Experimental Data

A. THE ANALOGUE: Nuts and Bolts

Table 4.2. Mass of nuts and bolts

Mass of nuts (g) 4.126
Mass of bolts (g)
24.176
Mass of nut-and-bolt pairs
14.000

Table 4.3. Summary of results on nuts and bolts.

B. THE TARGET: Reaction of Sodium Carbonate and Calcium Chloride.
Table 4.4. Observations from the reaction between Na
2
CO
3
and CaCL
2
.
Sample Observations
Na
2
CO
3
solution
COLORLESS
CaCL
2
solution
COLORLESS
Na
2
CO
3
+ few drops of CaCL
2

Produced a cloudy, white mixture
After Filtration
Precipitate
WHITE
Filtrate
COLORLESS

C. FILTRATE TEST
Table 4.5. The filtrate test.
Condition Observations
Filtrate + CaCL
2

COLORLESS SOLUTION
Filtrate + Na
2
CO
3

FORMATION OF WHITE PRECIPITATE
Group No. Mass of
bolts(g)
Mass of
nuts(g)
Mass of
pairs(g)
Limiting
component
Excess
component
1
24.716 4.126 14 Nuts 3 Bolts
2
24.7 6.18 21 Nuts 2 Bolts
3
24.63 8.46 28.1 Nuts 1 Bolt
4
24.69 10.56 35.26 Nuts and bolts Nuts and bolts
5
24.7 12.3 34.9 Bolts 1 Nut
6
24.665 14.231 34.908 Bolts 2 Nuts
7
24.7 16.5 35.09 Bolts 3 Nuts
8
28.3 21.8 40.2 Bolts 4 Nuts
Table 4.6. Summary of the filtrate test.
Group No. Color of
filtrate
Filtrate +
CaCl
2

Filtrate +
Na
2
CO
3

Limiting
Reagent
Excess
Reagent
1
COLORLESS COLORLESS WHITE
PRECIPITATE
FORMED
Na
2
CO
3
CaCl
2

2
COLORLESS COLORLESS WHITE
PRECIPITATE
FORMED
Na
2
CO
3
CaCl
2

3
COLORLESS COLORLESS COLORLESS NONE NONE
4
COLORLESS WHITE COLORLESS Na
2
CO
3
CaCl
2

5
COLORLESS WHITE COLORLESS Na
2
CO
3
CaCl
2

6
COLORLESS WHITE COLORLESS CaCl
2
Na
2
CO
3

7
COLORLESS WHITE COLORLESS Na
2
CO
3
CaCl
2

8
COLORLESS WHITE COLORLESS CaCl
2
Na
2
CO
3


D. The Mass of the Precipitate
Mass of beaker (g)
110.735
Mass of filter paper (g)
1.065
Mass of beaker, filter paper and
precipitate (g)

Mass of precipitate (g)

Mass of sodium carbonate used (g)
0.1
Mass of calcium chloride (g)
0.4

Table 4.8. Summary of results.

Group
No.
Mass
Na
2
CO
3
(g)
Mass
CaCl
2
(g)
Moles
Na
2
CO
3

Moles
CaCl
2

Mass of
precipitate,
experimental
(g)
Expected
mass of
precipitate
(g)
1
0.1 0.406 9.43 x 10
-4
3.66 x 10
-3
0.095
2
0.2 0.402 1.89 x 10
-3
3.62 x 10
-3
0.19
3
0.304 0.402 2.87 x 10
-3
3.62 x 10
-3
0.29
4
0.4 0.404 3.77 x 10
-3
3.64 x 10
-3
0.36
5
0.504 0.402 4.72 x 10
-3
3.60 x 10
-3
0.36
6
0.6 0.401 5.66 x 10
-3
3.61 x 10
-3
0.362
7
0.7 0.4 6.60 x 10
-3
3.60 x 10
-3
0.361
8
0.8 0.4 7.55 x 10
-3
3.61 x 10
-3
0.361





Analysis and Discussion
There are two set-up for this experiment, the first one is with the material nuts and bolts, and the other
is dealing with solutions. In the first set-up, we determine the limiting and excess component between
nuts and bolts in each group since there is a specific number of nuts and bolts given in each group then
we have noted the relationship between their masses as pair and as separated by plotting its graph.
Similar with the second set-up where CaCl
2
is added to Na
2
CO
3
solution. There was a reaction observed
upon addition, there is a formation of white, cloudy solution and later on, the precipitate settled on the
bottom of the beaker. Our skills were tested with the process of filtration to separate the filtrate from
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
M
a
s
s

o
f

n
u
t
s

(
g
)

Mass of nut-and-bolt pairs (g)
Mass of nut-and-bolt pairs vs. Mass of nuts
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
M
a
s
s

o
f

N
a
2
C
O
3

(
g
)

Mass of Precipitate (g)
Mass of Precipitate vs. Mass of Na
2
CO
3
the precipitate that settled. Using the filtrate in a separate test tubes, we have conducted certain
conditions by adding Na
2
CO
3
in one tube and CaCl
2
on the other then, we noted our observations from
them.
Based from the data we have gathered, we have computed for the expected mass of precipitate in each
group. Of course it varied but we are about to verify if our expected mass would likely be 100 %
recovery or not upon drying the precipitate after a week.