SOFTWARE FOR CALCULATION

OF SAFETY FACTORS OF STRENGTH

OF INSULATION BETWEEN THE WINDINGS
AT THE EDGE OF THE WINDINGS



ENDINS


Version 01


BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THEORETICAL
PRINCIPLES OF CALCULATION METHOD

ENDINS_CM.00


















2005



Copyright 2002 OSC VIT
Alteration, duplication and distribution are prohibited.
All rights reserved.














The data comprised in the document can be altered by the authors without
preliminary notice.










OPEN STOCK COMPANY
UKRAINIAN RESEARCH, DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMER INSTITUTE
OSC VIT

11 Dnepropetrovskoye shosse
69069, Zaporozhye, Ukraine

Telephone: (0612) 52-64-91, 52-75-80
Fax: (0612) 52-74-21, 52-81-26
E-mail: postmaster@vit.zp.ua
WWW: http://www.vit.zp.ua/

















DXF is trademark of Autodesk, Inc.
Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation

All the other names mentioned in the manual, are trademarks or registered trademarks of appropri-
ate manufacturers.







ENDINS_CM.03

1 EFFECTS ON INSULATION BETWEEN THE WINDINGS AT THE EDGE OF
THE WINDINGS

The maximum effects on insulation between the windings at the edge of the wind-
ings (between the winding and the shield) shall be determined on the basis of analysis of
the effects on insulating gaps in the operating mode and at test voltages for all test
schemes and schemes of OLTC or NLTC (maximum, minimum, nominal).
The maximum effects correspond to the maximum potential difference between ca-
pacitive rings or coils of the neighbouring windings, between capacitive ring and coil of
different windings, arranged at the edge level (upper or lower) of each winding. Also
there is determined the maximum potential of the upper and the lower edge of each wind-
ing relative to the nearest earthed parts (yoke, metal pressing ring, electrostatic shield).
While developing a design model of the insulating gap, the effects shall be specified
in a form of potentials of capacitive rings and inner or outer turns of the coils at the
maximum operating voltage and test voltages one-hour and one-minute power fre-
quency voltage, switching and full-wave lightning impulses.


2 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND CALCULATION FORMULAE

2.1 General procedure of insulation development
As a rule, the following general procedure of insulation development is carried out:
- analysis of test schemes of insulation and determination of voltages acting on the
insulation;
- acceptance of preliminary insulation distances and construction of shielding rings,
with an account for the background experience with similar transformers (if any);
- calculation of electric field without solid insulation and acceptance of preliminary
insulation design, taking account of minimum dimensions of oil ducts in accordance with
the adopted technology;
- development of preliminary design of solid insulation (quantity and arrangement of
angle washers and other barriers) and calculation of intensities and preliminary safety
factors;
- improvement of construction of shielding elements, improvement of dimensions
and arrangement of insulating parts step-by-step, until permissible values of safety fac-
tors of strength of the oil ducts and permissible maximum intensities and intensities along
the surfaces of insulating parts are obtained;
- final calculation of electric field and safety factors at all kinds of test voltages, tak-
ing account of all accepted changes of the construction both of shielding rings and other
elements of the insulation design.
2.2 Electric strength of insulation between the windings at the edge of the winding is
determined by arrangement and configuration of electrodes, e.g., by the distance be-
tween the windings, by distances from the windings to the earthed parts (to the leg,
shield, yokes), by rounded radii of capacitive rings, dimensions of outer coils and ducts
between them; by arrangement and dimensions of insulation, e.g., by thickness of insula-
tion of capacitive rings and outer coils of the winding, quantity, rounded radii and thick-
nesses of angle washers and other barriers.
2.3 The weakest point in the oil-barrier insulation are oil ducts between the elements
of solid insulation (insulating cylinders, washers and angle washers). On the one part it is
caused by lower electric strength of transformer oil, and on the other part - by lower di-
electric permeability of oil as compared to the cellulose insulation. Because of the lower
dielectric permeability oil is subject to approximately double intensities of electric field in
comparison with electrical pressboard cylinder arranged in series. Typical values of mini-

ENDINS_CM.04

mum breakdown intensities depending on the dimension of oil duct and on kind of test
voltage are listed in Table 1.

Table 1

Oil duct l, mm E
1h
,
kV/mm

1m
,
kV/mm

si
,
kV/mm

fli
,
kV/mm
5 7.85 8.70 16.67 24.16
6 7.42 8.22 15.75 22.82
8 6.76 7.49 14.35 20.80
10 6.27 6.95 13.32 19.31
12 5.90 6.53 12.52 18.15
14 5.59 6.20 11.88 17.21
16 5.34 5.92 11.34 16.43
18 5.13 5.68 10.88 15.77
20 4.94 5.47 10.49 15.20
22 4.78 5.29 10.14 14.70
24 4.63 5.13 9.83 14.25
26 4.50 4.99 9.56 13.85
28 4.38 4.86 9.31 13.49
30 4.28 4.74 9.08 13.16


2.4 Investigations have shown, that the most important parameter responsible for
breakdown of the oil gap in the oil-barrier insulation is not an intensity in the point, but the
average intensity of electric field in oil along the field line from the surface of insulation of
one part to the surface of insulation of the neighbouring insulating part:



l
dl E
E
l
av

=
0
(1),

where E
av
- is average intensity of electric field in oil along the field line from the sur-
face of insulation of one part to the surface of insulation of the neighbouring insulating
part;
E - is the present intensity in a small section dl of the field line;
l - is the length along the field line from the surface of insulation of one part to
the surface of insulation of the neighbouring insulating part.
Table 1 comprises the intensities, corresponding to a probability of breakdown being
2-5%.
The indicated values are true for insulation in a zone of the shielded (with capacitive
ring) edge between the windings. If the capacitive ring is missing (unshielded edge of the
winding) there shall be used reduced values, obtained with a factor of 0.9.









ENDINS_CM.05

3 DESCRIPTION OF CALCULATION METHOD OF ELECTRIC STRENGTH OF
INSULATION BETWEEN THE WINDINGS AT THE EDGE OF THE WINDINGS

3.1 Analysis of the effects on insulating gap in the operating mode and at test volt-
ages for all test schemes and schemes of OLTC or NLTC (maximum, minimum, nomi-
nal). Determination of the maximum values of effects.
3.2 Construction of a design model of the insulating gap.
As a rule, design model of the insulating gap is chosen in several stages from preliminary
to the final one. In the preliminary design model there are adopted preliminary insulation
distance and preliminary insulation structure (dimensions of oil ducts near the windings,
between capacitive ring (coil) and angle washer, between angle washers, between the
other barriers, with an account for the background experience with similar transformers (if
any).
In the final design model there are adopted the insulation distance between the wind-
ings and the gap insulation structure, ensuring sufficient electric strength of insulation at
the maximum values of the effects, determined in item 3.1.
3.3 Calculation of electric field.
Calculation of electric field of the insulating gap shall be made with ELAX -2D program
at all stages of the design model change, till obtaining the final structure of insulation.
3.4 Construction of field lines in oil ducts of the design zone.
In construction of the design model in ELAX -2D program, one should point out de-
tailed construction of field lines in oil ducts of the design zone.
3.5 Calculation of safety factors of strength in oil ducts for the specified field lines at
all kinds of test voltages.
Calculated safety factors of strength shall be found in the specified places under the
data of the present software on the basis of the results of calculations of electric field with
ELAX -2D program.
Calculations shall be made by formulae:


) (
) (
1
1
1
l E
l E
K
h av
h f
h
= (2),
) (
) (
1
1
1
l E
l E
K
m av
m f
m
= (3),
) (
) (
l E
l E
K
avsi
fsi
si
= (4),
) (
) (
l E
l E
K
avfli
ffli
fli
= (5),

where K
1h,
K
1m,
K
si
, K
fli
- are calculated safety factors of strength of the oil duct at
one-hour voltage, one-minute voltage, switching impulse voltage and full-wave lightning
impulse voltage, respectively;
E
f1h
(l), E
f1m
(l), E
fsi
(l), E
ffli
(l) are minimum breakdown intensities of oil duct on the
length of field line I at one-hour voltage, one-minute voltage, switching impulse voltage
and full-wave lightning impulse voltage, respectively;
E
av1h
, E
av1m
, E
avsi
, E
avfli
- are calculated effecting intensities in oil duct on the length of
field line I at one-hour voltage, one-minute voltage, switching impulse voltage and full-
wave lightning impulse voltage, respectively.
Electric strength of insulation of the construction being calculated is considered suffi-
cient if the calculated safety factors are equal to or exceed 1.15.
In addition to calculation of safety factors of oil ducts there shall be checked the value
of the highest intensity in the point, which under the action of one-minute test voltage
shall not exceed 10 kVeff./mm, as well as the highest intensity along the surfaces of insu-
lating parts (in a design zone), which under the action of full-wave lightning impulse shall
not exceed 15 kVmax/mm on the length of field line 2-4 mm.
3.6 The results of calculations are true for the transformers, in which parameters of
insulation measured direct prior to the tests meet the requirements given below.




ENDINS_CM.06

3.6.1 Characteristics of transformer oil, taken from transformer tank before dielectric
tests, should have the values not worse than the ones below:
- U bd 70 kV;
- t at 90 0.5% max;
- Moisture content, % of mass 0.001;
- Gas content, % of volume 1.0;
- Mechanical impurities quantity of particles with size over 5m should not ex-
ceed 2000 pieces in a volume of 100 ml.
3.6.2 Insulating parts of the windings, as well as parts of the main insulation shall be
manufactured of materials free from internal partial discharges after technological treat-
ment of insulation.