10 x

-5
(b) y = f(x) represents a reflection in the yaxis.
y
5
-10

440
=
360
2 6350 cos 37
440
=
360
2 6350 cos 37
= 5

-5

10 x

-5
(c) y = |f(x)| signifies that any part of f(x) that
falls below the x-axis will be reflected to instead lie above the axis.
y

longitude = 126 + 5
= 131 E
330

=
360
2 6350
330
=
360
2 6350
= 3

5
-10

-5

10 x

-5

latitude = 37 3

(d) y = f(|x|) signifies that any part of f(x) that

falls left of the y-axis will be discarded and
replaced with a mirror image of the part of
the function that lies to the right of the axis.
y

= 34 S
New position: 34 S, 131 W
10. For the triangle to have an obtuse angle, the
longest side must be longer than the hypotenuse
if it were right-angled, i.e. c2 > a2 + b2 . This
yields two possibilities.

If x is the longest side, then

-10

x2 > 52 + 92

x > 106

-5

5
-5

17

10 x