Anarchist experiences in Catalunya: the value of

political courage
Overall situation and interpretative approach:
We are going to focus in this text in the fact that it was no particular and clearly defined
conception of anarchist ideology in Spain but several conceptions, several guidelines that
were mixed depending on the political situation, the place where the projects were carried
out and the give-and-take between the anarchosyndicalism advices and the particular
committees that implemented the ideas that had, as well, loads of influences and sources.
It is fair to say that, in anarchist ideology, there are only some ethical and moral
orientations or, at best, ethical rules that should be respected in order to find the way to
create a free society. hat happens mainly because anarchism tends to take account
above all, the particular, a priori undefined, historic and social background where the
actions take place, which is contrary to the historicist reductionism of !arxian theories of
that period. hat will allow us to understand that the feedback between anarchist ideology
and social revolution is constant and is the basic solid core of epistemic and ethical value
of anarchism. "ut that also may bring some conflicts between the anarchist theories and
its #proper$ implementation and it was one of the most conflictive tasks to solve during the
collectivi%ation procedures. In anarchism theori%ation it seems to be an eternal problem
the relation between the degree of acclimatisation that may be necessary for the workers
to think with full awareness of the political potency of their context, guaranteed by
education, and the spontaneous will of rearranging as soon as possible the economic and
material conditions on which the workers need to manage to survive. It remains being a
matter of discussion but in order to do justice with the revolutionary successes occurred in
&atalunya and other parts of Spain we should accept that this discussion is more a matter
of which kind of tactic the writers and elders preferred to be implement more than a real
dilemma or irreconcilable differences as strategies. "y this I wish to state that the conflict
between anarchists was more a tactical discussion under the guise of strategic problem.
'n one hand t would make no sense to discuss if the methodology taken by &( was or
not the right one in terms of class struggle within the arguments of multifaceted anarchist
theories but within its own sources that were mainly "akunian and )ropotkian, but in the
other hand we should consider that some important "akunin*s books where not translated
or used, unfortunately the ones which would applied to have clarified the need of a shared
military discipline and to focus on the peasant +uestion. It was +uite common specially in
,-./-,-.. and at the first days of the coup that the particular committees 0eaving aside
such basic discussions as is the +uestion of hierarchy and dirigism, they fell into an illusory
play of forces and ended up collaborating with a 1epublic government that was not only in
its worst moment to make the right decisions but they had previously betrayed the people
with laws and decrees clearly antisocial. If they had taken "akunin2s writings about the
hori%ontality of trade union power more seriously possibly have been more cautious. It was
not a charming error but it has also its political and social reasons. he &( head+uarter
had no idea about how to organi%e or let go on its own such an enormous rank that in a
great extent was #not yet$ politically conscious as the &( elders want them to be in order
to built a solid revolution, and in fact the acceleration of events caught by surprise the most
of the &( organi%ation apart from the cutting edge catalunyan &( that was also fighting
the reactionary policies of 31&.
In any case is crucial to remark that the &( head+uarter had its own drift due to the
obvious lack of competence while trying to take over the situation in the first rash attempts
to reach libertarian communism around ,-.. and after while they showed lack of
confidence in particular committees actions in &atalunya, creating a sense of confusion
and contradiction between real life happenings and guidelines that some elders wanted to
transmit. 4robably that happened mainly because of internal tensions within conceptions
that we can roughly separate in treintistas and faistas. 5owever, that internal tensions
affected more the &(-67I direction and its connexion with the social base, and not so
much with the particular bases that in fact developed all the ways of understanding
anarchism based over simple principles received through numerous texts of clear reading
on future revolutionary society, being one of the most famous Isaac 4uente*s 0ibertarian
communism published in ,-.. or other propaganda that was read out or spoke in rallies
due to the large number of illiterates was in the ranks. 7mong all the newspaper the 67I*s
oriented Tierra y Libertad was one of the most influential and pamphlets and brochures the
most common way to introduce the anarchist theories. We cannot forget one key element,
the former communal practices that were not forgotten among those rural people who had
been cast out from their productive lands by individuals or the state, so the libertarian
communism concept was almost enough to start convincing them and )ropotkin books as
The conquest of Bread$ or Fields, factories, workshops were extremely popular among
the members of any anarchist organi%ation, not that much "akunin*s thoughts. We could
understand that the most complex ideas of anarchist thinkers failed to reach the common
rank but the ironic fact was that base members had much more practicality and launched
forms of organi%ation and collaboration that were much closer to the basic ideas of
anarchism rather than the guidelines of notables who erred on the side of caution in many
cases of over-centrali%ation and bureaucracy. 8ndoubtedly, anarchism is not a closed
political method but its ideological foundation warns us about the dangers of centrali%ation
or even entrism that was carried out by anarchist collaborators eventually.
Is fundamental to understand how anarchism works to reali%e that it has not a definitive
model and much less in the level of print media. 'f course we can get out of it a lot of
ideas or inspiring examples but even when comparing historic events that moved closer
the social reality to utopia, we should not take them as perfect examples. 5owever, it is
also essential that the trial and error does not standardi%e and keep in mind that the
Spanish practices were among the first to claim such massive approaches without clearly
exploitable sources of inspiration. It is for this reason that the treintistas and another parts
of the collective used to plan programs were sometimes inappropriate to that present
moment due to the insufficient communication at regional level to carry them out. We do
not mean by this that spontaneity is key to reach social revolution but is better to accept
that the every social contract works better if the orientations and basis are just part of the
ethic background that anarchism provides rather than in complex economic strategies that
could fail as it happens when Spain was divided in two sides, and then the rest of laws or
contracts should be done and built working jointly and hori%ontally. 9et, the main conflict
was not in the field of ethics but in the economy where some writers as :iego 7bad de
Santill;n thought that localism and autarchy was an anachronism and tried to spread the
idea of economic coordination that should had work in "arcelona factories and
industriali%ed area but in fact that coordination was one those things that started too late
and within the physical barrier of operate in a divided country. 7nother source of debate,
although +uite accepted among members, was the use of terrorism or the legitimate scope
of direct action to achieve revolutionary goals. 5ere is somewhat absurd to think that the
pistolerismo was far from being less justified than self-defense, in a time in which many
affiliates or rebels were murdered with impunity by the economic mafia or repressed by the
state police of the 1epublic and 31& government and where some unemployed were
legally considered as scum and persecuted for it. 5aving weathered this concept the
passage of time and having been constituted as an organi%ational axis in anarchist
practice, we will take the term self management to explain the events of "arcelona and
7sc< in connection with anarchists fundamentals and with the concept used then=
#totalitarian revolution$ that we would today call holistic.
Barcelona and Asc revolutionary practices:
3ven if "arcelona had much more fame due the si%e and variety in the sei%ure that the
workers did, we can not forget that all over the Spanish 1epublic were about />>>
collectivi%ed villages that work out as projects and some of them really successful on what
the whole social revolution wanted to become. We should remark as well a fact that was
more likely to happen in factories and business than in rural collectivities, the problem
about egoism and what was critici%ed as worker*s neocapitalism, a kind of unfair way of
competence, and it was also a common occurrence that the salaries were not e+uivalent
as it was set at the beginning. o sum up the main problems that self management had in
&atalunya we state that=
, he central government did not accept the sei%ure or collectivi%ations as legal and tried
to put an end to them to the point of killing participants.
/ 3xcept for :urruti and some other elders, the board of &( did not defend seriously the
most revolutionary practices and in some cases they block some movements obeying the
interest in war shared with the communists. his resulted as a poor management in other
fields apart from the war storage.
. echnical issues as for example lack of technicians who could properly do statistics and
accounting. Incommunication with other groups of society and insufficient materials to
work with due to the isolation.
? !oral or behavioral problems like people giving in due to the difficulty of the
management or because of individualistic reasons. (avel-ga%ing in some collectivi%ations.
"ut in general terms we can affirm that the collectivi%ation and sociali%ation of means of
production and the construction of a new way of life based on anarchist principles of
solidarity and mutual aid were given with complete normality, without coercion and with
respect for the losers, by including them in the creation of the &ommunity system as well.
he main point, in which the )ropotkin writings insisted, was to provide food to everyone
and then continue creating the economic conditions that would make possible the social
revolution. hey tried to reach that in several ways, in some places as 7sc< they just
worked and went to the communal warehouse to pick what they needed, in other places
was some kind of salary, with bonds or with real money that was probably one of the most
idiotic concessions made according with the communist, as everyone ended having a
worker I: card that was regulari%ed. We must avoid oversimplification when considering
the differences within rural and industrial collectivities but as a general rule it seems that
in rural collectivi%ations the ideological background was more complete in terms of taking
care not only about the work relations but the human relations as a whole and they tried to
work and live not according to the double standards that sometimes occurred due to the
collaboration of union trades with the government that was increasingly centralising. 3ven
if the connections produced within the framework of the confederation were complicated
due to government interference and constant attack from the factious, the connection
between villages assumed that the claim of e+uality and cooperation in economic terms,
and especially helping the needy ones, were fulfilled.
7nother basic structure of anarchism that was implemented impressively during that three
years of war was the education, in what might be called the first attempt towards @and
beyondA a welfare state. It happened all over Spain but specially in villages due to the
importance of education in small social enclaves where the lack of means caused less
schooling. It is true that the treatment of women was not completely egalitarian but their
involvement in society was it usually, even if this was not a common theme within
anarchism.
&ontrary to what many people think, anarchism is completely in favor of the technical and
technological developments but the fact of ensuring that it will not be any wasting
determines the restriction of the use in a +uantitative sense. "ut within the framework that
will yield both 7sco and other agricultural collectives, also in "arcelona, effectiveness and
productivity increased. In relation to the discovery of the irrational of waste we can see a
proto ecological sense in anarchism and its implementation in &atalunya and 7ragon.
!oreover, the correlation between workers, eliminating unnecessary or absolute
hierarchies and communication in all fields among workers and between areas of
production, both in the distribution and production itself, generates a social feedback
between society and science, dissipating management bodies characteristic of capitalism.
In short, the big difference between "arcelona and collectivi%ation as 7sc< is that villages
in agricultural communities the holistic sense of the social revolution became predominant
and therefore wanted the 1epublican forces dismantle these communities that could not
be controlled easily if were to win the war, the ideological character was wider or was
contradictory to the communist ideas. he words of a participant of 7sc<= "The obect of
the troops was to destroy the communities that had a re!olutionary character. "n contrast
the other communities as industrial Barcelona, as a community that had #after " was
therein$ Fli%, about & miles, it was left because had not the ideolo'ical scope of (sc).
That is to say that the ones that were destroyed were an adaptation of realities of what
had been proposed by the *r'ani+ation towards the establishment of libertarian
communism.,,- ,,&auto
Conclusion:
The attempt, sometimes grotesque, of the union leadership and the reactionary behavior of the
republic and most communist groups except the POUM, made not only anarchists could not make
the successful completion of their revolutionary processes but could suppose even the main reason
that the war was lost On the other hand we have to recogni!e that this massive effort involving
thousands of people together and fighting under equal conditions to take control of their lives and
create the conditions for better personal and social development was not in vain and not meant only
moral example for the following anarchists but also a clear sign of how far they can get ideas when
released from unnecessary formalities, social control and sets as their only limit the will of the
community and respect for fellow fighters
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F.GARCA MORIYN; P.PUCHE et al.; (uto'esti)n ayer y hoy. .%periencias y
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General del rabajo, &.&. de la &onfederaci<n General del rabajo de 7ndalucHa 0ink=
http=EEwww.cgtandalucia.orgEautogestion/>,>EI!GEpdfElibroIautogestionIweb.pdf
7. 1. :J3B '113= La sociedad rural anarquista durante la 'uerra ci!il espa/ola @/>>CA
3d. "ociedad #statal de $onmemoraciones $ulturales %#lectronic editing& 'ink(
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espaola-alejandro-die%-torre
&.37057!= 0lass, 0ulture and 0onflict in Barcelona 123241356 @/>>LA 3d. 'ondon(
)outledge
*e paso, se+alo la diferencia esencial entre un sindicato anarcosindicalista y un grupo anarquista(
la adhesi,n a un sindicato libertario depende de la voluntad de lucha en el plano de la lucha de clase
%independientemente de la ideolog-a religiosa y pol-tica& . siendo discutible la lucha de clase en no
pocos grupos anarquistas e imposible una pr/ctica religiosa ostensible as- como ideas pol-ticas de
delegaci,n constante de la capacidad cr-tica individual del poder 0 Por eso, las cr-ticas a la $1T
espa+ola deben partir de su propia l,gica anarcosindicalista %en gran parte bakuninista& y no de los
polifac2ticos postulados anarquistas
'a segunda dificultad es el desconocimiento . tantos entre la mayor-a de los anarquistas espa+oles
como a3n m/s entre los historiadores 0 del pensamiento sindical de 4akunin que no fue transmitido
como tal, sino que fue asimilado en la pr/ctica por los compa+eros espa+oles que lo vivieron a fines
del siglo 565 7dem/s, ni 8ames 9uillaume ni Max 1ettlau, grandes conocedores y difusores de
textos y libros de Miguel 4akunin %respectivamente con posturas de distanciamiento militante y de
individualismo&, se tomaron el tiempo de sinteti!ar las claves bakuninistas que usaban los
compa+eros 'oren!o, Morago, 9arc-a :i+as, etc Por fin, entre los m3ltiples traducciones al
castellano de propagandistas anarquistas destaca la ausencia de los textos fundamentales de
4akunin %los art-culos en franc2s en la prensa obrera;<=&, siendo el me>or e>emplo los cinco tomos
de texto de Miguel 4akunin traducidos por 7bad de "antill/n a fines de los ?@<A Para encontrar
una antolog-a en sinton-a con el mensa>e de 4akunin hubo que esperar la traducci,n del ruso al
ingl2s del traba>o de 9regori P Maximo
'os textos de los libros de 4akunin, con m3ltiples digresiones sobre la pol-tica europea de su 2poca,
deparan tambi2n no pocos aspectos que enca>an de lleno con la visi,n espont/nea y hori!ontal
comunicada a los militantes espa+oles( B;a prop,sito de la lucha revolucionaria en Crancia= El
escalafn y el ascenso jerrquicos no existen, de modo que el comandante de ayer puede ser
subalterno hoy en da. Ninguno se alza encima de los dems, o si se elea, es slo para recaer un
instante despu!s, como las olas del mar, regresando siempre al niel saludable de la igualdad. En
ese sistema, ya no hay de hecho poder. El poder se funde en la colectiidad, y resulta la expresin
sincera de la libertad de cada uno, la realizacin fiel y seria de la oluntad de todos" obedeciendo
cada uno porque el jefe de un da slo le manda lo que !l mismo deseaD
Otra influencia indirecta vino de 8ames 9uillaume, en su periodo de militantismo operario, con el
folleto 6d2es sur lEorganisation sociale, de ?FGH, s-ntesis del ideario bakuninista en que se inspiraron
una larga serie de militantes espa+oles para redactar numerosos textos de lectura /gil y clara sobre
la futura sociedad revolucionaria, uno de los m/s famoso #l comunismo libertario de 6saac Puente
en ?@II
#o esencial es que todos los trabajadores se unan para el fin de su liberacin econmica, despu!s,
ya dentro de la lucha y del $indicato, fcilmente comprendern cules son sus enemigos. $i el
sindicalismo, pues, iene a ser el momento consciente y mental de la accin del proletariado, es
por ello que soy sindicalista. En resumen% los hechos nos demuestran que la accin realiza y crea
las concepciones del pensamiento" tengamos fuerza y enceremos" pero al contrario,
permanezcamos diididos, y seremos arrollados. ;?<=J
#s lamentable que el desconocimiento de 4akunin entre la filas de $1T de>ara de lado su evocaci,n
de la disciplina militar compartida;?K= y su enfoque de la cuesti,n campesina;?H= Pero el puntal de
la acci,n bakuninista, el recha!ar alian!as con pol-ticos y sumergirse en la organi!aci,n proletaria y
en periodo revolucionario fundir el poder Ben la colectiidad, &'( expresin sincera de la libertad
de cada uno, la realizacin fiel y seria de la oluntad de todosJ quedaron de lado $omo lo subraya
$2sar 'oren!o;?G=, la cuesti,n del poder qued, marginada y el anarcosindicalismo lo pag, con la
fisura interna entre la base y la c3pula durante la revoluci,n libertaria de ?@IH0?@I@;?F=
#l pensamiento de Lropotkin penetr, en #spa+a a trav2s del concepto de comunismo libertario %de
cada uno seg3n sus necesidades& que suplant, el colectivismo de 4akunin %de cada uno seg3n su
traba>o& porque se apoyaba en un estudio global de la sociedad 0 que sigue exacto y vigente hoy por
hoy . y de sus posibilidades tecnol,gicas desviadas hacia las minor-as olig/rquicas, pol-ticas, con
una parte para la necesaria corrupci,n y represi,n de los explotados, bases del capitalismo
"i bien la influencia de las obras de Lropotkin es indudable, no tuvo una correspondencia
abundante con espa+oles
'a parado>a de Lropotkin es el ocultamiento que 2l mismo practic, no dando a conocer sus posturas
sobre el obligatorio compromiso social anarquista con los traba>adores, el criterio de uso del
terrorismo en general;<@
#ste libro da pautas precisas( se predica la toma en el mont,n y el racionamiento %de acuerdo a la
disponibilidad de las existencias& y la puesta en com3n de las rique!as as- como el recha!o de toda
posibilidad de diferenciaci,n de salario *os prioridades resaltan una econ,mica( BNo despilfarrar
nada, organizarse de inmediato para llenar todos los acos, atender todas las necesidades,
satisfacer todas las necesidades producir, ya no para dar beneficios a nadie sino para que la
sociedad ia y se desarrolle. &...( )*an, la reolucin necesita pan+ ),ue otros se ocupen de lanzar
circulares de ersos rimbombantes+ ),ue otros se cuelguen todos los galones que sus hombros
puedan soportar+ ),ue otros finalmente hagan peroratas sobre las libertades polticas+ &...(
Nuestra tarea especfica ser la de obrar de manera tal que desde los primeros das de la
reolucin y mientras esta dure no haya un slo hombre en el territorio insurrecto a quien le falte
el panD 'a segunda es moral( Bnos parece que el pueblo, siempre enemigo de las represalias y
magnnimo, compartir el pan con todos los que hayan permanecido en su seno, ya sean
expropiadores o expropiados. $i se inspira en esta idea, la reolucin no habr perdido nada" y
cuando se reanude el trabajo, se er a los combatientes de la spera reencontrarse en el mismo
tallerJ
Lropotkin y los escritos sobre el comunismo libertario destacaban que la colectivi!aci,n era para
todos, incluso los enemigos de la v-spera #n los pueblos en autogesti,n se respetaron e integraron
las viudas, la familia de los guardias civiles y de los facciosos matados durante el golpeM pod-an
abastecerse normalmente en el almac2n de la colectividad %como en #spl3s, Teruel& #n las
ciudades, los ex patronos pod-an colaborar en la colectivi!aci,n de las empresas Nubo el famoso
Melchor )odr-gue!, delegado especial de prisiones de Madrid, que se opuso a las masacres de
presos segura o supuestamente fascistas;IO=
'a conducta y el pensamiento predicados por Lropotkin 0 y tambi2n la idea bakuninista de destruir
y reconstruir la sociedad 0 son visibles en estas citas
D#os metal-rgicos eran perfectamente capaces, seg-n su opinin &.urruti(, de poner en
condiciones y de dirigir una fbrica, exactamente como un alba/il era capaz de hacer los planos
de una casa y de construirla. Esta opinin tambi!n ala para otros dominios ;IH=
7utogestio,n y anarcosindicalismo
PgK@Todo ello hizo que lo i!"#o"e#io $ la !utua %alu!&ia
e&t#e lo &ota'le ()e*e eta'le+ !u$ "o%o o &ada %o&t#olado
"o# la 'ae, %e&etita *ue#a& %edie&do e"a%io a la !utua #e%o&%ilia%i-&
e& el %o&.#eo de /a#a.oza de !a$o de 0123. Pe#o la
e"a#a%i-& e&t#e la 'ae $ lo di#i.e&te &o *ue a'o#dada al i.ual
que ta!"o%o lo *ue la #ota%i-& de ta#ea 4aue&te de la "#5%ti%a
%e&etita+ "e#o "#o6o%ada i&6olu&ta#ia!e&te "o# la "oli%7a al
te&e# lo i&di%ato que u"li# la dete&%io&e de %o!"a8e#o.
9e he%ho+ ha'7a do e&*oque de la #e6olu%i-& $ del %o!u&i!o
li'e#ta#io e& la CNT (6:ae el a&e;o <,= el de lo &ota'le
que a"u&ta'a u&a #e6olu%i-& dede a##i'a $ %o& u&a *e%ha ele.ida
"o# ello !i!o+ el de lo a>liado de 'ae %o& la a%%i-& di#e%ta
i&!ediata %o& el >& de "#o!o6e# u& %a!'io o%ial "#o*u&do
e& el lu.a# de t#a'a)o+ e& el 'a##io o e& el "ue'lo.
P.3?A "a#ti# de la a%titude !a&i>eta e& 0123@21 $ 01AA@AB+ e
"uede dedu%i# que lo &ota'le %#e7a& e& el 6alo# de la alia&za %o&
"a#te de la 'u#.ue7a 4e i&%luo+ lue.o+ %o& la !o&a#qu7a4
"a#a o#ie&ta# $ "ote&%ia# a la CNT. U& a'u#do total+ que le
hu'ie#a ido "ate&te i hu'ie#a& #e%a"a%itado #eal!e&te o'#e lo
te;to $ la e;"e#ie&%ia de CaDu&i&+ E#o"otDi& $ de lo a&a#quita
e!i.#ado de la URFF. M5 a'u#do aG& %ua&do ha'7a& ido
teti.o de la t#ai%io&e de lo o%ialita $ i&di%alita a>&e ale!a&e
%o& el >& de liquida# a lo t#a'a)ado#e #e6olu%io&a#io
(e"a#taquita $ "a#tida#io de la a%%i-& di#e%ta,+
A "a#ti# de la a%titude !a&i>eta e& 0123@21 $ 01AA@AB+ e
"uede dedu%i# que lo &ota'le %#e7a& e& el 6alo# de la alia&za %o&
"a#te de la 'u#.ue7a 4e i&%luo+ lue.o+ %o& la !o&a#qu7a4
"a#a o#ie&ta# $ "ote&%ia# a la CNT. U& a'u#do total+ que le
hu'ie#a ido "ate&te i hu'ie#a& #e%a"a%itado #eal!e&te o'#e lo
te;to $ la e;"e#ie&%ia de CaDu&i&+ E#o"otDi& $ de lo a&a#quita
e!i.#ado de la URFF. M5 a'u#do aG& %ua&do ha'7a& ido
teti.o de la t#ai%io&e de lo o%ialita $ i&di%alita a>&e ale!a&e
%o& el >& de liquida# a lo t#a'a)ado#e #e6olu%io&a#io
(e"a#taquita $ "a#tida#io de la a%%i-& di#e%ta,+
Ha I I&te#&a%io&al $a ha'7a %o&o%ido el de'ate e&t#e %ole%ti6ita $
%o!u&ita+ :to Glti!o ote&7a& que -lo la *-#!ula Ide a %ada
u&o e.G& u "oi'ilidadeJ "od7a a##a&%a# de %ua)o la dei.ualdad
e%o&-!i%a que 6ol6e#7a a u#.i# e& el %ole%ti6i!o Ide a %ada u&o
e.G& u %a"a%idadJ. E#o"otDi& e& la Conquista del Pan+ e;"li%-
%la#7i!a!e&te la "otu#a de CaDu&i& de&u&%ia&do a Ma#; %o!o
"a#tida#io de la )e#a#qu7a de lo ala#io+ e& la Crtica al programa de
Gotha.0? Co& lo ala#io e& lo %ole%ti6o auto.etio&ado e&
E"a8a e "la&te- de &ue6o el de'ate !a#;i!o@a&a#qui!o.
Ho %e&etita de*e&d7a& e& "a#te la "otu#a de E#o"otDi&+ a'olie&do
la !o&eda e& !u%ho "ue'lo de A#a.-&. Pe#o de he%ho
ote&7a& el !a&te&i!ie&to del ala#io quit5&dole u %a#5%te# de ali%ie&te
$ de di*e#e&%iado# e&t#e lo t#a'a)ado#e. Ha %ita #e"#odu%ida
a %o&ti&ua%i-& !uet#a& el "#a.!ati!o de lo %ole%ti6ita.
KPe&5i eta'le%e# %o!o de>&iti6o ete ite!a de %o&u!o
Laue&%ia de !o&edaMN
4Eto &o e "uede "#e%ia#. 9ede lue.o que lo !5 e.u#o e que
e !odi>que al.o a 'ae de u"e#a# el ite!a. Todo lo que e ha
he%ho ha ido i&!ediata!e&te $ %o!o e&a$o. del %a#&et de "#odu%to#.0?1
00?&o de'ie&do 'u%a#e el et7!ulo de lo t#a'a)ado#e e& la "#odu%%i-&
"o# el ite!a de u&a !a$o# #et#i'u%i-& e.G& %ate.o#7a
de t#a'a)o a #ealiza#+ $a que ha$ ot#o !edio de o'te&e# del
"#odu%to# u &o#!al #e&di!ie&to
A ete %o&%e"to D#o"otDi&ia&o "e#te&e%e& lo e&a$o de ala#io
G&i%o e& 6a#ia e!"#ea de Ca#%elo&a+ que &o %o&6e&%ie#o& a
todo+ %o!o e dedu%e de la !e!o#ia del %o&.#eo de la #e.io&al
%atala&a e& *e'#e#o@!a#zo de 012O= IHa$ quie& &o "uede
de"#e&de#e de eo "#e)ui%io $ &o "uede %o&ide#a# que u&
a#quite%to o u& al'a8il "ueda .a&a# lo !i!o que u& %a!"ei&o.
Mie&t#a &o &o de"#e&da!o de eto %o&%e"to e.o7ta
&o ha'#e!o he%ho e& de>&iti6a &ada e& e&tido "#5%ti%oJ.02
El ueldo de )uti%ia e el *a!ilia#+ "o#que e la *o#!a de lle.a#
a la )uti%ia. El ueldo *a!ilia# ie!"#e e#5 u&a 6e&ta)a "a#a
todo aquello que 6e#dade#a!e&te et:& &e%eitado.03
El !ila.#o ta& e"e#ado $ e&tido "o# todo+ el )o#&al *a!ilia#.0O
Fe !a&tu6ie#o& la di"a#idade de ala#io e&t#e ho!'#e $
!u)e#e. Al.u&a de :ta "idie#o& el ala#io i.ual+ "e#o &o e
"udo lo.#a#+ a "ea# de que e& la aa!'lea hu'o !a$o#7a "a#a
a"#o'a# eta idea. Ha %oa de"e&d7a del %o&e)o de E%o&o!7a $
de la o#.a&iza%i-& i&di%al+ "ue de'7a e# u&a !edida .e&e#al
$ &o de u&a ola e!"#ea.0B 000
Pue %o'#a#a !e&o la !u)e# e#a u&a i&)uti%ia
"o#que te&ia la !i!a &e%eidade que el ho!'#e. Pe#o la
CNT ta!'i:& #e%o.7a etoJ.Q?
Gat-& He6al #e%o.e el "a#e%e# de la :"o%a =
U&a %o&quita de e&o#!e i!"o#ta&%ia *ue el de#e%ho de la !u)e#
a la 6ida+ ea& %ual *uee& u *u&%io&e o%iale. E& la !itad de la
%ole%ti6idade a.#a#ia+ el ala#io que e le at#i'u7a e#a i&*e#io# Ha .#a& %#7ti%a e que la
!u)e#e &u&%a *ue#o& %o&ide#ada
%o!o i.uale a lo ho!'#e+ "ee a al.u&o #e"#o%he de Mujeres
Libres.QQ 00Q
Re%o&o%ie&do &e%eidade %o!"le!e&ta#ia e&t#e la di6e#a %ate.o#7a
"#o*eio&ale+ "#o"u.&a!o+ i.ual!e&te+ el #e%o&o%i!ie&to
%i#%u&ta&%ialQO de la !i!a+ i 'ie& de'ie&do te&de# e& el "o#6e&i#
a 'o##a# la di*e#e&%ia #et#i'uti6a e&t#e lo t#a'a)ado#e.
Ha e;ite&%ia de la auto.eti-& e"a8ola+ e de%i#+ la !adu#ez de lo
t#a'a)ado#e+ de!ie&te la &e%eidad de u& %o&t#ol+ de et7!ulo
ta& #7.ido+ o'#e todo %ua&do %o&tata!o que e& %ai toda la
de%iio&e e%o&-!i%a $ "ol7ti%a lo di#i.e&te+ ta&to a&a#quita
%o!o !a#;ita+ %o!etie#o& e##o#e 'u#do e i&%o!"#e&i'le.
Fi la o%ializa%i-& e o"e#ada "o# el Etado+ e&to&%e &o e !5
que u& he%ho de &a%io&aliza%i-&; i o& lo i&di%ato lo que
"#odu%e& la &a%io&aliza%i-& de la #iqueza+ e de%i#+ de u *ue&te
%#eado#a+ i&duda'le!e&te+ el he%ho e i.ual a o%ializa%i-&.
&o lo et5& "o#que la e%o&o!7a de la i&dut#ia+
et#e%ha!e&te li.ada %o& la e%o&o!7a del a.#o+ e u&a ola e&
$ "a#a toda la latitude de E"a8a. "ue la dea#ti%ula%i-& de la e%o&o!7a del "a7
L...M+ !5 que a la .ue##a e& 7+ d:'ee a que e%o&-!i%a!e&te
!edia E"a8a et5 i&%o!u&i%ada %o& la ot#a !itad Hata ete !o!e&to la CNT e
6e#te'#a'a e& i&di%ato G&i%o de
#a!o+ lo que &o e&.lo'a'a a toda la a%ti6idade e%o&-!i%a= IPo#
e)e!"lo+ la #a!a del t#a&"o#te+ 00B
Ha !i!a "u)a&za la e&%o&t#a!o %o& %#e%e e& la concentracin
de los talleres y centros de trabajo (de los ferrocarriles a los barberos
de arcelona! en las ciudades y en el campo (uso de maquinaria"
creacin o e#tensin del regado" e#portacin uni$cada de agrios!"
en la solidaridad y el apoyo mutuo dentro de una %ederacin y entre
federaciones (el Consejo de &ragn" principalmente! y en la coordinacinpara
resol'er los con(ictos y aunar los esfuer)os.**+
Ha %o&e%ue&%ia l-.i%a de at#i'ui# u&a "e#6e#i-& i&he#e&te
a la 'ae (%o!o "ie&a& lo di#i.e&te %at-li%o+ lo %a"italita $
%ai todo lo !a#;ita+ %o& o i& le&i&i!o+ o'#e todo %o& lo
%a!"ei&o, *ue i&titui# la li'#eta de o'#e#o o li'#eta "#o*eio&al.
E u& ite!a de %o&t#ol de la %a"a%idad+ de la !o#al $ de
lo lu.a#e e& lo que ha t#a'a)ado u&a "e#o&a.0Q0
9e "#o&to+ a "#i&%i"io de 012O+ la do i&di%ale UGT $
CNT e!"eza#o& a de%idi#e "o# la li'#eta "#o*eio&al. P#i!e#o
*ue el %a#&et de ide&tidad %o&*ede#al e& el que de'7a a"a#e%e# Ila
i&dut#ia do&de t#a'a)a+ lu.a# de &a%i!ie&to+ *e%ha e& que
e!"ez- a t#a'a)a# e& la i&dut#ia !e&%io&adaJ.A3
Hue.o Mad#id $ Ca#%elo&a i!"uie#o& el %e#ti>%ado de t#a'a)o
a todo lo %iudada&o.AO
Ha auto.eti-& o#.a&izada dede la 'ae e dio e"o&t5&ea!e&te+
o !e)o# di%ho+ a"li%- e&e.uida la "#o"a.a&da a&a#%oi&di%alita+
e de%i#+ t#e o#ie&ta%io&e= la estadsticas (para controlar
la economa!" las nue'as t,cnicas (para la reestructuracin econmica!
y la cultura (para tener una nue'a 'isin del mundo!.
%oe;it7a e& u& !i!o "la&o= auto.etio&a# el "ue'lo+ alita#e
e& la !ili%ia+ %#ea# u&a e%uela de ti"o Fe##e# i Gua#dia $ da#
%lae o'#e a&ti%o&%e"%i-&.
Catele#5 !a&i>eta que u&a de la "#i!e#a %oa que e
ha& te&ido e& %o&ide#a%i-& e& ete "ue'lo+ ha ido la "ueta
e& !a#%ha de la e%uela+ $a que lo &i8o de ho$+ que
e#5& lo ho!'#e de !a8a&a+ de'e& e# de'ida!e&te o#ie&tado
$ edu%ado ...R1
...ada"ta# la e%uela al &i8o $ &o ete a aquella+ %o!o ha 6e&ido
o%u##ie&do L...M. Nuet#a e%uela &o &e%eita ha%e# "#o:lito
de u&a do%t#i&a &i de u& %#edo dete#!i&ado; le 'ata
ha%e# ho!'#e de la %o&di%io&e a&te e8alada $ %o& u&
*ue#te e&ti!ie&to de li'e#tad+ 0Q3
U& e)e!"lo. E;it7a& la da!a que a$uda'a& al "o'#e
'o##a%ho; el a&a#quita dee&%ade&- u&a %a!"a8a %o&t#a el
al%oholi!o. Eto e ata%a# el !al de #a7zJ.3Q
Ni el
%o!it: #e.io&al &i &adie ha e;"li%ado lo que e la !u&i%i"aliza%i-&;
$ %o!o &adie lo ha e;"li%ado+ lo %a!"ei&o &o a'e& a
que ate&e#e L...M. Ya "a- i.ual %ua&do e ha'l- de la %o&titu%i-&
de !u&i%i"io+ que &o e &o di)o %u5l e#a u I"a"elJ+ $ lo !i!o
ha "aado %o& la %o&titu%i-& de lo i&di%ato a.#7%ola.3R
Ha %ole%ti6idad &o de'e &i "uede e# ot#a %oa que el -#.a&o
e%o&-!i%o de la #e6olu%i-& $ de la &ue6a o%iedad %#eada "o#
la !i!a %u$o -#.a&o &a%e e& el e&o del i&di%ato. El i&di%ato+
%#eado# de la %ole%ti6idad+ tie&e el de'e# de %o&t#ola# a :ta
a lo e*e%to de que &o ea& !iti>%ado lo "#i&%i"io #e6olu%io&a#io
que lle.a#o& a %#ea#la $ da#le 6ida.31 0Q1
Po# lo ta&to+ la auto.eti-& *ue u&a #ealidad a%e"tada $ ada"tada
a %ada itua%i-&. El !i!o he%ho de que el .o'ie#&o de
Mad#id $ el PCE #e%u##ie#a a u& .e&e#al "a#a deha%e# la %ole%ti6iza%i-&
de A#a.-& e de!ot#ati6o de la "#o*u&da #a7%e que
te&7a la %ole%ti6iza%i-&.
Fe ha a%uado a lo %ole%ti6o de &o %ede# la tie##a de lo e;%ole%ti6ita
que 6ol67a& a la 6ida i&di6idual. 9e lo do%u!e&to
%o&ultado+ "a#e%e que+ "o# el %o&t#a#io+ hu'o u&a a!"lia
$ total li'e#tad.BO 02A
>&al!e&te+ el %o!e#%io
que !a&te&7a& 6a#ia %ole%ti6idade %o& el Etado e& lu.a# de
ha%e#lo a t#a6: de la %o!e#%ializa%i-& i&di%al.10
Ho %e&etita de 'ae $ &o "o%o u.etita $ t#a'a)ado#e
i& etiqueta "#ota.o&iza#o& la #e6olu%i-& o%ial !ie&t#a
que lo &ota'le de la CNT e alia'a& %o& lo "ol7ti%o+ a"laza&do
el %a!'io o%ial "a#a de"u: de la 6i%to#ia !ilita# (%o!o i
lo %o!'atie&te $ la e%o&o!7a *uee& a "oi'ilita# la 6i%to#ia i&
u& %a!'io o%ial i&!ediato,.
9e ea %o&*ui-&+ &a%ie#o& lo !ale&te&dido $ lo %o&Si%to
a#!ado e& el "#o"io %a!"o #e"u'li%a&o+ .ue##a %i6il "a#a
u&o $ #e6olu%i-& "a#a ot#o. 0AB
E& E"a8a+ e& %a!'io+ de *o#!a i&&e.a'le+
la et#u%tu#a de la CNT+ la *o#!a%i-& .lo'al que da'a a lo
!ilita&te+ e;"li%a la #a"idez $ la !adu#ez de la o#.a&iza%i-&
o%ial que utitu$e al #:.i!e& %a"italita. Au&que "a#e%7a 4$
"a#e%e4 i!"lita "a#a lo &ota'le %e&etita $ lo e%o&o!ita
%a"italita+O el eque!a del %o!u&i!o li'e#ta#io+ e#a u>%ie&te
($ ade!5 &o "#ete&d7a #eol6e#lo todo, "a#a %o&6e&%e# a lo
!ilita&te de u "oi'ilidade de i&i%iati6a $ de %#eati6idad. 0R0
Ho a&a#%oi&di%alita e"a8ole e 6al7a&+ a&te todo+ del
e)e!"lo $ de la *-#!ula de la I I&te#&a%io&al de que la e!a&%i"a%i-&
de lo t#a'a)ado#e de'e de e# o'#a de lo "#o"io t#a'a)ado#e.
Po# eo+ e e*o#za#o& e& 'o##a# la dei.ualdade o%iale
%#ea&do u&a %a)a %o!G& de %o!"e&a%i-& e&t#e %ole%ti6o
E& %ualquie# %ao &o e t#at- de i!"o&e# u& %o&)u&to e& el
que todo tu6ie#o& la !i!a dedi%a%i-& $ la !i!a %o&%ie&%ia.
Ta!'i:& hu'o de*e%to. Fe8alo lo "#i&%i"ale.
P#i!e#o+ e dio u& e&i!i!a!ie&to "i%ol-.i%o de %ie#to
&G!e#o de %ole%ti6o ta&to a.#7%ola %o!o i&dut#iale+ que te&d7a&
a #e"a#ti#e lo 'e&e>%io ol6id5&doe de la itua%i-& de
.ue##a $ de la o"oi%i-& a la auto.eti-&. 0R2
hu'o de>%ie&%ia a %aua de la *o#!a%i-& i&ade%uada e& el
ite!a e%ola#+ de la ":#dida de tie!"o e& %o&t#a##eta# la "#o"a.a&da
a&ti@auto.eti-&+ de la "#ei-& i&%ea&te de la .ue##a
%o& la alida %o&ti&ua de ho!'#e a lo *#e&te.
No o'ta&te+ e !a&tu6o la "#odu%%i-& a.#7%ola El !a#%o .lo'al de la auto.eti-&
de"e&di- de t#e *a%to#e=
la di#e%%i-& de CNT+ la le$e $ el #eto#&o de la 'u#.ue7a.
. Ho que e le #e"#o%ha &o e la #e&u&%ia a la di%tadu#a a&a#quita i&o
ha'e# o"tado "o# la %o&t#a##e6olu%i-&. El dile!a que e.#i!7a&=
o di%tadu#a o %ola'o#a%i-& .u'e#&a!e&tal+ e *alo. 9el "u&to
de 6ita a&a#quita la di%tadu#a $ la %ola'o#a%i-& .u'e#&a!e&tal
o& u&a %oa "a#e%ida. Y do %oa "a#e%ida &o "uede&
%o&titui# dile!a. Co&t#a##e6olu%io&a#ia e la di%tadu#a $ %o&t#a##e6olu%io&a#io
e el Etado.
CaDu&i&= L...M "a#a que &oot#o te "oda!o a%e"ta#+ &o de'e "#o!ete#=
0, u'o#di&a# dede aho#a tu i&te#ee "e#o&ale $ au& lo de
tu *a!ilia a7 %o!o tu %o&6i%%io&e $ !a&i*eta%io&e "ol7ti%a
$ #eli.ioa al i&te#: u"#e!o de &uet#a ao%ia%i-&= la
lu%ha del t#a'a)o %o&t#a el %a"ital+ de lo t#a'a)ado#e %o&t#a la
'u#.ue7a o'#e el te##e&o e%o&-!i%o; Q, &o t#a&i.i# )a!5 %o&
lo 'u#.uee "o# u& i&te#: "e#o&al; 2, &o 'u%a# )a!5 ele6a#te
i&di6idual!e&te+ -lo e& "#o6e%ho de tu "#o"ia "e#o&a
"o# e&%i!a de la !aa o'#e#a+ lo que ha#7a i&!ediata!e&te de
ti !i!o u& 'u#.u:+ u& e&e!i.o $ u& e;"lotado# del "#oleta#iado+
"ueto que toda la di*e#e&%ia e&t#e el 'u#.u: $ el t#a'a)ado#
e ea= que el "#i!e#o 'u%a u 'ie&eta# ie!"#e *ue#a de
lo %ole%ti6o $ que el e.u&do &o lo 'u%a &i lo "#ete&de %o&quita#
!5 que olida#ia!e&te %o& todo aquello que t#a'a)a&
$ o& e;"lotado "o# el %a"ital 'u#.u:; A, ie!"#e e#5 >el
a la olida#idad o'#e#a "ueto que la !7&i!a t#ai%i-& a ella e
%o&ide#ada "o# la I&te#&a%io&al %o!o el !a$o# %#i!e& $
%o!o la !a$o# i&*a!ia que u& o'#e#o "udie#a %o!ete#.L...M0A
Fi la I&te#&a%io&al "udie#a o#.a&iza#e e& Etado+ &o %o&6e#ti#7a!o+
&oot#o+ u "a#tida#io %o&6e&%ido $ a"aio&ado+
e& u e&e!i.o !5 e&%a#&izado. L...M Ha Ao%ia%i-&
I&te#&a%io&al -lo "od#5 %o&6e#ti#e e& u&a he##a!ie&ta de
e!a&%i"a%i-& "a#a la hu!a&idad+ %ua&do e ha$a e!a&%i"ado
"#i!e#o de 7 !i!a. F-lo lo e#5 %ua&do+ de)a&do de eta#
di6idida e& do .#u"o= la !a$o#7a de lo i&t#u!e&to %ie.o
$ la !i&o#7a de lo !aqui&ita a'io+ ha'#5 he%ho "e&et#a# e&
la %o&%ie&%ia $ la #eSe;i-& de %ada u&o de u !ie!'#o la
%ie&%ia+ la >loo*7a $ la "ol7ti%a del o%iali!o.0R
E lu%ha&do %o&t#a la )e#a#qu7a+ %o&t#a la e"a#a%i-& e&t#e o'#e#o
!a&uale e i&tele%tuale+ e;i.ie&do la #ota%i-& de la *u&%io&e
ad!i&it#ati6a+ la #e6o%a%i-& de lo #e"o&a'le+ %o!o e
"uede li!ita# 4eli!i&a#4 la 'u#o%#atiza%i-&+ que e ie!"#e la
a&teala de la de)a%io&e $ de la #e"#ei-&.
158 Autogestin y anarcosindicalismo en la Espaa revolucionaria Frank Mintz
0A I
E lu%ha&do %o&t#a la )e#a#qu7a+ %o&t#a la e"a#a%i-& e&t#e o'#e#o
!a&uale e i&tele%tuale+ e;i.ie&do la #ota%i-& de la *u&%io&e
ad!i&it#ati6a+ la #e6o%a%i-& de lo #e"o&a'le+ %o!o e
"uede li!ita# 4eli!i&a#4 la 'u#o%#atiza%i-&+ que e ie!"#e la
a&teala de la de)a%io&e $ de la #e"#ei-&.
Fi& "#e%ia# *e%ha+ &oot#o "#o"u.&a!o el he%ho #e6olu%io&a#io+
de"#eo%u"5&do&o de i et5'a!o o &o "#e"a#ado
"a#a ha%e# la #e6olu%i-& e i!"la&ta# el %o!u&i!o li'e#ta#io+
"o# %ua&to e&te&de!o que el "#o'le!a #e6olu%io&a#io &o e
de "#e"a#a%i-& $ 7 de 6olu&tad+ de que#e#la ha%e#+ %ua&do la
%i#%u&ta&%ia de de%o!"oi%i-& o%ial %o!o la que at#a6iea
E"a8a a'o&a& toda te&tati6a de #e6olu%i-&. LTM
E& el o#de& ideol-.i%o la FAI+ que e la e;alta%i-& del a&a#qui!o+
a"i#a a la #ealiza%i-& del %o!u&i!o li'e#ta#io. Y ta&to
e a7+ que i de"u: de he%ha la #e6olu%i-& e& E"a8a e i!"la&tae
u& #:.i!e& "a#e%ido al de Ruia o al i&di%ali!o di%tato#ial
que "#e%o&iza& Pei#-+ A#7& $ Pi8-&+ la FAI e&t#a#7a i&!ediata!e&te
e& lu%ha %o& eo ti"o de o%iedad+ &o "a#a hu&di#lo e&
u& e&tido #ea%%io&a#io+ i&o "a#a %o&e.ui# de ello la u"e#a%i-&
&e%ea#ia "a#a i!"la&ta# el %o!u&i!o li'e#ta#io.2B 012
Ha FAI que#7a imponer u ideal. No e ha dado %ue&ta de que
la !i!a a&a#qu7a+ "o# !u$ he#!oa que ea+ "e#de#7a todo u
6alo# i e "o&7a& a i!"o&e#la. Ha FAI %#e7a que 'ata'a %o& "#o%la!a#
la #e6olu%i-& o%ial "a#a que e hiciera #eal!e&te.
Aquella !e&talidad de i!"oi%i-& hizo u& da8o te##i'le. Fe
i!"uie#o& a la Co&*ede#a%i-& o#.a&i!o !i;to %o!"ueto
de !ie!'#o de la CNT $ !ie!'#o de la FAI $ %o!o e& %ai la
!a$o#7a de lo %ao+ lo !ie!'#o de la CNT e#a& ello !i!o+
!ie!'#o de la FAI o e&tuiata de la FAI i& e# !ie!'#o de
la !i!a+ la CNT a%a'- "o# te&e# o#.a&i!o !i;to que &o
e#a& &i !5 &i !e&o que Co!it: de la FAI.AQ 01O
UFue "#e%io %ie#to &G!e#o de *#a%ao (012Q+ e&e#o $
di%ie!'#e de 0122+ 012A, $ la &ue6a itua%i-& de"u: de la
ele%%io&e de 0123 "a#a que e "#odu)e#a u& a%e#%a!ie&to e&t#e
t#e&tita+ *a7ta $ el .#u"o de 9u##utiV Pe#o el !al ha'7a e%hado
#a7%e= todo 'u%a'a& a"o$o e& la %G"ula de lo i&di%ato.
Ha !a&i"ula%i-& e ha'7a %o&6e#tido e& #e.la.
Ete li'#o de"e#t- u& .#a& i&te#:+ %o!o todo lo "u'li%ado
o'#e el !i!o te!a. Ha o'#a de Ce&a#d &o lle.a'a a la !a$o#
"a#te de lo a>liado. El "a"el del *olleto ie!"#e *ue ee&%ial. Y
"o# eo la 6ii-& del %a!'io #e6olu%io&a#io a"a#e%e de*e&dida
'a)o eta *o#!a e& do auto#e+ %o& te;to ee&%iale= -l comunismo
libertario de Iaa% Pue&te (0122, $ &narco./indicalismo @
Cmo a$an)aremos la re'olucin (012Q, de Ho#a%io P#ieto.
IHo i!"o#ta&te
e a'a&do&a# Wel %o&%e"to e!"i#ita de la i!"#o6ia%i-& e& lo
!o!e&to de la #e6ueltaX e i# e*u!a&do+ "#o&to $ 'ie&+ la e;%ei6a
%o&>a&za e& la i&i%iati6a "o"ula# que &o i&*u&die#o& lo !5
"#eti.ioo "#o"a.a&dita del a&a#qui!o t#adi%io&alJ.A1
E e6ide&te que lo e&*oque de Pue&te $ de P#ieto &o tie&e&
&ada e& %o!G&. Ha CNT $a e#a e& 012Q@0122 la $u;ta"oi%i-&
de do %o&%e"to a&ta.o&ita de la #e6olu%i-&
"o"ula#= e"o&t5&ea $ ho#izo&tal 'ersus #7.ida $ 6e#ti%al. U&o
te&7a que dea"a#e%e# o e& %ao %o&t#a#io i'a& a %o!'ati#e
!utua!e&te+ %o!o "a- de he%ho e& 0123@0121.
Ha 6ii-& de Pue&te *ue #e*o#zada "o# el %ole%ti6i!o de
Cota+ que "#o&to *ue #ei6i&di%ado %o!o te-#i%o le)a&o+ aG&
%ua&do e *u&da'a e& "e&ado#e 'u#.uee $ #e*o#!ita i&
ha%e# &u&%a !e&%i-& al.u&a de lo a&a#quita.R?
E#a la 6olu&tad de u& e6ide&te %e&t#ali!o u'$a%e&te+ la &e.a%i-&
de todo lo a&5lii de CaDu&i& $ E#o"otDi& e& "#o de u&a
"eudo e>%a%ia i&di%al.
Yoa& Pei#- e;"li%a'a e& La re'olucin social y el comunismo
libertario (a#t7%ulo e%#ito e& a'#il de 0122, que dede el i&i%io
de la #e6olu%i-& lo i&di%ato de'7a& #eo#.a&iza# la "#odu%%i-&
$ la de*e&a del "a7+ %e##a&do la *#o&te#a "a#a i!"edi# la huida
de lo t:%&i%o+ %o!o e& la URFF.
Pei#- e#a !e&o ta)a&te que Ho#a%io P#ieto $ de)a'a 'ata&te
auto&o!7a a lo %ole%ti6o de 'ae. El "#o'le!a+ &u&%a "la&teado
"o# Pei#-+ e#a la i!'#i%a%i-& "oi'le de la auto&o!7a e&
la di#e%ti6a i&di%ale. 9e ah7 do le%tu#a "oi'le= la 'ae %o&
el "ode# #eal+ o la di#e%%i-& i&di%al %o& el "ode# .lo'al. Q00