Brackets:

()NormalBrackets
{}Tocontainelementsofaset(unique,ordernotconserved)
[]Tocontainelementsofalist(notunique,orderconserved)
<>Forenteringvectorsandmatrices
Valueassignment:
a:=b Assignbtoa
a:=aUnassigna

Expressions[y=]andFunctions[f(x)=]:
y:=x^2x Expression
f:=x>x^2x Function
f(3) Possibleforfunctions
Functions:
abs(x) Absolutevalue(Ormodulusforcomplexnumbers)
sqrt(x) Squareroot
exp(x) Exponential
log(x) NaturalLog
sin(x) Sine
arcsin(x) Inversesine
ifactor(x) Factorintoprimes(onlyintegers)
igcd(x,y) Greatestcommondivisor
ilcm(x,y) LeastcommonMultiple
max(x,y,z) Maximumofasequence
min(x,y,z) Minimumofasequence
binomial(x,y) BinomialcoefficientwherexistherowandyisthecolumninPascals
triangle
subs(expression1=expression2,expression3)
Substituteexpression2forallinstancesofexpression1inexpression3
f:=piecewise(condition1,expression1,condition2,expression2,lastexpression)
Forfunctionswithmultipleparts.SeePage3forbetterexplanation
factor(x^21) Factorspolynomials
normal(1/(x1)1/(x+1))
Attemptstocancelcommonfactorstogetacommondenominator(polynomials)
simplify(x) Triestosimplifyasmuchaspossible
combine(x+y) Combinesfunctionsasmuchaspossible
convert(x,y) Convertsxintotermsofy
limit(expression,variable=value,<Optionalleft/rightparameter>)
Findthelimitofexpressionasvariableapproachesvalue.(Canaskforleft
orrightlimit)
diff(expression,variable$x)
Differentiateexpressionwithrespecttovariable,xamountoftimes.
D[1$x](function)
Differentiatefunction,xamountoftimes.
implicitdiff(equation,variable1,variable2)
Implicitlydifferentiateagainstvariable1andvariable2
maximize(expression,variable=a..b)
Findmaximumofexpressionforvariablebetweenaandb(Ifsecondpartnot
giventhenglobalmaximumisfound)
minimize(expression,variable=a..b)
Similartomaximiseexceptforminimum
int(expression,variable)
Integratewithrespecttovariable(Indefiniteintegral)
int(expression,variable=a..b)
Integratewithrespecttovariablebetweenaandb(Definiteintegral)
evalf(expression)
Evaluatestheexpressiongivingdecimals
seq(f,i=m..n)
Generateasequenceforexpressionfforvariablei=mton
Packages:
Extrapackages/commandsloadedbyusing:
with(<packagename>);

evalc(expression)Evaluatecomplexnumbers
Re(expression) Getrealpart
Im(expression) Getimaginarypart
argument(expression)
Getargumentofcomplexnumber
abs(expression) Getmodulusofcomplexnumber
conjugate(expression)
Getcomplexconjugate
lhs(equation) Getlefthandsideofequation
rhs(equation) Getrighthandsideofequation
solve(expression,variable)
Obtainsexactsolution.Variableisoptionalifobvious.
map(function,set/list)
Appliesfunctiontoallelementsinsetorlist
fsolve(equation,variable,a..b)
Getapproximatesolutiontoequationforvaluesbetweenaandb
plot(expression,variable=min..max,rangemin..rangemax,<discont=true>)
Plotsexpressionbetweenminandmaxwithinrangeminandrangemax.Min/max
nadrangeareoptional.Usediscont=trueonlyifexpressionisnot
continuous.
plot([function1(t),function2(t),t=a..b])
Plottwoparametricfunctionsoftfortbetweenaandb
plot([[x
1
,y
1
],[x
2
,y
2
],[x
3
,y
3
],[x
4
,y
4
]],style=point)
Plotspoints.(Pointsgivenasalistoflists)
with(plots)
Loadplotspackage(forpolarplotandimplicitplotfunctions)
polarplot(f(theta),theta=a..b)
Polarplotfunctionofthetabetweenaandb
implicitplot(expression,variable1=a..b,variable2=c..d,<scaling=constrained>)
Implicitlyplotexpressionforvariable1betweenaandbandforvariable2
betweencandd.Optionalscalingparameter.
Option:scaling=constrainedForcesbothaxistousesamescale.
v1:=<a,b,c> Createsacolumnvector(commasusedtoseparatevalues)
v2:=<a|b|c> Createsarowvector(pipe|usedtoseparatevalues)
M1:=<v1|v1> Createsamatrixwith2columns,3rows.
v1[n] Extractsthenthvaluefromv1.
NcanalsobealistofnumbersE.g.[3..6,8,1]
M1[r,c] Extractsthevalueintherthrowandcthcolumn.
Usenegativevaluestocountfromthebottom/right
with(LinearAlgebra)
LoadsLinearAlgebrapackage(forallfunctionsafterthis)
SubMatrix(M,r
1
..r
2
,c
1
..c
2
)
Getsthematrixbetweenr
1
,r
2
,c
1
&c
2
frommatrixM.
Row(M,a) ExtractstheathrowfrommatrixM.
Column(M,b) ExtractsthebthcolumnfrommatrixM.
IdentityMatrix(n)CreateanidentityMatrixnbynsize.
DiagonalMatrix([a,b,c])
Createadiagonalmatrixofcorrectsizewitha,b,cetcdownthediagonal.
<A|b> AugmentMatrixAbyVectorbtogive(A|b)
RowOperation(A,[r1,r2])
Swaprowsr1andr2inA
RowOperation(A,r,m)
MultiplyrowrofAbythevalueofm
RowOperation(A,[r1,r2],m)
Addmtimesrowr2tor1inA,sonewr1=oldr1+r2*m(NoteOrder)
GaussianElimination(A)
GivestherowechelonformofA

Piecewise:

ReducedRowEchelonForm(A)
GivesthefullyreducedformofA
BackwardSubstitute(W)
DoesbacksubstitutiononaMatrixWinechelonform,whereWhasbeen
derivedfromanaugmentedMatrix(A|b)
LinearSolve(A,b) SolvesAx=b