United International University

Course Name : Communication Lab

Course Code : EEE 310
Section : B

Lab 05 : Pulse-width modulation and demodulation

Submitted BY:
Group : 03

Mahdi Abrar ID : 021 103 043

Tareq Anwer Sohan ID : 021 103 084

Md. Ashad Uz Zaman ID : 021 111 015

Abdul Hye ID : 021 111 029





Summary :
In this lab we learn, what is pulse width modulation (PWM), how to generate sawtooh
waveform using Emona telecoms trainer 101 kit, operation of the PWM using a DC analog
input voltage, PWM operation with an AC analog input signal, recovering the AC analog
input voltage & the effect of not satisfying the Nyquist sample rate.

Wave Form
Part A : Generating the sawtooh waveform

Fig : 8kHz sawtooh waveform

Part B : Verifying the operation of the PWM using a DC
analog input voltage

Fig : Analog input & 8kHz sawtooh
waveform


Fig : PWM signal & 8kHz sawtooh
waveform

Part C : PWM operation with an AC analog input signal
(a message)


Fig : Message & 8kHz sawtooh
waveform


Fig : Message & PWM signal



Part D : Recovering the AC analog input voltage




Fig : Message & Recovered message Signal



Part E : The effect of not satisfying the Nyquist sample
rate



Fig : Message & Recovered message Signal


Part B : Verifying the operation of the PWM using a DC
analog input voltage

Minimum analog voltage Maximum analog voltage
-2.7 V +2.8V

Question Answer

Part B : Verifying the operation of the PWM using a DC analog input
voltage

Question 1

What is the relationship between the analog input voltage and the mark-space ratio (that is,
the duty cycle) of the PWM output?


Answer :

PWM the produces series of pulses at only one voltage (other than zero) but with a pulse-
width that is proportional to the instantaneous analog input voltage.

When the instantaneous analog voltage is smaller than the instantaneous sawtooth voltage,
the comparators output is logic-0. And when the instantaneous analog voltage is larger
than the instantaneous sawtooth voltage, the comparator's output is logic-1. That being the
case, the comparator's output is a pulse train with a pulse-width that is a function of the size
of the voltage on the analog input.
Question 2

Why is it critical to ensure that the analog input voltage doesn't exceed the sawtooh
waveform's peak voltages?

Answer :

The duty cycle of the pulse train on comparator's output vary between minimum and
maximum analog voltage. So, it is critical to ensure that the analog input voltage doesn't
exceed the sawtooh waveform's peak voltages.


Part B : PWM operation with an AC analog input signal (a message)

Question 3

What would be the effect on the pulse-width modulator's output if the set-up was left like
this?

Answer :

We will see DC offset effect.

Question 4

In relation to the message, when is the PWM signal's mark-space ratio biggest?

Answer :

PWM the produces series of pulses at only one voltage (other than zero) but with a pulse-
width that is proportional to the instantaneous analog input voltage.

When the instantaneous analog voltage is smaller than the instantaneous sawtooth voltage,
the comparators output is logic-0. And when the instantaneous analog voltage is larger
than the instantaneous sawtooth voltage, the comparator's output is logic-1. That being the
case, the comparator's output is a pulse train with a pulse-width that is a function of the size
of the voltage on the analog input.


Question 5

Why does the mark-space ratio of the PWMs output signal become more uniform as the
size of the message is reduced?

Answer :





Part D : Recovering the AC analog input voltage

Question 6

Why doesn't the volume change when you exceed the setting you noted for Step 31?

Answer :

Because the signal is still within Nyquist Sample Rate.


Part E : The effect of not satisfying the Nyquist sample rate

Question 7

Based on what you're hearing and what you can see on the scopas display, what is the name
of the distortion of the recovered message?

Answer :


Question 8

Describe the spectral composition of Tuneable Low-pass Filter modules output.

Answer :





Discussion :
Pulse-width modulation (PWM) sometimes called pulse duration modulation (PDM). PWM is
a simple method for generating it that involves a comparator with a sawtooth waveform for
one of its inputs. Comparator consist of two input analog signal input & sawtooth
waveform. When the instantaneous analog voltage is smaller than the instantaneous
sawtooth voltage, the comparators output is logic-0. And when the instantaneous analog
voltage is larger than the instantaneous sawtooth voltage, the comparator's output is
logic-1. That being the case, the comparator's output is a pulse train with a pulse-width that
is a function of the size of the voltage on the analog input. In the lab we practically see the
effect of pulse-width modulation(PWM) & demodulation.