Enkhtuya , B

1
. , Ubugunov, L. L
2
., Merkusheva, M. G
2
.
1
Plant Science Agricultural Research & Training Institute, P.O.Box 904, Darkhan, Mongolia
e-mail: b.enkhtuya@aud.edu.mn
2
Institute of General and Experimental Biology, SB RAS, 670047 Ulan-Ude, Sahyanovoy str., 6
Russia
e-mail: ioeb@biol.bscnet.ru, merkusheva48@mail.ru
THE PHOSPHATE PROPERTIES OF CHESTNUT SOILS
TO USING THE PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER.
Key words: Chestnut soil, Phosphorus fertilizer, phosphate properties, rock phosphate
ABSTRACT
Rapid growth in agricultural production over the last forty years has affected phosphorus
balance, one of the most significant soil properties, and thus resulting in a serious phosphorus
loss (50.7%) from the soil. Our objective was to evaluate the possibility of bringing this negative
outcome back to normal by estimating the agronomic effectiveness of three P fertilizers: single
superphosphate (SP), activated rock phosphate (AP) and raw milled rock phosphate (RMP),
studied in a field experiment on wheat grown on chestnut soil, utilizing from the rock phosphate
deposit in Northern Mongolia which is considered one of the greatest phosphorus-bearing
deposit fields in the world.
The mineral fertilizer for our comparison was single superphosphate. The soil samples
were collected from the research field before planting and after harvesting at the depths of 0-20
cm in the soil. An experimental treatment block design was selected using a simple sequential
method with four replications. The five treatments that we applied on chestnut soil consisted of a
control without P and N60K60

as a base and three sources with P: N60K60 SP60, N60K60AP60,
N60K60RMP60.
Our result shows that the available phosphorus content of chestnut soil in the surface
layer increases starting from May and decreases in August and September. Considering the
average result from our five-year research study on using phosphorus fertilizer with NK base, the
amount of available phosphorus in chestnut soil in comparison with the control treatment without
fertilizer increased by 4.5mg/kg. The available phosphorus content at the depth of 0-20cm in the
chestnut soil of thethe Northern Mongolia has increased by 6mg/kg under the influence of
superphosphate, by 11-12mg/kg under the influence of activated rock phosphate, and 3mg/kg in
the raw milled pock phosphate, however, the provision level of readily-available P increased
only under the application of activated pock phosphate fertilizer.
Based on our research efficiency of various NK-based phosphorus fertilizers in the
composition of mineral phosphate fraction and the available P content in chestnut soil, we
discovered that activated rock phosphate fertilizer is no less than single superphosphate fertilizer
in terms of degree and quality.
Introduction
Agricultural and crop scientists have made it possible toP provideing food for humanity to fulfill
their at ever-increasing needs and demands of humanity in them, particularly since the mid 20th
century, largely due thanks to the application of phosphate fertilizers. [1] The first priority
objective of fertilizer application should be not does not focus on getting maximum yields but
and to ensuringe stability of its intakereceipt there, and a fairly high level and sustaining soil
fertility to a great [extent [2]. Lack of nitrogen in the soil can be partially reduce legume crops
[3], so it is necessary to including usinguse them it as green manure and crop residues, activating
nesimbioticheskuyu on-symbiotic nitrogen fixation. But these methods can not improve the
security of mobile phosphorus and soil exchangeable potassium.
Wheat plants are most sensitive to be in a lack of phosphorus in the early stages of its
development. Iin their further stages ofuture growth, of the suspended cells and tissues , delayed
transition to reproductive phases. It is Eknownstablished [4-5] that the level of phosphorus has a
strong influence on the dehydrogenase in the roots of wheat. The water content in plants with
phosphorus deficiency is lower than with phosphate fertilizers. While improving the phosphorus
nutrition of young wheat plants, drought increases. Stress associated with the lack of phosphorus
causes a sharp decrease in tilleringtillering weakened moisture absorption, reduced chlorophyll
content in leaves. As a result, plant growth was strongly inhibited, leading to vouchers and arisen
marketable yield. This is due to the influence of phosphorus on the development of the root
system, which at the optimum level phosphorus nutrition helps develop stronger branches and
penetrates deeper into the soil, improving the uptake of nutrients and moisture by plants of
nutrients and moisture, which is especially important in arid conditions. RYarovaya wheat is
traditionally grown on chestnut soils of northern Mongolia, which have substantially lower
mobile phosphorus (51% of arable soils) and average - 38.7 [6]. At the optimum mineral
nutrition of plants, this culture exhibits a sufficiently high resistance to its cultivation in
monoculture, especially when using phosphorus fertilization [7]. However, the high cost of
fertilizers on the market does not allow producers, especially small farms, acquire tuks in
sufficient quantity. This situation isapplies not only in Mongolia, but also infor other countries
YaResheniemTo our knowledge, this problem could be solvedis to by usinge local phosphorite
deposits. Modern researchers found that phosphates can be used on all types of soils and their
effectiveness depends on the dose, fineness and techniques activating effect on the apatite lattice
phosphorite [8-14].
In Mongolia there are two major phosphoritephosphorus pools with dozens of fields, in which
the phosphorus reserves correspond to international standards. Quality phosphorite all indicates
thators of ecological safety is high, i.e. for their use it does not require special treatment for their
use. The technology is Ddeveloped technology and precluding the accumulation of waste is
precluded. However, stringent environmental requirements do not allow to carrycarrying out a
large-scale production of phosphate rock. Nevertheless, the assessment of their fertilizing
capacity isas needed for to improve crops improvement and provide mobile phosphorus soils.
Such studies have not yet been carried out, although they have great scientific significance and
practical perspective for the country's agriculture to , createing its own market of phosphorus
fertilizers.
The aim of this work is to study the effects of different forms of phosphate rock (NK in the
background NK) ) on the productivity and quality of grain of spring wheat on arable brown soil
of Nnorthern Mongolia.

Material and methods

Investigations were carried out in t 2001-2005. the experimental field of the Plant Science
Agricultural Research and Training Institute of Plant Industry and Agriculture (Darkhan,
Mongolia) in 2001 - 2005. Research objects - chestnut soil, spring wheat varieties Orkhon,
fertilizers, including different forms of phosphorite deposits with from Burenhangai, Hubusugul
Huwsgul aimag.
Chestnut soil is loamy, particle ssize distribution with a predominancepredominance of
sandy and coarse-fraction. The clay content is low. Water - physical properties of the soil are
poor. Reaction - slightly acidic soil environment, the amount of exchangeable bases is in the
arable horizon 16.2 meq/100 g, subsurface - 14.4 (Table 1). The content of humus and nitrogen is
small, and the value of C: N ratio indicates enrichment of humus nitrogen.
Phosphorite forms (in the background NK) on the productivity and quality of grain of spring
wheat on arable brown soil of northern Mongolia. Soil of study area has a very low content of
nitrate nitrogen, average - mobile phosphorus, and exchangeable potassium (by Machigin).
However, there is another estimate [cf. 16], which, in our opinion, more objective. Assessment is
based on the supply of nutrients in arable soil horizons. According to our calculations, the stocks
of nitrate nitrogen in the soil layer 0-40 cm (here considered the migratory ability of nitrates and
the possibility of pulling up the top layer) are equal to 26.8 kg / ha of available phosphorus in the
soil layer 0-20 cm - 70 and exchangeable potassium - 275.5 kg / ha, which corresponds to a very
low supply of soil nitrates and mobile phosphorus, low - exchangeable potassium. Vegetation
period of spring wheat varieties Orkhon is 70-90 days. The variety is resistant to drought,
lodging, defeat diseases and pests arevariety is resistant to drought, lodging, defeat diseases and
pests, and is of high quality with respect to a coarse grain.
It is Ccharacterized by an average protein content of grain and. R responsive to fertilizers.
In the experiment, the following industrial tuks: ammonium nitrate, a simple granulated
superphosphate and KCl. Phosphorite deposits are represented with Burenhansskogo activated
(Raf) and Syromolotov (RF) forms, with P2O5 content limonnorastvorimogo respectively 25%
and 8%.
Number biophylic elements in phosphorites,% P2O5 - 25; Na2O - 0.04; CaO - 40.6;
MgO - 2; SiO2 - 20 K2O - 1.3-1.6; S - 0,11, and microelements (mg / kg): Cu - 52, Zn - 98, Mn -
280. By concentration of these impurerity elements and phosphates have no contraindications for
the use as a fertilizer. Activation was carried out in a vibratory phosphorite (BM-3, Czech
Republic) and a planetary (Au2 150 ASC-3) 1.5 when the mills 10, 20, 30, 60 and 90 min.
Studying the effects of different forms of phosphate (in the background NK) on the productivity
of spring wheat varieties Orkhon conducted under the scheme: 1. Control; 2. N60K60 -
background; 3. Rsg60 Background +; 4. Raf60 Background +; 5. Rf60 + Background. Standard
for comparative evaluation of phosphate served superphosphate. Fertilizers were applied
annually during the spring sowing. Wheat grown perpetuating culture. The size of the plots of
1.5 m2 (1m 1.5m), the distance between plots 0.3 m Frequency 4-fold.
Sowing of wheat held annually in optimal time (in the first decade of May) drill to a depth of 6-8
cm with a seeding rate of 3.5 million germinating seeds per hectare. Vintage accounted biometric
method 1m2. During cleaning of the grain was sampled for conversion yield of 100% purity and
14% humidity as well as to determine its quality. The studies used conventional methods [17-
18]: pH in water extract (1:2.5) and nitrate nitrogen - on-Grandval Lyazhu ionometric; mobile
phosphorus - by Machigin; exchangeable potassium - by Machigin ending in flame photometer;
humus - by Tyurin; Nitrogen - Kjeldahl; exchange base - after Gedroits.
Crop structure was determined on 10 plants in the phase of wax ripeness (plant height,
productive tillering, grain content and weight of grain from the ear, 1000-grain weight, etc.),
using the standards of Mongolia. Grain protein content was studied by the method Barshteyna
gluten - by Ermakova, phosphorus - photocolorimetry on Denizhe modification Malyugina and
horseradish. Bioenergetic efficiency fertilizers calculated by the method of VG Mineeva [19].
The results were processed by statistical and dispersion methods [20]. Weather
conditions during the studies differed in the amount of precipitation during the growing season.
Driest growing season was in 2002, 124.6 mm for V-IX months at long-term averages 236 mm.
Other periods of rainfall were close to the average value. In all the years of research, there has
been a significant excess of monthly and biologically active temperatures (above 10 C).
Results and Discussion
The yield and quality of spring wheat depends on many factors: type, climatic conditions
of its cultivation, soil fertility and providing nutrients, fertilizer systems, farming. The A
significant contribution indicators include the followings such as grain content of the ear, 1000-
grain weight, number of productive stems and plant height. Different regions of the wheat yield
can be formed by various combinations of elements of yield structure [21].
Plant height. The contribution of plant height in the formation of grain crop yield manifested
indirectly through the leaf area, photosynthetic potential, graingrain content of the ear, and
weight of 1000 grains [22, 23].
Plant height of spring wheat varieties Orkhon grown on brown soil in northern Mongolia,
depended on rainfall, especially in the first half of its growing season (2002). The greatest impact
on this figure had was mineral fertilizers. Action activated phosphorite on plant height was
almost equal compared with superphosphate (in the background NK), phosphorite Syromolotov -
similar to the background of nitrogen-potassium fertilizers (Table
Productive tillering. Sort Orkhon has relatively increased productive tillering. Adding
background fertilizers increased it to 13% (Table 2). Application of phosphate fertilizers (NK
background NK) contributed to high productive tillering: RSG and Raf by 20%, Russia - 27%
compared with the control. Excess background figures were 6 and 12%. Between plant height
and productive tillering, a significant correlation were found (r = 0,268).
Grain content of the ear. Average grain content spike different varieties of spring wheat in
Eastern Siberia isAverage grain content spike different varieties of spring wheat in Eastern
Siberia are 15-25 pieces in western Transbaikalia - 17-20 [24]. Security wheat plants with
phosphorus and potassium promotes greater grain content of the ear, which is confirmed by our
data (Table 2). So if the background fertilizer increased the number of grains per earear by 11%
compared with the control, the introduction of the GRC and Raf (in the background NK)
increased it by 18% of - 13%. Between productive tillering and grain content, installed average
correlation (r = 0,421).
Grain weight per ear. Relative to the control background fertilizer increased grain weight per ear
by 17.5%, phosphorus (NKin the background NK): GRC - by 36.8%, Raf - 40.4 and Russia - by
22.8% (Table 2 ). As compared with the background, the gain was respectively 16.4%, 19.4 and
4.5%. Between the mass of grains per ear and grain content revealed a close relationship (r =
0,78).
1000 grain weight. This figure, is the structure of the harvest, usually determines the size of
gain from fertilizer application and essentially depends on the varietal characteristics and
weather conditions during grain filling and ripening. Adding superphosphate and activated
phosphorite (NK in the backgroundd NK) in the 5-year average formation contributes to
sustainable weight of 1000 grains at relatively high levels (Table 2). Between the number of
grains per ear and weight of 1000 grains installed average correlation, r = 0,521.
Grain yield. All patterns have been identified for the structural elements of the harvest, and it is
characterized by the integral index - grain yield. High values in the first year of studies are
related to the placement of a couple of wheat (Table 3). According to Tsermaa D. [7], under
rainfedrain fed conditions, the photosynthetic potential of wheat on fallow was 309 thousand
square meters. m or 4.7 kg of grain per square meter. m, which corresponds to the final yield of
17.9 q / ha of wheat in the second year of 278 thousand square meters, respectively. m or 2,6-4,3
kg of grain per square meter. m and 11.9 kg / ha. Hence, the permanent cultivation of wheat in
our experience without the use of fertilizers has limited its potential yield of 8.5 t / ha.
Adding nitrogen-potash fertilizers for spring wheat varieties Orkhon contributed receivable
allowances grain 2.4 kg / ha, which is higher than 22.6% of control. Most effective in increasing
grain yield was using superphosphate and activated phosphorite 1 kg ai which in addition to the
background obtained 4.3 and 4.5 kg of grain, whereas Syramolatau phosphorite this quantity was
1.3 kg.
Between yield and grain weight per ear correlation was r = 0,562, between yield and weight of
1000 grains - r = 0,714. Consequently, the amount of grain yield of spring wheat varieties
Orkhon is most influenced by the mass of 1000 grains.
The correlation analysis (Figure) showed an association grain yield of spring wheat with
the content of mobile phosphorus in brown soil (r = 0,79). Found that getting 15-16 t / ha of
grain of spring wheat varieties under the Orkhon northern Mongolia provided content in the soil
of 33-35 mg / kg P2O5 movable, ie phosphate fertilizer dose of 60 kg ai (in the background
N60K60) is sufficient.
The protein content. Application of phosphate fertilizers, especially superphosphate and
activated phosphorite under wheat crops contributed to the increase in grain protein content as
compared to the control, and one with the background (Table 4). The action of the phosphorite
Syromolotov on protein accumulation was negligible, especially in relation to the background.
Gluten content. According to our data (Table 4), the gluten content in wheat varieties Orkhon in
monitoring the study period differed instability 26,1-29,9%. Consequently, it can be attributed to
the average quality categories, as with grain background option. Only the introduction of
different types of phosphate fertilizers (NK background) ensures the sustainability of the grain
on the accumulation of strong wheat gluten category. Between gluten and protein revealed a
positive correlation (r = 0,74) with the equation y = 2.94 x - 8.8, where - gluten content,%; x -%
protein content.
The content of phosphorus in the grains. His lowest concentration observed in 2002, the driest.
Background fertilizer increased the amount of phosphorus in the grain by an average of 17.6%.
The use of different types of phosphate fertilizers (in the background NK) increased the content
of the element: GRC - by 55.9%, Raf - 50 and of - 35% compared with the control, relative to the
background by 32.5, 27.5 and 15%, respectively (Table 4).
Removal of phosphorus grain yield in control was 3.6 kg / ha in the background version - 5.2.
Phosphorus fertilization (in the background NK) increased takeaway: in the version with GRC
2.3 times, with Raf - 2.2 times, with Russia - by 1.75 times compared to the background.
Quality of bread. Increased protein content and gluten content directly affects the quality of
flour. According to our data (Table 4), the highest amount of grain yield and marked on the
option with the introduction of activated phosphorite (compared to NK), i.e. creating optimal
phosphorus nutrition of wheat can be adjusted manifestation of genetic potential varieties are not
only productive, but also technology. Between the protein, gluten, 1000 grain weight and volume
of bread, a close correlation, respectively r = 0,88, 0,83, 0,80; between the same indicators and
yield of bread r = 0,97, 0,91, 0,87.
Currently bioenergetic evaluation of varieties, technologies of cultivation of different crops,
some cultural practices doses of fertilizers and their combinations is becoming more common.
An important condition in the evaluation of fertilizer application is the determination of their
energy efficiency to identify and utilize energy efficientenergonezatratnyh technologies of
agricultural production [19].
Our calculations have shown (Table 5) that the production of spring wheat varieties Orkhon
chestnut soils of northern Mongolia without phosphate fertilizers was energy consuming
(bioenergetic efficiency or efficiency <1). Local phosphates in activated form are energy
efficient and are recommended for general use in the cultivation of this crop.


CONCLUSIONS

1. Adding superphosphate and activated phosphorite (compared to NK) improves the
structure of the harvest: plant height, productive tillering, grain content spike, grain
weight per ear and weight of 1000 grains, increased the content of protein, gluten-free,
phosphorus in grain and grain yield compared to the control and background. Applying
ication Syromolotov phosphorite had a positive impact on the accumulation of mostly
gluten and phosphorus in the grain.
2. Receive and eEquivalent grain yield of spring wheat varieties has been experienced on
the Orkhon chestnut soil obtained by making superphosphate and activated phosphorite
(NKin the background NK). Grain growth was 5.0 and 5.1 t / ha or 47.2 and 48.1%,
respectively, compared with the control and 2.6-2.7 t / ha (20.0 and 20.8%) versus to the
background. Action Syromolotov phosphorite was much weaker 0.8 t / ha or 6.1% ofthan
the background.
3. Established correlation between grain yield with the content of mobile phosphorus, i.e.
for sustainable crop spring wheat varieties Orkhon within 15-16 q / ha with good quality
chestnut soil should contain 33-35 mg / kg of available phosphorus, provided that the
introduction of activated phosphorite dose of 60 kg. / ha (in the background N60K60).
4. Manufacture of spring wheat varieties Orkhon chestnut soils of northern Mongolia
without making phosphate fertilizers energy consuming, the efficiency of nitrogen-
potassium fertilizer is equal to 0.70. Activated phosphorite energy efficiency was slightly
higher superphosphate, respectively 1.44 and 1.28 Efficiency, efficiency Syromolotov
phosphorite - 0.90. Consequently, activated phosphorite is full of phosphate fertilizers
and can be recommended for widespread use in agriculture of the country.