Lathe2 Page2

Dr.AmrShehata Fayed

The

apron

attached

to

the

front

of

the

carriage,

holdsmostofthecontrollevers.Theseincludethe

levers,

which

engage

and

reverse

the

feed

lengthwise

(Zaxis)

or

crosswise

(Xaxis)

and

the

leverwhichengagesthethreadinggears.

The

apron

is

fastened

to

the

saddle,

houses

the

gears

and

mechanisms

required

to

move

the

carriageandcrossslideautomatically.

The

apron

hand

wheel

can

be

turned

manually

to

move

the

carriage

along

the

Lathe

bed.

This

hand

wheelisconnectedtoagearthatmeshesinarack

fastenedtotheLathebed.

The

automatic

feed

lever

engages

a

clutch

that

providestheautomaticfeedtothecarriage
Apron
Lathe2 Page3
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed

Apron

mechanism

is

used

for

transferring

rotary

motion

of

the

feedrod

andtheleadscrew

intofeedmotionofthecarriage.

Both

automatic

longitudinal

and

crossfeed

can

be

provided

to

thecarriagebygearsandclutchengagements.

Themechanismissodesignedthatwhenthehalfnut

isengaged

with

the

leadscrew,

the

automatic

feed

motion

from

the

feed

rod

isdisconnected.

There

is

an

interlocking

device

when

prevents

simultaneous

engagement

of

the

carriage

with

the

feedshaft

and

leadscrew

andsavesthemachinefromanyprobabledamage.

Thisarrangementoftheaproniscalledfoolproofmechanism.
ApronMechanism
Lathe2 Page4
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed

Thefeedrodisalongshaftthathasakeyway.

The

power

is

transmitted

from

the

lathe

spindle

to

the

apron

gearsthroughafeedrodviaalargenumberofgears.

The

feedrod

is

used

to

move

the

carriage

or

crossslide

for

turning,facing

andallotheroperationsexceptthread

cutting.
Feedrod
Lathe2 Page5
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed

The

leadscrew

is

powered

by

gears

from

the

head

stock

and

is

usedforprovidingspecificaccuratemechanizedmovementtothe

carriage

forcuttingthreadsontheworkpiece.

Theleadscrewhasadefinitepitch.

Asplitnut

isusedtoengagetheleadscrew

withthecarriage.

Insomelathes,theleadscrewperformsthefunctionsoffeedrod

andthereisnoseparatefeedrod.
Leadscrew
Lathe2 Page6
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed

The

half

nut

makes

the

carriage

to

engage

ordisengagewiththeleadscrew.

It

comprises

of

a

pair

of

half

nuts

capable

of

moving

in

or

out

of

mesh

with

the

lead

screw.

The

half

nut

can

be

engaged

with

the

lead

screwbymeansofaleverprovidedonthe

apron.

This

mechanism

is

called

half

nut

mechanism.

The

half

nut

or

split

nut

is

used

only

for

threadcutting.
TheHalfNutorSplitNutMechanism
Lathe2 Page7
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed

The

tool

post

is

mounted

on

the

compound

rest.

This

can

be

any

of

several

varieties

but

in

its

simplest

form

is

merely

a

slotted

cylinder,

which

can

be

moved,

left

or

right

in

the

Tslot

inthecompoundandclampedinplace.
ToolPost
It

can

also

be

rotated

so

as

to

presentthecuttertothework

at

whatever

angle

is

best

for

thejob.
Lathe2 Page8
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
Aquickchangeindexing

squareturret,whichcan

holduptofourtools
ToolPost
Atoolpostforsinglepointtools
Lathe2 Page9
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
Spindle
Spindle:
Itisthemainrotatingshaftonwhichthechuckorother

work

holding

device

is

mounted.

It

is

mounted

in

precision

bearingsandpassesthroughtheheadstock.
SpindleThroughhole:
A

dimension

indicating

the

minimum

diameter

of

the

hole

that

passes

through

the

spindle.

A

workpiece

with

a

diameter

smaller

than

this

can

pass

through

the

spindle

to

facilitateworkingonlongpiecesofwork.
Lathe2 Page10
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
LatheThreadedSpindle
LatheCamLockSpindle
Spindle
Lathe2 Page11
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
LatheSizeandCapacity

Designated

by

largest

work

diameter

that

can

be

swung

over

lathe

ways

and

generally

the

maximum

distance

betweencenters.

Manufacturedinwiderangeofsizes:

Mostcommon:9

to30

in.swingwithcapacityof16in.

to12feetbetweencenters

Typicallathe:13in.swing,6ftlongbed,36in.

Averagemetriclathe:230330mmswingandbedlength

of500

3000mm
Lathe2 Page12
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
LatheSpecifications
Thesizeofalatheisspecifiedby:
B
A

DistanceBetweenCenters(B):

The

longest

workpiece

which

can

be

held

on

centers

between

theheadstockandthetailstock.

LengthofBed(A):

Therangeofspeedsandfeeds,andthehorsepoweravailable.
Lathe2 Page13
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed

Maximumswingdiameterwithouttouchingthebed(C):

The

largest

diameter

workpiece

which

will

clear

the

bed

ofthelathe.Thecenteristheheadstockspindlecenter.

Maximumswingdiameterwithouttouchingthecrossslide(D):

Thelargestdiameterworkpiecewhichwillclearthecross

slideissometimesalsospecified.
LatheSpecifications
Thesizeofalatheisspecifiedby:
B
A
C D
Lathe2 Page14
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
LatheSizeandCapacity
Lathe2 Page15
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
LatheSizeandCapacity
Lathe2 Page16
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
LatheSizeandCapacity
Lathe2 Page17
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
Themostcommonworkholdingmethodsinthelatheare:
WorkHoldingDevices
3

or4

JawChucks
Collets
Faceplates
HeldbetweenCenters
Magneticchuck
Lathe2 Page18
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
Achuckisoneofthemostimportantdevicesforholdingand

rotatingworkpiecesinalathe.
Workpiece

of

short

length

and

large

diameter

or

of

irregular

shape

which

cannot

be

conveniently

mounted

between

centersareheldquicklyandrigidlyinachuck.
A

chuck

is

attached

to

the

lathe

spindle

by

means

of

bolts

withthebackplateorscrewedonthespindlenose.
Chucks
Lathe2 Page19
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed

Therearedifferentkindsofchucks:

Threejawselfcenteringchuck

Fourjawindependentchuck

Combinationchuck

Itisacombinationofselfcenteringandindependentchuck.

Magneticchuck

The

workpieces

are

held

in

this

chuckby

means

of

powerful

electro

magnets.

Airorhydraulicoperatedchuck

The

workpieces

are

held

in

this

chuck

by

means

of

fluid

pressure.

Colletchuck
TypesofChucks
Lathe2 Page20
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
Athreejawchuckisusedforgrippingcylindrical

workpieces

when

the

operations

to

be

performed

are

such

that

the

machined

surface

isconcentricwiththeworksurfaces.
The

jaws

have

a

series

of

teeth

that

mesh

with

spiral

grooves

on

a

circular

plate

within

the

chuck.
This

plate

can

be

rotated

by

the

key

inserted

in

the

square

socket,

resulting

in

simultaneous

radialmotionofthejaws.
Since

the

jaws

maintain

an

equal

distance

from

the

chuck

axis,

cylindrical

workpieces

are

automaticallycenteredwhengripped.
ThreeJawSelfCenteringChuck
Lathe2 Page21
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
ThreeJawSelfCenteringChuck
Lathe2 Page22
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
UsingThe3JawChuck

Openthechuckusingthechuckkey.

Placeyourworkpieceinthechuckandtighten.

Makesuretopushitinasmuchasyoucansothatitstays

centered.

TAKETHECHUCKKEYOUTBEFORESTARTINGTHELATHE.

Removingthechuck.

Lockthechuck(leverinthebackleftcorner).

TurnthechuckCCW.
Lathe2 Page23
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed

This

is

independent

chuck

generally

has

fourjaws,whichare

adjustedindividually

on

the

chuck

face

by

means

of

adjusting

screws

With

the

four

jaw

chuck,

each

jaw

can

be

adjusted

independently

by

rotation

of

the

radially

mountedthreadedscrews.

Although

accurate

mounting

of

a

workpiece

can

be

time

consuming,

a

four

jaw

chuck

is

often

necessary

for

non

cylindricalworkpieces.b
Fourjawindependentchuck
Lathe2 Page24
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed

Fourjawindependentchuck
Lathe2 Page25
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
UsingThe4JawChuck

Usedforrectangularobjects

Individuallylooseneachofthefourpiecesandplaceyour

workpieceinthechuck

Tighteneachonedown

REMOVETHECHUCKKEYBEFOREBEGINNING

Removingthechuck:

Lockthechuck(leverinthebackleftcorner)

TurnthechuckCCW
Lathe2 Page26
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
ColletChuck
Collets

are

used

when

smooth

bar

stock,

or

workpieces

that

havebeenmachinedtoagivendiameter,mustbeheldmore

accurately

than

normally

can

be

achieved

in

a

regular

three

orfourjawchuck.

Colletchuckisusedtoholdsmall
Colletchuckisusedtoholdsmall
workpieces
workpieces
Colletsarerelativelythintubularsteelbushingsthataresplit

into

three

longitudinal

segments

over

about

two

thirds

of

theirlength.
Lathe2 Page27
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
The

smooth

internal

surface

of

the

split

end

is

shaped

to

fit

thepieceofstockthatistobeheld.
Theexternalsurfaceatthesplitendisataperthatfitswithin

aninternaltaperofacolletsleeve

placedinthespindlehole.
A

c
o
l
l
e
t

m
o
u
n
t
i
n
g

a
s
s
e
m
b
l
y
ColletChuck
Splitsegments
Lathe2 Page28
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed

When

the

collet

is

pulled

inward

into

the

spindle,

by

means

of

the

draw

bar

that

engages

threads

on

the

inner

end

of

the

collet,

the

actionofthetwomatingtaperssqueezesthecolletsegmentstogether,

causingthemtogriptheworkpiece.
Acollet(a)andacolletmountingassembly(b)areshownhere.
ColletChuck
Schematicillustrationsofadrawintypecollet
The

workpiece

is

placed

in

the

collet

hole,

and

the

conical

surfaces

of

the

collet

are

forcedinwardsbypullingitwithadrawbar

intothesleeve.
Lathe2 Page29
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
Acollet(a)andacolletmountingassembly(b)areshownhere.
ColletChuck
Lathe2 Page30
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed

For

accurate

turning

operations

or

in

cases

where

the

long

work

surface

is

not

truly

cylindrical,

the

workpiece

can

be

turnedbetweencenters.

Initially

the

workpiece

has

a

conical

center

hole

drilled

at

eachendtoprovidelocationforthelathecenters.
WorkHoldingbetweenCenters
Lathe2 Page31
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
WorkHoldingbetweenCenters

Before

supporting

the

workpiece

between

the

centers

(one

intheheadstock

andoneinthetailstock),aclampingdevice

calledadog issecuredtotheworkpiece.

The

dog

is

arranged

so

that

the

tip

is

inserted

into

a

slot

in

the

drive

plate

mounted

on

the

main

spindle,

ensuring

that

theworkpiecewillrotatewiththespindle.
Lathe2 Page32
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
Lathecenterssupporttheworkpiecebetweentheheadstock

andthetailstock.
The

center

used

in

the

headstock

spindle

is

called

the

live

center.Itrotateswiththeheadstockspindle.
The

dead

center

is

located

in

the

tailstock

spindle.

This

center

usually

does

not

rotate

and

must

be

hardened

and

lubricatedtowithstandthewearoftherevolvingwork.
WorkHoldingbetweenCenters
Lathe2 Page33
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
Hardened

dead

centers

are

mounted

in

the

tailstock;

they

do

not

rotate

with

the

workpiece

andmustbelubricated.
Hardenedlive

centers

are

mounted

in

the

tailstock;

they

rotate

withtheworkpieceand

donotneedlubrication
WorkHoldingbetweenCenters
Lathe2 Page34
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed

The

workpiece

must

have

perfectly

drilled

and

countersunk

holestoreceivethecenters.

Thecentermusthavea60degreepoint.
WorkHoldingbetweenCenters
Lathe2 Page35
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
MandrelstoHoldWorkpiecesforTurning
Various

types

of

mandrels

to

hold

workpieces

for

turning. These

mandrels

usually

are

mounted

between

centers

on

a

lathe. Note

that

in

(a),

both

the

cylindrical

and

the

end

faces

of

the

workpiece

canbemachined,whereasin(b)and(c),onlythecylindricalsurfaces

canbemachined.
Lathe2 Page36
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
Faceplate
Workholdingofaworkpieceonafaceplate.
Lathe2 Page37
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
TurningBetweenCenters
Lathe2 Page38
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
CuttingToolsforLathes
Lathe2 Page39
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
ToolPositioning
Lathe2 Page40
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
LatheCuttingOperations
Turning:producestraight,conical,curved,orgroovedworkpieces
Facing: to

produce

a

flat

surface

at

the

end

of

the

part

or

for

makingfacegrooves.
Boring:toenlargeaholeorcylindricalcavitymadebyaprevious

processortoproducecircularinternalgrooves.
Drilling:toproduceaholebyfixingadrillinthetailstock
Threading:toproduceexternalorinternalthreads
Knurling:to

produce

a

regularly

shaped

roughness

on

cylindrical

surfaces
Lathe2 Page41
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
LatheCuttingOperations
Lathe2 Page42
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
LatheCuttingOperations
Lathe2 Page43
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
CenterDrilling
Lathe2 Page44
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
Now,TurningOperations

Applications:

usuallytoformroundortapercylindricalprofiles.

Workpieces:

Rotating(cuttingmotion),usuallycylindricalshape

Cutters:

singlepoint

cutter,

move

in

linear

direction

(feed

motion).

Machines:

Turningmachine,eg.Latheandturret.
Lathe2 Page45
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
DesignConsiderationsforTurningOperations

Parts

should

be

designed

so

that

can

be

fixtured

and

clamped

in

theworkholdingdevices.

Dimensional

accuracy

and

surface

finish

specified

should

be

as

wideaspossible.

Avoid

sharp

corners,

tapers,

and

major

dimensional

variations

in

thepart.

Usenearnetshapeforming.

Cutting

tools

should

be

able

to

travel

across

workpiece

without

obstruction.

Standardcuttingtools,inserts,andtoolholdersshouldbeused.

Materialsshouldbeselectedfortheirmachineability.
Lathe2 Page46
Dr.AmrShehata Fayed
GuidelinesforTurningOperations

Minimizetooloverhang

Supportworkpiecerigidly

Usemachinetoolswithhighstiffnessandhighdamping

capacity

Whentoolsbegintovibrateandchatter,modifyoneormore

oftheprocessparameters,suchastoolgeometry,cutting

speed,feedrate,depthofcut,oruseofcuttingfluid