And Jesus called a little child unto him and set him in the midst of them.

And said, verily I say unto you. Except ye be converted.

And become as little children, ye shall not enter the kingdom of heaven.
!t "atthe#.$%.&'(
As flies to #anton boys, are #e to th) *ods , +hey kill us for their sport
. King Lear
,illiam *olding)s Lord of the flies depicts #ith a vision of human nature and also of
the nature of the #orld #hich human beings in habit through the experiences of a
group of children cast a#ay on a desert island. +he experience, the external reality, the
natural calamity has the impact on human nature that is related to psychology. +he
t#o -uotations above represent polar opposition of optimism and pessimism #ith
regard to the nature of children .in #hich it is taken to be representative of essential or
pristine human nature/ and the nature of the universe in #hich people live. According
to ! J 0oyd,
11In the #ords of Jesus in !t "atthe# childhood is presented as a state of innocent
goodness, a state #hich may be regarded as the kingdom of heaven on earth. As
adults, fallen from this happy state, #e may #ell hanker after a return to it and the
possibility of such a conversion is held out to us in this passage by Jesus. +here is
room for optimism about human nature then, and there is considerable cause for
optimism about the nature of our universe, for the speaker has traditionally been
regarded as the creator and loving ruler of the universe, come do#n to earth to suffer
and die so that #e might be redeemed or rescued from our #ickedness and restored to
the original and restored to the original purity and happiness #e see in children and
remember, or think #e remember, as our experience of childhood.
+he tragic universe of King Lear is at its darkest in *loucester)s terrible #ords2 #e
live in a cruel #orld #hich can only be governed by malevolent demons #hose
delight is to torture us3 if #e #ish to see an image of these dark gods or devils #e
need only examine the ghastly and ferocious play of children), #here #e see ho#
little devils torture and kill insects fro fun, playing god #ith flies. 4rom #ithin and
#ithout #e are beset by evil, 1All dark and comfortless) King Lear is not every#here
so hopeless in outlook but it does seem to force us and that in our human nature there
is a terrifying propensity to#ards #anton cruelty #hich is evident even in children.
It scarcely needs to be said that the picture of childhood, of human nature and of the
nature of things #hich emerges from Lord of the Flies is closer to that expressed by
*loucester than that in the passage from !t "atthe#, though in *olding)s novel and
in !hakespeare)s play, as #e shall see, some redeeming features are suggested #hich
have much to do #ith the life of Jesus. +he bleakness of the novel)s vision has been
elo-uently encapsulated by *olding himself in a sentence #hich recalls the despair of
5ear in its bludgeoning repetitions2 the theme of The Lord of the Flies are grief,
sheer grief, grief, grief, grief). +he grief #hich *olding expresses a po#erfully elicits
in the novel is grief at man)s very nature and the nature of his #orld, grief that the
boys, and #e too, are suffering from the terrible disease of being human.))
.+he nature of beast 2 5ord of the 4lies by !.J. 0678/
!o there is a connection bet#een human nature #ith human psychology. 0ecause
human behaviour is related #ith the changing of human)s neurosis. Lord of the flies is
interrelated to the concept of psychology because of changing movements of the
characters in the novel.
9sychoanalysis is the study of mental process and the therapeutic treatment of
neurosis.
+he brain is damaged by the coral Island)s nature of silence. +he reality of nature in
the tropics is profoundly sinister and threatening. 4rom their experience of this natural
environment the boys derive a sort of religion, but their theology is a demonology,
their lord or god is a devil. In this they merely conform to the #ays of indigenous
:ungle d#ellers as described by ;uxley2 1+he sparse in habitants of the e-uatorial
forest are all believers in devils.)
+he boys) physical surroundings are terrifying and encourage in them a belief in a
malevolent god3 the boys) o#n physical condition also is not improved by their stay
on the island. +heir return to a state of nature, insofar as it implies a lack of toilet
facilities and #holesome food, had a very unpleasant effect on them. +he 1littluns) in
particular -uickly become 1filthy dirty) and are affected by 1a short to chronic
diarrhoea). 6ne of <alph)s problems as a chief is that the boys fail to abide by the rule
that only one clutch of tide #ashed rocks should be used as a lavatory2 1=o# people
seem to use any#here. Even near the shelters and the platform.)"an seems to be a
natural producer of filth as #ell as evil, and the one is a symbol of the other. 6f this
aspect of the boys> plight 5eighton ;odson #rites2 1the odour of decay pervades life
from the diarrhoea of the littulns. +o Jack hunting the pigs by follo#ing
their streaming dropping3 the association of the 0east, evil, excrement, and blood is
both overpo#ering and purposeful.) +his physical degeneration is matched by and
upsurge of cruelty, bloodlust and violent rapacity the 0east, #hich they take to be a
priority or monster outside of themselves, rises up #ithin them and takes over their
lives. 6ver#helmed by the horrors that have entered their lives littluns #ill isolate
themselves to #ail, gibber and ho#l at the misery of their condition. ,ere 5emuel
*ulliver to land on the island, he #ould instantly recognise that he had returned to
land inhabited by yahoos. +hey #allo# in their filth, symbolising their propensity
to#ards evil and the dark perverse psychological forces #hich make them incapable
of behaving reasonably or organising and maintaining a rational society.
John !. ,hitly has suggested that 1the ;ebre# #ord 0eel?ebub, though it means
literally 5ord of flies might be rendered in English as lord of dung, that substance
around #hich flies gather).

+he transformation form schoolboys to 7ahoos forces upon us bitter truth of
Gullivers Travels that #e are creature #hose nature renders us incapable of
maintaining rational, e-uable and peaceful societies such as that of the ;ouyhnhnms,
<alph and 9iggy attempt to create such a society on the island. 9iggy in particular has
great faith in ;ouyhnhnm like values, believing in government by persuasion,
deciding issues by debate above all in reason itself. 4or 9iggy)s rationalism is as
inade-uate as his grammar. ;is reason cannot control the boys, his belief that science
can explain everything makes him unable to comprehend reality of the 0east, his
democracy crumbles before the onslaught of the atavistic Jack, intuitively adept at
using the 0east in <oger, by smashing his skull, makes those brains of the outfit but
the 0east in <oger, by smashing his skull, makes those brains useless. 9iggy)s body is
-uickly s#allo#ed by the sea, #hich in the chapter 10east from #ater) #as suggested
as a possible d#elling place of the 0east. ,hen <alph first inspects the spot #here
9iggy dies, the sea)s motion is described by the narrator as like the breathing of some
stupendous creature, 1the sleeping leviathan). +he sea is a insuperable obstacle to the
boys escape and one is tempted to detect a reference to +homas ;obbes) Leviathban ,
#herein the life of man in a state of nature is characterised as being :ust as 7ahoo like
as the boys discover it to be. It is in ;obbes famous phrase, 1solitary, poor, nasty,
brutish, and short. Lord of the flies insists that this is a truth, a grim reality from #hich
there is no escaping.
4reude Analysis2
"irror 9hase #as developed by Jaca-ues 5acan .$@A$'$@%$/ the 4rench
psychoanalyst. According to 5acan, 0abies go through the mirror stage #hen they
recogni?e it image as their self. +he image and the bodily co'ordination is still
incomplete. +he mirror image involves misrecognition. ,hen the baby understands
that the image is different from itself. It creates alienation from #hat is seen. !o, the
concept is recognised as the ob:ect .the mirror image)s reflection/, the construction of
otherness is found among the behave of Jack and <alph. Jack)s consisting of black
and red group, <alph)s group #ith 9iggy, !imon)s one self group is indicating here
sub:ect hood and ob:ect hood. Jack considers the <alph group as ob:ect. Jack al#ays
considers himself as leader and inferior to other. <alph)s concept of coloni?ation
focuses here as ob:ect. ;e thinks that they are civili?ed, not like the person of African.
In here, <alph prides on his being in civili?ed human beings creates him sub:ect and
African people as ob:ect. +he good and evil nature is also focused as sub:ect and
ob:ect of binary oppositions. +he 8arkness of man)s heart is the vision of man)s inner
nature. +he darkness of man)s heart is the mirror phase of the human body.
*olding)s 5ord of the 4lies depicts the theme of the darkness of the human mind, that
is created by the external force #hich is related to environment. +he external reading
of nature provokes the human beings to do corruption, murder, forbidden task even
good #ork1s are also done by it. It is totally depend on the nature, the surroundings of
human being that is called behaviourism. According to 0ehaviourism, human beings
psyche related to the surrounding in #hich they are belonging. It creates a real self
among human. *olding)s story is to point up in a forceful and economic #ay the
terrifying gap bet#een the appearance and the reality. If it is taken <alph)s remark
about the darkness of man)s heart as coming very close to the sub:ect of the book, it
is compared #ith $@BC 0allastyne)s the systematic destruction of the Je-ueish race a
#orld #ar had done to man and in $@CB the mushroom could of the atomic bomb
#hich has come to dominate all political and moral thinking. It creates a situation,
#hich #ill reveal in as extremely direct #ay this real self. +he sense of human
gravity comes not trough the actual operation but through the external scene the grean
'robed figures, they are light #hich cast no shado# the sound of a car in the street
outside. !o in the novel, it says,
11+he silence of the forest #as more oppressive than the heat, and at this hour
of the day there #as not even the #hine of insects. 6nly #hen Jack himself roused a
gaudy bird from a primitive nest of sticks #as the silence shattered and echoes set
ringing by a harsh cry that seemed to come out #ith a hiss of indra#n breath2 and for
a minute became less a hunter than a furtive thing, ape like among the tangle of
trees)).+he !hado#s and +all +rees, chapter D/
4or Jack, as for human imagination in all ages, the forest becomes not only a place
#here on sometimes feels haunted3 a place #here the human beings momentarily
locates his intuitions of evil. +he silence of the forest embodies Jack and he is totally
converted to the savagery of silence. <alph and 9iggy gets the ne# kno#ledge of
being #ithout the adults. <ules and civili?ation, human beings turn into savage nature.
6nly the !imon can ad:ust himself to the nature of silence. ;e understands the real
self to be a good nature of human beings. !o, human beings transcend their behave,
their nature #ith the changing concept of natural scenery, external reality.
Just as the mathematicians say the rainbo# is an appearance of the sun embellished
by its reflection into a cloud, so the present myth is the appearance of a reality #hich
turns the mind back to other thought 9lutarch .isis et 6siris/
+he pride is on of the irrational human behaviour. 4or being pride, human civili?ation
is destroyed in myth as #ell as history. +he pride psychology turns into a destructive
#ay. !o in here the myth of 6siris and +yphon)s is compared to the myth of Lord of
the flies in Eoral Island. +yphon represents the element of soul #hich is passionate
akin to the +itans, #ithout reason brute, violent, proud. +yphon is compared #ith
Jack. According to John 4. 4it?gerald and John <. Fayse,))+he +yphonic element of
human nature in Lord of the flies is represented by Jack. Jack is red'haired, freckled,
hence ruddy, and prone to blush #hen angry and frustrated. +yphon according to the
tradition, is described as red and ruddy. Indeed red'haired men #ere burned and
abused in ancient Egypt because they represented +yphon. ,hen Jack)s face blushes
#ith mortification on the election of <alph, he can be said to be red. And as *olding
again describes, after the second vote, Jack turned, red in face because he had been
out#itted. Jack desires to be preferred, and #hen his pride is offended he blushes. It
should also be noted that #hen <alph)s moral superiority is in doubt he too blushes.
+hus blushing appears as a manifestation of #ounded pride. *olding)s depiction of
the character Jack, and blushing, accord #ell #ith 9lutarch)s description of +yphon as
envious proud and red.
<alph seems to be the civili?ed counterpart to Jack. 6siris to Jack)s +yphon. <alph
blo#s the conch, articulates the idea for rescue fire and according to Jack. gives the
orders <alph certainly looks the part of a leader and unlike 9iggy, he comes from the
class expected to lead. ;e insists that the boys must have and follo# rules.
*olding represents the duality of 6siris)s nature #ith !imon and 9iggy. +hey together
embody that mixture of reason and intuition, #hich is the root of creativity. It should
be recalled that the distinction made in 9lutarch)s Isis dt Osiris #as bet#een the
destructive and passionate on the one hand, and creative and rational, on the other.
Again unlike modern perceptions the 6siris myth, does not disassociate reason and
creativity. *olding insists that art and reason are connected. As he related2 this
business that the artist as a sort of starry'eyed inspired creature, dancing along #ith
his feet t#o or three feet above the surface of the earth, not really kno#ing #hat sort
of prince he)s leaving behind him, is nothing like the truth.
!cientific humanism #hich is faith in the progressive and liberating po#er of science
and man)s ability to rationally posit values, has stripped man naked of the religious
context #hich gave this life meaning. Eonfidence in mankind)s ability to con-uer
nature and pre:udice gave modern man the sensation that hitherto undreamed of
possibilities #ere no# opened to him. ;o#ever recent history and the myriad of
variations on the philosophy of 4riedrich =iet?sche indicate that scientific humanism
precludes us from positing any value3 that is it precludes us from seeing evil for #hat
it is. +he scientific humanist, the model intellectual is literally in a state of free
fall.
;o#ever, there is one character #ho sees but the status and nature of his
understanding disturbs modern sensibilities, *olding)s saint !imon kno#s the truth
about the beast. ;e arrives at the novel)s truth about the fallen nature of man.
!imon)s death symbolically marks the death of the god 6siris by the po#er of
+yphon. Just as !imon)s murder is prefigured by the pig hunting ritual, by moonlight,
so too is 6siris)s body discovered by +yphon during a moonlit pig hunt. A similar fate
befalls 9iggy, the rational face of 6siris, in the mad, ego'driven fren?y that s#eeps
a#ay the last vestiges of sanity. Again, on the surface both the similarity of 9ig to
9iggy and that animal)s association #ith 6siris support an 6sirian interpretation. +he
sea claimed the battered bodies of 9iggy and !imon :ust as the sea had claimed the
body of 6siris.))
According to 4reud)s pro:ection of mechanism +he antagonism or resentment felt
to#ards parental figure in the past might be reactivated in the characters figure . !o
that ,it is seen in the novel that <alph has the past figure to remind his parents .;e
feels insecure #ithout parental supervision .9iggy is signified here as a parental figure
. 4rued said that the child mentality to compare its memory to its #ombs. In #ombs a
child goes under a changing in physically and mentally. After birth of children,
through gro#ing, the #omb)s mentality reflects his boyish age. !o a child thinks the
father as superior #ho controls the family and the sexual relationship #ith a mother.
+he phallus considers as the po#er for male person.!o <alph al#ays think that his
father #ho :oins in the navy can rescue them.Jack #ho turns into savage because of
his po#er position.
4reudian terminology is the dream #ork, the process by #hich real events or desire
are transform into dream images. 8isplacement #hich is in some #ays represented by
another #hich is in some #ay linked or associated #ith it. Eondensation , a number of
people ,event or meanings are combined and represented by single image in a dream.
+he character , motivation ,events, meanings are combined and represented by single
image in a dream. +he fear of beast that surrounds everybody #hich constitute as a
single image in dream. !o the t#ins brother, 5ittnuns as #ell as <alph dreams the
beast that signifies the psyche of condensation. <alph)s dream in rescuing from the
Island represents displacement because the dream is only associated #ith him.
5anguage is central investigating the unconscious language of psychoanalysis.
According to 5acan , 11the structure of a language is the psychoanalytical experience
discovers in sign, signifier, signified #hich is the #hole structure of #ord meanings.))
In the novel, the beast, the fire, the conch. sign/ is the combination of signifier and
signified #hich focuses on the inner meanings of #ords image that is structured.
"any critics says that the psychology of sexuality is absent in the novel. 0ut the
infantile sexuality is the notion that begins not at puberty ,#ith physical maturing, but
in fancy, especially through the infants relationship #ith mother. 4reudian theory is
often masculinity in bias. Another key idea that of the libido, #hich is the energy
drives associated #ith sexual desire. In here , Jack and his group attacks the pigs
reflects the hunting situation Fill the 9ig ,Eut her throat, smash it.' indicates the
situation of raping.
,illiam *olding)s novel 5ord of the 4lies depicts the theme of human psychology
through 4reudian and 5acan psychoanalytical vie#, religion and socio'political
concern, the concept of freedom, the human nature. +he existence of civili?ation
allo#s man to remain innocent or ignorant about his true nature. Although man needs
civili?ation, it is important that he also be a#are of his more primitive instincts .6nly
in this #ay can he reach true maturity. *olding implies that the loss of innocence has
little to do #ith age but is related to a person)s understanding of human nature. It can
happen at any age or not at all. 9ainful though it may be, this loss of innocence by
coming to terms #ith reality is necessary if humanity is to servive.
4reedom is plays a great role in human psychology. In *arden of Eden, Adam and
Eve got the freedom they eate the forbidden fruite so that they exiled from heaven. In
the novel, the coral island is compared #ith ;eaven in #hich the childrens eat the
forbidden fruit savage. +hey are suffered for that. According to 4reud, metaphysics
becomes metaphysical2 *ods and devils are nothing other than psychological
pro:ected into the outer #orld.
If <alph is pro:ection of man)s good impulse from #hich #e drive the authority
figures G #hether god, king, or fatherH#ho establish the necessity for our valid
ethical and social action , then Jack become externali?ation of the evil instinctual of
unconscious. 6riginally, as in the more primitive religions, gods and devils #ere one3
even ;ebraic'Ehristian tradition makes !tan fallen angel.
+he temptation is to regard the island on #hich the children are marooned as a kind
of Eden, uncorrupted and Eveless. 0ut the actions of the children negate any
assumption of children innocence. Even through *olding himself momentary
becomes a victim of his ,estern culture and states that <alph #ept for the end of
innocence events have simply supported 4reud)s conclusions that no children is
innocent.
+he study of the nervous system dates back to ancient Egypt. Evidence of trepanation,
the surgical practice of either drilling or scraping a hole into the skull #ith the
purpose of curing headaches or mental disorders or relieving cranial pressure, being
performed on patients dates back to =eolithic times and has been found in various
cultures throughout the #orld. "anuscripts dating back to$DAA 0E indicated that
the Egyptians had some kno#ledge about symptoms of brain damage.
Early vie#s on the function of the brain regarded it to be a Icranial stuffingI of sorts.
In Egypt, from the late "iddle Fingdom on#ards, the brain #as regularly removed in
preparation for mummification. It #as believed at the time that the heart #as the seat
of intelligence. According to ;erodotus, the first step of mummification #as to Itake
a crooked piece of iron, and #ith it dra# out the brain through the nostrils, thus
getting rid of a portion, #hile the skull is cleared of the rest by rinsing #ith drugs.I
+he vie# that the heart #as the source of consciousness #as not challenged until the
time of the *reek physician ;ippocrates. ;e believed that the brain #as not only
involved #ith sensationHsince most speciali?ed organs .e.g., eyes, ears, tongue/ are
located in the head near the brainHbut #as also the seat of intelligence. 9lato also
speculated that the brain #as the seat of the rational part of the soul. Aristotle,
ho#ever, believed the heart #as the center of intelligence and that the brain regulated
the amount of heat from the heart. +his vie# #as generally accepted until
the <oman physician *alen, a follo#er of ;ippocrates and physician to <oman
gladiators, observed that his patients lost their mental faculties #hen they had
sustained damage to their brains.