LTE, WiMAX and 4G

Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing

Prof. Dr. Alexander Schill
http://www.rn.inf.tu-dresden.de

Department of Computer Science Institute for System Architecture, Chair for Computer Networks
LTE: Characteristics
LTE = Long Term Evolution
European implementation of IMT (International Mobile
Telecommunications) by ETSI (European Telecommunication
Standards Institute)

Packet oriented propagation only
High data rates
Up to 300 Mbit/s Downlink
Up to 75 Mbit/s Uplink
Flexible frequency assignment
About 40 frequency ranges
Varying frequency blocks (1.4, 3, 5, 10 and 20 MHz)
small latency of 5ms between mobile phone and conventional
telephone network
optimized for travelling speeds of up to 15 km/h (up to
500km/h possible)



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LTE Reference Architecture
UE eNodeB S-GW P-GW
MME
LTE - Uu S1-U S5/S8
S1-MME S11
HSS
S6a
PCRF
Gx
SGi
PSTN
eUTRAN Core Network
NodeB + RNC (3G) merged into evolved NodeB (eNodeB)
Core network
Serving Gateway (S-GW)
Mobility Management Entity (MME)
PDN Gateway (P-GW)
Home Subscriber Server (HSS)
Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)
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LTE User Equipment
Examples of LTE-enabled devices
iPhone 5, Samsung Galaxy S3 LTE,
Samsung LTE Stick
Five device categories


Category 1 2 3 4 5
Peak data rate
Mbit/s
DL
10 50 100 150 300
UL
5 25 50 50 75
RF bandwidth
20 MHz
Modulation
QPSK, 16QAM QPSK, 16QAM,
64QAM
2 Rx diversity
Assumed in performance requirements
2x2 MIMO
Not
supported
Mandatory
4x4 MIMO
Not supported Mandatory
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LTE: Frequency bands
Germany (currently)
5 bands: 800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2000 MHz, 2600MHz
Rural Areas
800 MHz (Vodafone and Telecom)
Urban Areas
800 MHz (Vodafone)
1800 MHz (Telecom) -> reassignment from GSM
2600 MHz planned for crowded areas in cities (stations,
shopping malls, etc.)
O2 and E-Plus cover currently only few areas

USA: 700MHz, 1700MHz and 2100 MHz
Europe: 800 MHz
Bands 700, 800, 1800 and 2600 MHz will potentially
allow world wide roaming in the future
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LTE: German frequency bands
frequency spectrum of the digital dividend:
better building penetration & propagation features > higher range









frequency spectrum of the IMT extension band:
Enough blocks for 20 MHz bandwidth > Higher data rate
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Duplex gap*
12 MHz
820 MHz 832 MHz
5 MHz
frequency
block
(72 Mhz)
790 MHz 862 MHz
10 x 5 MHz
blocks uncoupled
2570
MHz
2620
MHz
5 MHz
frequency
block
(190 Mhz)
2500
MHz
2690
MHz
* The Duplex gap is meant as a fallback position for wireless production technology.
LTE: TDD and FDD
two versions of LTE provide solutions for coupled/uncoupled frequency
blocks
transmitted signals divided into subframes (time units of 1 ms)
FDD (Frequency division duplex) -separated frequency blocks for UL/DL
TDD (Time division duplex) one frequency block alternately used for
UL/DL: - Downlink subframes, Uplink subframes and Special Frames
Special Frame = one subframe for each switching from down to up
link; contains DwPTS (Downlink Pilot Timeslot), GP (Guard Period
avoids overlay of sent and received messages) and UpPTS (Uplink
Pilot Timeslot)

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subframe = 1 millisecond
0 5 4 3 2 1 6 9 8 7
Uplink (UL)

Downlink (DL)
0 5 4 3 2 1 6 9 8 7
Uplink (UL)

Downlink (DL)
Special
Frame
DwPTS Guard Period
UpPTS
FDD
TDD
LTE: Modulation basics OFDM
LTE Modulation techniques are based on OFDM (Orthogonal frequency-
division multiplexing)
in OFDM data is distributed over a large number of closely spaced
orthogonal subcarriers
(two subcarriers are orthogonal if the maximum amplitude of one
subcarrier is reached while the other subcarriers amplitude is zero)
Subcarriers modulated with conventional modulation scheme (QAM)
Pro: robust against interference because interference on subcarrier does
not influence the whole frequency band, Improved spectrum efficiency
and lower bandwidth demand W with OFDM
Con: expense for coding and decoding and therefore the power
consumption increases with the number of subcarriers
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OFDM with 3 subcarriers
f f
FDM with 3 subcarriers
LTE: Modulation techniques
LTEs modulation techniques used for Downlink and Uplink
are based on OFDM with a special focus on simultaneous
access of multiple users

*OFDMA (Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access)
for Down Link
subsets of subcarriers are assigned to individual users >
simultaneous (low data rate) transmission for several
users

*SC-FDMA (Single Carrier FDMA) for Up Link
multiple access realized by insertion of coefficients on the
transmitter side before Fourier transformation, and
removing on the receiver side. Different users are
assigned to different coefficients (subcarriers). More
energy-efficient for battery-driven mobile devices.

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LTE E-UTRAN Architecture
Flat architecture:
eNodeBs form E-UTRAN
NodeB + RNC (3G)
merged into evolved
NodeB (eNodeB)
eNodeB manages one or
several cells

Responsibilities
IP header compression
Encryption
Radio resource
management
Connectivity to core
network
Bearer management
UE mobility
Core Network
E-UTRAN
eNodeB
eNodeB
eNodeB
MME S-GW MME S-GW
comm. between
eNodeBs
signaling to
MMEs
bearer path
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LTE Bearer
UE P-GW eNodeB S-GW
UL-TFT
Application/service layer
UL-TFT
DL-TFT
DL-TFT
Radio bearer S1 bearer S5/S8 bearer
RB-ID <--> S1-TEID S1-TEID <--> S5/S8-TEID

Different QoS requirements of applications (VoIP, browsing, file
download) are mapped to bearers
Bearers cross multiple interfaces, each part is individually mapped to
lower layer bearer with own bearer id
Each node manages binding between bearer ids
Packet filters (Traffic Flow Templates (TFT)) assign IP packets to bearers
(e.g. based on IP header information and TCP port numbers)


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Standardized QoS class identifier for LTE
QCI Resource
Type
Priority Packet Delay
Budget(ms)
Packet Error
Loss Rate
Example Service
1 GBR 2 100 10
-2
Conversational voice
2 GBR 4 150 10
-3
Conversational video (live streaming)
3 GBR 5 300 10
-6
Non-conversational video (buffered
streaming)
4 GBR 3 50 10
-3
Real-time gaming
5 Non-GBR 1 100 10
-6
IMS signaling
6 Non-GBR 7 100 10
-3
Voice, video (live streaming), interactive
gaming
7 Non-GBR 6 300 10
-6
Video (buffered streaming)
8 Non-GBR 8 300 10
-6
TCP-based (for example, WWW, e-mail),
chat, FTP, p2p file sharing, progressive video
and others
9 Non-GBR 9 300 10
-6
GBR guarantied bit rate, IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem


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LTE Interworking
UE E-UTRAN S-GW P-GW
MME
LTE - Uu S1-U S5/S8
S1-MME
S11
3G-SGSN
S3 S4
non-3GPP networks
(CDMA2000, WiMAX,)
UTRAN
(GSM, UMTS)
Interworking and mobility with other 3GPP defined networks as
well as non-3GPP defined networks
Service Gateway (S-GW) is mobility anchor for other 3GPP
networks
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LTE Advanced
Specified as LTE Release 10
Improved performance
Data rate up to 1 GBit/s
End-to-end delay 20 30 ms
Enhancements
Carrier aggregation
up to 5 * 20 MHz -> 100MHz
Possible in contiguous and non-contiguous spectrum allocations
Multiple Input, Multiple Output (MIMO)
Up to 4 LTE antennas in LTE devices to use MIMO also for Uplink
Base stations can be equipped with up to 8 antennas
Support for relay node base stations
Connected to base station only
Improve signal quality at cell borders
Support of low power nodes such as picocells and femtocells
for crowded areas


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WiMAX / IEEE802.16
WiMAX: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access, standardized by IEEE 802.16 and WiMAX-Forum
(more than 230 members, including AOL, Deutsche
Telekom, Intel, Microsoft, Nokia)

IEEE 802.16 FBWA (Fixed Broadband Wireless Access) is
an alternative for broadband cable services like DSL;
frequency range: initially 10-66 GHz, in assumption of
LOS (line of sight)

Enhancement IEEE 802.16a; frequency band: 2-11 GHz,
NLOS (non line of sight)

Enhancement IEEE 802.16e for MBWA (Mobile
Broadband Wireless Access); frequency band: 2-6 GHz,
NLOS
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WiMAX/IEEE 802.16: overview
Standard 802.16 802.16a 802.16e
Spectrum, GHz 10-66 2-11 2-6
LOS-condition LOS NLOS NLOS
Bit rate, MBit/s 32-134 <75 (extensions
up to 365)
15 (with further
extensions)
Range, km 2-5

7-10
max. 50 (cellular)
2-5
Channel bandwith,
MHz
20, 25 and 28 Variable: 1,520

1,5 -20
Modulation QPSK, 16QAM,
64QAM

OFDM, QPSK,
16QAM, 64QAM
OFDM, QPSK,
16QAM, 64QAM

approved 2001 2004 2006
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(N)LOS (Non) Line-of-Sight
WiMAX: Frequencies worldwide
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For Germany especially: 3,41-3,452 GHz and 3,51-3,552 GHz
802.16 Physical Layer
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Specification Frequency
band
Channel
bandwidth
Duplex
method
Modulatio
n
Line-of-
Sight
WirelessMAN-SC 10-66 GHz
Licensed
bandwidth
20, 25,
28 MHz
TDD, FDD Single
carrier
LOS
WirelessMAN-
SCa
2-11 GHz
Licensed
bandwidth
3,5, 7, 10,
20 MHz
TDD, FDD Single
carrier
NLOS
WirelessMAN-
OFDM
2-11 GHz
Licensed
bandwidth
variable
1,25-20
MHz
TDD, FDD OFDM NLOS
WirelessMAN-
OFDMA
2-11 GHz
Licensed
bandwidth
variable
1,25-28
MHz
TDD, FDD OFDMA
(multiple
access)
NLOS
WirelessHUMAN 2-11 GHz
License-
free
10, 20 MHz TDD OFDM,
OFDMA
NLOS
WiMAX: Modulation
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WiMAX: strong dependency
of effective channel
capacity, spectrum
efficiency, range, signal-
noise-ratio etc. on used
modulation method:
BPSK Binary Phase Shift
Keying
QPSK Quadrature Phase
Shift Keying
16QAM Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation
64QAM Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation
(typical example distribution (percentage)
of users in different coverage areas)
802.16 Medium Access
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
Each communication channel gets fixed slot for data
transmission
DAMA (Demand Assigned Multiple Access)
2 Phases:
Reservation: every station tries to acquire slot for
each transmission phase (collision possible)
Data transmission: within reserved slot guaranteed
collision free transmission
Duplex connection
FDD (Frequency Division Duplex): simultaneous use of
different frequencies
TDD (Time Division Duplex): Switching between up-
and downlink on the same frequency
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WiMAX: Cellular backbone
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Network
Point to Point
Backbone
Point to Multipoint
WiMAX cell
UMTS cell
802.16
PHY
802.16
OFDM-
PHY
e.g Gigabit
Ethernet
1) Last Mile or
2) Point to Multipoint (PMP) network (see bellow)
Base Station (BS) is the central point for the
Mobile Stations (MS)
Sending in Downlink-direction: Broad-, Multi-, Unicast
Connection of a MS to BS is characterized via Channel ID (CID),
Channel id gives the possibility for the BS to receive multicast
messages
802.16 Network topologies (1&2)
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MS/BS
MS/BS
BS
MS
MS
MS MS
Network
802.16 Network topologies (3)
3) Mesh network
MS can communicate directly
Mesh BS: connected with a network outside the mesh
other differentiation
neighbor: direct connection to a node
neighborhood: all other neighbors
extended neighborhood: remote neighborhoods
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Mesh MS
Mesh BS
Mesh MS
Mesh MS
Mesh MS
Mesh MS
Mesh MS
Network
MBWA (Mobile Broadband Wireless Access);
802.20 (1)

Working Group 802.20 originated from 802.16
goal: Specification of PHY and MAC for Packet-based MBWA-
System
Should close the gap between WLAN and slower but highly
mobile networks (UMTS)

features
variable cell size
Handover- and Roaming-mechanism
Velocity up to 250 km/h
Transport of IP-data traffic
QoS on transport layer
Licensed bands below 3,5 GHz, variable bandwidth
NLOS, for in- and outdoor
TDD, FDD, Half-Duplex FDD
More than 100 simultaneous sessions per cell
End to End Security, AES
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Goals






Peak data rates

802.20 (2)
characteristic goal
User data rate Downlink > 1 MBit/s
User data rate Uplink > 300 KBit/s
Data rate Downlink per cell > 4 MBit/s
Data rate Uplink per cell > 800 KBit/s
Cell size Correspond. to all modern MANs, with ability to
use the existing infrastructure
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Data rates 1.25 MHz 5 MHz
Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink
Peak data rate
per user
4.5 MBit/s 2.25
MBit/s
18 MBit/s 9 MBit/s
UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+ WiMAX MBWA LTE
Mobility Handover, Roaming ---------------- Handover, Roaming, Mobile IP ---
Max Speed 300 km/h 120 km/h 250 km/h 500 km/h
Switching type circuit and packet ---------------- Packet switching ----------------
Peak data
rates Down
Link
2/14,4/28 Mbit/s
(5MHz channel)
365 Mbit/s
(2x 20MHz
channel,
variations)

100 - 300 Mbit/s
(1.4-20 MHz
channel)
Cell sizes
pico
(1)
-, micro
(2)
-,
macro
(3)
-cells
variable
pico
(1)
-,
micro
(2)
-,
macro
(3)
-cells
pico
(1)
-, micro
(2)
-,
macro
(3)
-cells
QoS
End-to-end QoS
Different classes
End-to-end
QoS
Different
classes
End-to-end
QoS

End-to-end QoS
Different classes
Scalability ---------------- variable data rate ~ Multiple users per BS --------------
Air Interface
CDMA
adaptive Modulation
MIMO
OFDM(A),
adaptive
Modulation
MIMO
OFDM
Adaptive
Modulation
OFDM, SC-FDMA
adaptive
Modulation
MIMO
Security AES AES, X.509 AES SNOW 3G
Technology comparison pre-4G
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(1)
<100m,
(2)
~500m,
(3)
>1km
4G requirements
high mobility Handover, Roaming,
velocity up to 300 km/h
switching technique pure packet switching
integrated multi-media-services VoIP, TVoIP, VoD,
Streaming
high data rate (1Gbit/s) even at high mobility should
be like DSL
Size of cell variable and scalable
QoS prioritization of specific data packages
scalability available and reliable with many users
air interface OFDM (better spectrum efficiency)
security up to date standards (e.g. AES)
Extension / integration of UMTS and WLAN approaches
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Technology comparison 3G to 4G
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LTE (3G) LTE Advanced (4G)
Peak data rate
Down Link (DL)
300 Mbit/s 1 Gbit/s
Peak data rate
Up Link (UL)
75 Mbit/s 500 Mbit/s
Transmission
bandwidth DL
20 Mhz (max.) 100 Mhz
Transmission
bandwidth UL
20 Mhz (max.)

40 Mhz (requirements as
defined by ITU)
Coverage
Full performance up to
5km
Same as LTE requirement.
Should be optimized or
deployed in local areas/micro
cell environments.
Scalable
bandwidths
1.4, 3, 5, 10 and 20 MHz 20-100 MHz
Scalability
variable data rate
Multiple users per BS
variable data rate
Multiple users per BS
Capacity
200 active participants
per cell at 5 MHz
3 times higher than that in
LTE
Summary: Data rates and mobility
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High-speed
/Wide-area


Medium-speed
/Urban area


Walking
/Local area



Standing
/Indoors
2G
Source:www.3g.co.uk
Mobility
0.1 1 10 100 200 1000
Bitrate, MBit/s
Some further readings
Eds.: Sesia, S., Toufik, I., Baker, M.: LTE The UMTS
Long Term Evolution From Theory to Practice, Whiley,
2009
LTE:
www.gsmworld.com
www.ltemobile.de
www.apwpt.org

WiMAX technology:
www.wimaxforum.org
IEEE web sites for 802.16 and 802.20:
grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/16/ and /802/20

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