Design of hydraulic structures with two intermediate lters

M.I. Farouk, I.M. Smith

*
Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road,
Manchester M13 9PL, UK
Received 13 May 1999; received in revised form 11 February 2000; accepted 7 March 2000
Abstract
The problem of steady-state seepage ow underneath two intermediate lters located anywhere between two end cut-
os of a at oor of a hydraulic structure on a permeable soil of a nite depth has not been previously solved.
Conformal mapping has been applied in this paper to investigate the exact solution. Companion papers (M.I. Farouk,
I.M. Smith, Journal of Hydraulic Division, ASCE (2000), submitted for publication; M.I. Farouk, I.M. Smith, Pro-
ceedings of the European Geophysical Society on Millennium Conference on Earth, Planetary and Solar Systems
Sciences, Nice, France, April 2000) use numerical (nite element) techniques to study a wider range of practical
problems involving anisotropy, arbitrary geometries and so on. These solutions are subject to idealization and dis-
cretization errors and it was of great value to have the exact results presented herein for comparison purposes.
Equations for pore water pressures at key points and hydraulic exit gradient downstream of the hydraulic structure
have been derived. Since these equations are not explicit, they are calculated numerically. Results are employed to
create design charts in easy-to-use form. These charts indicate that potential heads along the entire oor and the
hydraulic exit gradient downstream of the structure are considerably decreased by the provision of two lters even with
very small length. Uplift pressures along the oor between the two lters are controlled by the location of both lters.
Potential heads along the upstream oor are controlled by the upstream lter location and potential heads downstream,
and the hydraulic exit gradient downstream by the downstream lter location. Potential heads downstream of the
second lter and the hydraulic exit gradient are decreased with decreases in depth of the permeable strata. Pore water
pressures upstream of the second lter are decreased with increases in depth of the upstream cut-o. The results clearly
indicate that the use of more than one lter in these situations is worth practical consideration. 2000 Elsevier Science
Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Hydraulic structures; Conformal mapping; Intermediate lters
1. Introduction
Hydraulic structures built on pervious strata should be stable against uplift forces and piping
phenomena. Design engineers may provide these structures with dierent features, such as inter-
mediate lters, to decrease considerably the uplift pressures. Meleshchenko [5] used conformal
mapping to study hydraulic structures which are provided with one or more drainage openings or
cracks within their aprons in two-dimensional plane. Polubarinova-Kochina [6] studied two-
dimensional seepage ow for a pipe placed directly under the base of a weir using conformal
www.elsevier.nl/locate/apm
Applied Mathematical Modelling 24 (2000) 779794
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +44-0161-275 4304; fax: +44-0161-275 4361.
E-mail address: ian.smith@man.ac.uk (I.M. Smith).
0307-904X/00/$ - see front matter 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 3 0 7 - 9 0 4 X ( 0 0 ) 0 0 0 1 7 - 2
mapping. The results have been validated in two companion papers [2,3]. Solutions by numerical
(nite element) computations have converged to the presented analytical results with very ne
meshes and the analytical results have led to practical mesh design. Secondly, the special cases of one
lter and no lter have been checked by comparison with Chawla [1] and Kumer et al. [4]. Chawla [1]
derived equations to calculate the pressure at the key points for two-dimensional seepage ow
beneath a hydraulic structure that has a at oor with two end cut-os founded on a permeable soil
of innite depth. Kumer et al. [4] derivedthe solutionfor the same problemfor nite depthalso using
conformal mapping. Until now, no solution was available to determine pore water pressures and
hydraulic exit gradients downstream of structures for seepage ow underneath two intermediate
lters located anywhere between two end cut-os of a at oor of a hydraulic structure on a
permeable soil of a nite depth. The solution has been obtained herein using conformal mapping to
calculate water pressures at key points and hydraulic exit gradient downstream of the structures.
2. The solution methodology
A oor AH of length b is considered the impervious at oor of a hydraulic structure. The
oor is drained by two intermediate lters D
1
E
1
and D
2
E
2
. The lters have lengths f
1
and f
2
,
Notation
A
b
, A
c
, A
d1
transformation parameters at points B, C and D
1
, respectively
A
d 2
, A
e1
, A
e2
transformation parameters at points D
2
, E
1
and E
2
, respectively
A
j1
, A
j2
, A
f
transformation parameters at point J
1
, J
2
and F, respectively
A
g
, A
h
transformation parameters at point G and H, respectively
b the entire length of the oor
b
1
, b
2
distance from the U.S. cut-o to the D.S. end of U.S. and D.S. lters
b
1
/
, b
2
/
distance from the U.S. cut-o to the U.S. end of U.S. and D.S. lters
d
1
, d
2
depth of the upstream and downstream cut-os
f lter length
f
1
, f
2
length of the upstream and downstream lters
H
2
, H
1
the water head upstream of the hydraulic structure and over its oor
I the hydraulic gradient
K the coecient of percolation or conductivity
M, N complex constant in the rst and second operations
q total seepage discharge per unit width normal to the direction of ow
q
1
, q
2
discharge per unit width normal to the direction of ow through upstream
and downstream lters
r, s the real and imaginary axis in the intermediate plane (t-plane)
s
o
the distance measured along the upstream line passing the point
T depth of the permeable soil
Z the physical plane or Z axis
/ the potential function (potential head)
w the stream function
h, a substitution parameters in the rst and second operation
x the complex variable representing a rectangular ow eld
r the interior angles (in radians) of the polygon in the Z-plane
780 M.I. Farouk, I.M. Smith / Appl. Math. Modelling 24 (2000) 779794
respectively, and are located at distances b
1
and b
2
, measured from the upstream end of the oor
to the downstream end of each lter. The oor has two end cut-os CB and FG. The cut-o CB of
depth d
1
is built in the upstream end of the oor, while the second of depth d
2
is established in the
downstream end of the oor. The pervious bed extends to innity on both upstream and
downstream sides of the oor. The structure is founded on a homogeneous isotropic permeable
soil of depth T and conductivity K covering an impervious stratum MM
1
. The prole is repre-
sented in the Z-plane as shown in Fig. 1(a).
For simplicity, the water head downstream of the oor can be assumed to be 0 without loss in
generality. The head upstream of the oor, measured above the zero level at the downstream side,
is taken as H
2
, whereas the head over the oor, measured from the same level, is considered as H
1
.
The upstream bed MA, both lters D
1
E
1
and D
2
E
2
, and the downstream bed HM
1
are equipo-
tential lines, where the potentials / along MA and HM
1
are )KH
2
and 0, respectively; the po-
tential at the lters is )KH
1
. The foundation proles ABCD
1
, E
1
D
2
and E
2
FGH are streamlines.
The upstream part ABCD
1
forms the inner boundary of the upstream ow, but its streamline w is
taken as 0. q
1
and q
2
are the discharges per unit width, normal to the direction of ow, q
1
draining
through the upstream lter and q
2
through the downstream one. As a result, there are two
streamlines w = q
1
and w = q
1
q
2
. Starting from somewhere at the upstream end the streamline,
Fig. 1. (a) Z-plane; (b) t-plane; (c) x-plane.
M.I. Farouk, I.M. Smith / Appl. Math. Modelling 24 (2000) 779794 781
w = q
1
, would meet the oor E
1
D
2
at some point J
1
, where it is apparently a stagnation point.
Therefore, the streamline would be divided at that point into two streamlines; one along J
1
E
1
emerging at E
1
, and the second along J
1
D
2
emerging at D
2
. The potential along the oor E
1
D
2
would be maximum at point J
1
. A second stagnation point J
2
would appear somewhere along the
foundation prole E
2
FGH, which forms the inner boundary of the downstream ow and may be
taken as streamline w = q
1
q
2
. The streamline E
2
FGH is divided into two streamlines, one along
J
2
E
2
exits at E
2
, and the second along J
2
FGH exits at H. Simultaneously, J
2
has the maximum
potential along the downstream oor E
2
FGH. The impervious layer MM
1
forms another
streamline w = q, where q represents the total discharge seeping below the foundation. The
complex potential is given by the equation x = / iw.
Fig. 1(c) shows the schematic sketch of dierent boundaries in the x-plane. The area of
complex seepage potential has quite complicated boundaries. The denition of them starts from
point A and moves clockwise. First the horizontal line AD
1
is a streamline on which w=0. Next,
the vertical line D
1
E
1
is a potential line such that / = KH
1
. Then, the streamline E
1
J
1
D
2
, where
/ = q
1
, is placed. After that, an equipotential line D
2
E
2
is laid on / = KH
1
. The streamline,
E
2
J
2
FG, w = q
1
q
2
is then bounded to the area of the complex potential before the equipotential
line HM
1
, where / = 0. Next, the lower streamline M
1
M, w = q, is located. Lastly, the potential
line MA, where / = KH
2
, closes the complex potential area.
Both the prole of the structure in the Z-plane and the complex potential in the x-plane have
been transformed into the lower half of the same semi innite t-plane, Fig. 1(b), using the Sch-
wartzChristoel transformation to obtain the solution. Therefore, the following relations are
derived:
Z = f
1
(t); x = f
2
(t):
Combining the two equations
Z = f
1
f
1
2
(x); x = f
1
f
1
2
(Z);
where Z = X iY represents the physical plane; t = r is represents the intermediate semi-in-
nite plane, and x = / iw represents the ow eld.
The possibility that point J
2
may be located anywhere along the inner side of the downstream
cut-o FG, changes slightly the prole of the complex potential, where the point F is found along
the streamline E
2
J
2
instead of J
2
H. Consequently, the place of point J
2
is moved from anywhere
along E
2
F to be anywhere along FG. On the other hand, the prole of the physical plane Z-plane
remains the same as shown in Fig. 1(a). This possibility does not cause any change in operation of
the theoretical solution. The only dierence would be in the equations used to determine the
location of the second stagnation point J
2
.
3. Theoretical solution
The theoretical solution of the problem consists of two operations. The physical model Z-plane
has been transferred to the intermediate plane t-plane in the rst operation. In the second the
complex potential x-plane has been transferred to the t-plane.
4. First operation Z =f (t)
In this operation the prole of the hydraulic structure in the Z-plane is transferred into the real
axis of the t-plane. On the t-plane points A and M
1
are placed at 0 and 1, and the points B, C, D
1
,
782 M.I. Farouk, I.M. Smith / Appl. Math. Modelling 24 (2000) 779794
E
1
, J
1
, D
2
, E
2
, J
2
, F, G and H lie at A
b
, A
c
, A
d1
, A
e1
, A
j1
, A
d2
, A
e2
, A
j2
, A
F
, A
g
and A
h
, respectively.
The SchwartzChristoel transformation is used to investigate the equations for the above pa-
rameters as follows:
dz
dt
= M(t r
i
)
(r
i
=p)1
t ( r
i1
)
(r
i1
=p)1
t ( r
i2
)
(r
i2
=p)1
: (1)
Substitution of the values of the interior angles for all points in the Z-plane in the above general
equation gives
dz
dt
= M
t A
b
( ) t A
g

t 1 ( )

t t A
c
( ) t A
f

t A
h
( )
q : (2)
This equation has been integrated in various portions of the seepage boundaries along the up-
stream cut-o, along the oor, and along the downstream cut-o.
Along upstream cut-o. Eq. (2) may be integrated along the upstream cut-o ABC. The sub-
stitution (t = A
c
( sinh)
2
) is made, where (A
c
Pt > 0), hence
Y
2M
=
Z
h
0
f
1
h ( )
f
2
h ( )
dh; (3)
where
f
1
h ( ) = A
c
sinh ( )
2

A
b

A
c
sinh ( )
2

A
g

; (4)
f
2
h ( ) = 1

A
c
sinh ( )
2

A
f
A
c
sinh ( )
2

A
h
A
c
sinh ( )
2

r
: (5)
At point C, t = A
c
; Y = 0, and h = p=2
A
2
c
Z
p=2
0
sinh ( )
4
f
2
h ( )
dh A
g
A
b
Z
p=2
0
dh
f
2
h ( )
= A
c
A
b

A
g

Z
p=2
0
sinh ( )
2
f
2
h ( )
dh: (6)
Along the oor. For integrating Eq. (2) along the horizontal oor CF (A
f
Pt > A
c
), the sub-
stitution (t = A
f
( sinh)
2
A
c
( cosh)
2
) is made, hence
X
2M
=
Z
h
0
f
3
h ( )
f
4
h ( )
dh; (7)
where
f
3
(h) = A
f
( sinh)
2

A
c
( cosh)
2
A
b

A
f
( sinh)
2

A
c
( cosh)
2
A
g

; (8)
f
4
h ( ) = 1

A
f
sinh ( )
2
A
c
cosh ( )
2

A
f
sinh ( )
2
A
c
cosh ( )
2

r

A
h
A
f
sinh ( )
2
A
c
cosh ( )
2

r
: (9)
M.I. Farouk, I.M. Smith / Appl. Math. Modelling 24 (2000) 779794 783
Along the downstream cut-o. For integrating Eq. (2) along the upstream cut-o FGH, where
(A
h
Pt > A
f
), a substitution (t = A
h
( sinh)
2
A
f
( cosh)
2
) is operated, however
Y
2M
=
Z
h
0
f
5
h ( )
f
6
h ( )
dh; (10)
where
f
5
h ( ) = A
h
sinh ( )
2

A
f
cosh ( )
2
A
b

A
h
sinh ( )
2

A
f
cosh ( )
2
A
g

; (11)
f
6
h ( ) = 1

A
h
sinh ( )
2
A
f
cosh ( )
2

A
h
sinh ( )
2

A
f
cosh ( )
2

0:5
A
h
sinh ( )
2

A
f
cosh ( )
2
A
c

0:5
: (12)
At point H, Y = 0; t = A
h
, and h = p=2
Z p
2
0
A
h
sinh ( )
2
A
f
cosh ( )
2

2
f
6
h ( )
dh A
g
A
b
Z p
2
0
dh
f
6
h ( )
= A
g

A
b

Z p
2
0
A
h
sinh ( )
2
A
f
cosh ( )
2

f
6
h ( )
dh: (13)
At point M
1
(t =1). At point M
1
, as t passes around a semicircle of small radius
(r = (t 1)e
ih
), the corresponding change in Z is ( iT), by substitution (t = re
ih1
), hence
T
2M
=
p 1 A
b
( ) 1 A
g

2

1 A
c
( ) 1 A
f

1 A
h
( )
q : (14)
The potential head at points B, C, D
1
, E
1
, D
2
, E
2
, F and G can be calculated from Eqs. (3), (7) and
(10). Therefore, the following equations can be deduced:
d
1
d
2
=
1
f h ( )
Z
sin
1
A
b
=A
c
( )
0
f
1
h ( )
f
2
h ( )
dh; (15)
b
d
2
=
1
f h ( )
Z p
2
0
f
3
h ( )
f
4
h ( )
dh; (16)
b
1
f
1
d
=
1
f h ( )
Z
sin
1
A
d1
Ac
A
f
Ac

0:5
0
f
3
h ( )
f
4
h ( )
dh; (17)
b
1
d
2
=
1
f h ( )
Z
sin
1
A
e1
Ac
A
f
Ac

0:5
0
f
3
h ( )
f
4
h ( )
dh; (18)
b
2
f
2
d
=
1
f h ( )
Z
sin
1
A
d2
Ac
A
f
Ac

0:5
0
f
3
h ( )
f
4
h ( )
dh; (19)
784 M.I. Farouk, I.M. Smith / Appl. Math. Modelling 24 (2000) 779794
b
2
d
2
=
1
f h ( )
Z
sin
1
A
e2
Ac
A
f
Ac

0:5
0
f
3
h ( )
f
4
h ( )
dh; (20)
T
d
2
=
1
f h ( )
0:5p 1 A
b
( ) 1 A
g

1 A
c
( ) 1 A
f

1 A
h
( )
q ; (21)
in which
f h ( ) =
Z
sin
1
AgA
f
A
h
A
f

0:5
0
f
5
h ( )
f
6
h ( )
dh: (22)
Eqs. (6), (13) and (15)(21) make it possible to determine the value of A
b
, A
c
, A
d1
, A
e1
, A
d2
, A
e2
,
A
f
, A
g
and A
h
. Since these equations are not explicit in transformation parameters direct solution
of these equations for the values of parameters is not suitable. These equations can, however, be
solved for physical dimensions b/d
2
, d
1
/d
2
, X/d
2
and T/d
2
for assumed A
c
, A
f
, A
h
and t.
5. Second operation x=F(t)
In this operation the ow eld in the x-plane, Fig. 1(c), is transformed to the same semi-innite
t-plane Fig. 1(b). The transformation of the polygon in the x-plane can be given using the
SchwartzChristoel transformation, which gives the aforementioned mapping as
dw
dt
= N t ( r
1
)
(a
1
=p)1
t ( r
2
)
(a
2
=p)1
t ( r
n
)
(a
n
=p)1
: (23)
Substituting the values of the interior angles for all points in the x-plane in the above general
equation gives
dw
dt
= N
t A
j1

t A
j2

t t A
d1
( ) t A
e1
( ) t A
d2
( ) t A
e2
( ) t A
h
( ) t 1 ( )
p : (24)
The integration of Eq. (24) may be divided into three zones A D
1
; E
1
D
2
, and E
2
H.
The complex potential from AD
1
. The value of t is varied between (A
d
Pt P0). For inte-
gration along AD
1
, the substitution (t = A
d1
sin
2
a) is made, hence
KH
2
/
t
= 2N
Z
sin
1 t
A
d1

0:5
0
f
1
a ( )
f
2
a ( )
da; (25)
where
f
1
a ( ) = A
d1
sina ( )
2

A
j1

A
d1
sina ( )
2

A
j2

; (26)
f
2
a ( ) =

A
d1
sina ( )
2
A
e1

A
d1
sina ( )
2
A
d2

A
d1
sina ( )
2
A
e2

r

A
d1
sina ( )
2
A
h

1 A
d1
sina ( )
2

r
: (27)
M.I. Farouk, I.M. Smith / Appl. Math. Modelling 24 (2000) 779794 785
At point D
1
; t = A
d1
; h
t
= KH
1
; and a = p=2
K H
2
( H
1
) = 2N
Z p
2
0
f
1
a ( )
f
2
a ( )
da: (28)
The complex potential from E
1
D
2
. For integration along E
1
D
2
, where (A
d2
Pt > A
e1
), the
substitution (t = A
d2
( sina)
2
A
e1
( cosa)
2
) is made, hence
/
t
KH
1
= 2N
Z
sin
1
tA
e1
A
d2
A
e1

0:5
0
f
3
a ( )
f
4
a ( )
da; (29)
where
f
3
a ( ) = A
d2
sina ( )
2

A
e1
cosa ( )
2
A
j1

A
d2
sina ( )
2

A
e1
cosa ( )
2
A
j2

; (30)
f
4
a ( ) =

A
j2
sina ( )
2
A
e1
cosa ( )
2

A
d2
sina ( )
2
A
e1
cosa ( )
2
A
d1

r

1 A
d2
sina ( )
2
A
e1
cosa ( )
2

A
d2
sina ( )
2
A
e1
cosa ( )
2
A
e2

r

A
d2
sina ( )
2
A
e1
cosa ( )
2
A
h

r
: (31)
At point D
2
; t = A
d2
; p
t
= KH
1
, and a = p=2
Z p
2
0
A
d2
sina ( )
2
A
e1
cosa ( )
2

2
f
4
a ( )
da A
j1
A
j2
Z p
2
0
da
f
4
a ( )
= A
j1

A
j2

Z p
2
0
A
d2
sina ( )
2
A
e1
cosa ( )
2
f
4
a ( )
: (32)
The complex potential from E
2
H. For integration along E
2
H (A
h
Pt > A
e2
), the substitution
(t = A
h
( sina)
2
A
e2
( cosa)
2
) is made, hence
/
t
= 2N
Z p
2
sin
1
tA
e1
A
h
A
e2

0:5
f
5
a ( )
f
6
a ( )
da; (33)
where
f
5
a ( ) = A
h
sina ( )
2

A
e2
cosa ( )
2
A
j1

A
h
sina ( )
2

A
e2
cosa ( )
2
A
j2

; (34)
f
6
a ( ) =

A
h
sina ( )
2
A
e2
cosa ( )
2

A
h
sina ( )
2
A
e2
cosa ( )
2
A
d1

r

A
h
sina ( )
2
A
e2
cosa ( )
2
A
e1

A
h
sina ( )
2
A
e2
cosa ( )
2
A
d2

r

1 A
h
sina ( )
2
A
e2
cosa ( )
2

r
: (35)
786 M.I. Farouk, I.M. Smith / Appl. Math. Modelling 24 (2000) 779794
At point E
2
, t = A
e2
; /
t
= KH
1
, and a = 0
KH
1
= 2N
Z p
2
0
f
5
a ( )
f
6
a ( )
da: (36)
Dividing Eq. (36) by Eq. (28), this may be reduced to
H
1
H
2
H
1
=
R p
2
0
(f
5
a ( )=f
6
a ( )) da
R p
2
0
(f
1
a ( )=f
2
a ( )) da
: (37)
The values of A
j1
and A
j2
can be determined from the simultaneous equations (32) and (37). Since
these equations are not explicit, a numerical method is used to compute the values of both pa-
rameters.
6. The location of stagnation points
Dierent locations of the stagnation points aect the uplift diagram. Therefore, the determi-
nation of their exact places is required. After determination of all parameters from the last two
operations, the exact locations of points J
1
and J
2
can be calculated. The following equation can
be used to determine the location of point J
1
as follows:
X
i
d
2
=
1
f (h)
Z
sin
1
A
i
Ac
A
f
Ac

0:5
0
f
3
h ( )
f
4
h ( )
dh; (38)
where i is J
1
or J
2
.
However, the coordinates of point J
1
are always (X
j1
, 0). The location of point J
2
has two
possibilities. The exact place of each is obtained in a dierent way. If A
j2
<A
f
as shown in Figs.
1((b) and (c)), J
2
is located between points E
2
and F. The coordinates of J
2
in the Z-plane are
therefore (X
j2
, 0). Eq. (38) is used to dene accurately its place. On the other hand, in practice if
A
j2
> A
f
; J
2
locates at the inner surface of the downstream cut-o FG. In this case the coordi-
nates of J
2
are (b, Y
j2
). The following equation may be used to investigate its location as:
Y
j2
d
2
=
1
f (h)
Z
sin
1
A
j
2
A
f
A
h
A
f

0:5
0
f
5
h ( )
f
6
h ( )
dh: (39)
7. Uplift pressure
To derive the general equations of the studied problem, potential heads at any point along the
base of the cut-os are divided by that at the upstream end of the oor (the water head just
upstream the hydraulic structure). Consequently, relative water pressures along the oor and cut-
os can be calculated at any point from these equations in relative form. Three equations are
required to calculate the water pressure from the upstream end of the oor A to the downstream
end H. The rst equation is derived to calculate the water pressure from A to D
1
, the second from
E
1
to D
2
and the last from E
2
to H.
M.I. Farouk, I.M. Smith / Appl. Math. Modelling 24 (2000) 779794 787
Eq. (25), after substituting the value of N from Eq. (28), can be used to determine the uplift
pressure beneath the oor upstream the rst lter ABCD
1
.
Uplift pressure underneath the oor E
1
D
2
between the lters can be determined from Eq. (29),
after substituting the value of N from Eq. (28), the following equation is obtained:
/
t
KH
2
K(H
2
H
1
)
=
R
sin
1 1
A
d1

0:5
0
(f
1
(a)=f
2
(a)) da
R
p=2
0
(f
1
(a)=f
2
(a)) da
(40)
/
t
KH
1
K(H
2
H
1
)
=
R
sin
1
tA
e1
A
d2
A
e1

0:5
0
(f
3
a ( )=f
4
a ( )) da
R p
2
0
(f
1
a ( )=f
2
a ( )) da
: (41)
Substituting the value of N from Eq. (28), Eq. (33) may be used to investigate the uplift pressure
below the oor E
2
FGH downstream of the second lter
/
t
K H
2
H
1
( )
=
R p
2
sin
1
tA
e1
A
h
A
e1

0:5
(f
5
a ( )=f
6
a ( )) da
R p
2
0
(f
1
a ( )=f
2
a ( )) da
: (42)
knowing the values of A
d1
, A
e1
, A
j1
, A
d2
, A
e2
, A
j2
, H
1
and H
2
, the uplift pressure can be deter-
mined at any point below the oor by substituting corresponding values of t in Eqs. (40)(42)
depending on whether the point is upstream of the rst lter, between lters or downstream of the
second one.
8. Exit gradient
In addition to knowing the characteristics of the uplift pressure beneath the oor of the hy-
draulic structure, it is also important to calculate the hydraulic gradient downstream of the oor
at point H. The hydraulic gradient I at any point is given by
I =
dh
ds
o
: (43)
Using the chain rule, Eq. (43) can be written as
I =
1
K
d/
ds
o
=
1
K
d/
dt
dt
dz
dz
ds
o
; (44)
where s
o
is the distance measured along the upstream line passing the point.
After the substitution of each term by its equivalent, the following equation can be obtained:
d
2
I
h
H
2
H
1
=
f
7
f
8
R
sin
1
AgA
f
A
h
A
f

0:5
0
(f
5
h ( )=f
6
h ( )) dh
R p
2
0
(f
1
a ( )=f
2
a ( )) da
; (45)
788 M.I. Farouk, I.M. Smith / Appl. Math. Modelling 24 (2000) 779794
where
f
7
= A
h

A
j1

A
h

A
j2

A
h
A
c
( ) A
h
A
f

1 A
h
( )
q
; (46)
f
8
= A
h
( A
b
) A
h

A
g

A
h
A
d1
( ) A
h
A
e1
( ) A
h
A
d2
( ) A
h
A
e2
( )
p
: (47)
9. The results
The derived equations herein may be used to deduce the uplift equations at any point and the
exit gradient downstream of hydraulic structures, for a given boundary condition. The parame-
ters, which dene any boundary condition in this study, are b, b
1
, b
2
, f
1
, f
2
, d
1
, d
2
, T, H
1
and H
2
.
Therefore, design charts covering a wide range of the parameters have been produced. Their
calculation involved the evaluation of many integrals, which were computed numerically.
These conditions have been considered. H
1
= 0; f
1
= f
2
= f ; 0:5b Pb
1
> b
/
1
; b Pb
2
> b
/
2
and b
/
2
P0:5b. Around 1300 design charts are created to cover the range of b=d
2
= 3 and
4; b
/
1
=b = 0:05 and 0:1; b
/
2
=b = 0:5 and 0:6; T=d
2
= 3 and 4 and 5 and 6, d
2
=d
1
= 1 and 2 and 3 and
4 and 5, and f/b from 0.025 to 0.125. Samples of these design charts are plotted in Figs. 2 and 46
Fig. 2. The relative potential at key and stagnatio points, the exit gradient (b
1
/
/b =0.1 and b
2
/
/b =0.60 and b/d
2
=4 and
T/d
2
=4).
M.I. Farouk, I.M. Smith / Appl. Math. Modelling 24 (2000) 779794 789
to determine the relative potential head at both key and stagnation points, and hydraulic exit
gradients. The locations of both stagnation points are obtained in Fig. 3.
10. Analysis
The pore water pressure at both lters would correspond to the release level, which is usually
assumed to be the downstream water level. Each lter intercepts some streamlines and the rest
proceed to the downstream discharge surface. Therefore, pore water pressures are rebuilt upon
the oor between the two lters and downstream of the second one. These pressures along the
entire oor are lower than those which would have developed without a lter or with only one
lter. The extent of reduction depends on length and location of each lter. These aspects are
discussed in the following paragraphs.
Eect of both lter lengths. Fig. 2 indicates that pore water pressures at key points B, C, F and
G, and both stagnation points J
1
and J
2
decrease with an increase of the both lters lengths.
Increasing the length of both lters gradually decreases rates of the reduction in pore water
pressures at both key and stagnation points. The provision of a couple of lters causes a con-
siderable decrease in pressures along the entire oor even in the case of very small lengths.
Similarly, the provision of both lters reduces signicantly the exit gradient at point H with
variable rates, which gradually decrease with increases of both lters lengths.
Eect of the upstream lter location. Fig. 4 indicates that the eect of the rst lter location
upon the pore water pressure along the entire oor could be divided into two dierent parts;
upstream of the second lter and downstream of it. Pore water pressures along the rst part
considerably decrease on the downstream side of the rst lter in locations such as the stagnation
point J
1
and signicantly increase on the upstream side of it, for example at key points B and C, as
the rst lter is moved toward the downstream side.
On the other hand, the eect of the rst lter location has a very slight eect on both the pore
water pressures along the oor downstream of the second lter and the exit gradient at point H.
The provision of a second lter eliminates the eect of the location of the rst on both of them.
As the rst lter moves toward the downstream side, the potential at point G and the exit
gradient at point H slightly decrease until, with further downstream shifting of the lter, they start
to increase slightly. Also with such a movement the potential heads at point F and J
2
slightly
decrease until a dierent limit and then the potential heads start either to be nearly constant or to
increase gradually. The limits depend on many factors for instance the location of the second
lter, the lengths of lters and the depths of the permeable strata.
Eect of the downstream lter location. It can be seen from Fig. 5 that the potential heads in
general decrease downstream of the second lter and increase upstream of it, when it is moved
toward the downstream side. The pore water pressure slightly increases at points B and C as the
second lter is shifted toward the downstream side, while the uplift pressure at point J
1
is
Fig. 3. The location of the stagnation points J
1
and J
2
(b
1
/
/b =0.05 and b
2
/
/b =0.50 and b/d
2
=4 and T/d
2
= 4).
790 M.I. Farouk, I.M. Smith / Appl. Math. Modelling 24 (2000) 779794
increased. On the other hand, the exit gradient at point H is slightly reduced, and the pore water
pressures are decreased signicantly at points F and J
2
, and slightly at point G, when the second
lter is moved away from the upstream end.
Eect of the permeable strata depth. Fig. 6 indicates that the decrease in the depth of the
pervious strata has insignicant eect at points B, C and J
1
, while it decreases the pore water
Fig. 4. The eect of the upstream lter locaiton (b/d
2
=4 and T/d
2
=4 and d
2
/d
1
=1 and b
2
/
/b =0.50).
M.I. Farouk, I.M. Smith / Appl. Math. Modelling 24 (2000) 779794 791
pressure at point J
2
, F and G. The exit gradient at point H considerably decreases with decreases
in the depths of permeable strata.
Eect of the upstream cut-o depth. A perusal of Fig. 2 indicates that pore water pressures
decrease all along the oor with increases in depth of the upstream cut-o. The pore water
pressures upstream of the second lter at point B, C and J
1
are considerably decreased with
Fig. 5. The eect of the downstream lter location (b/d
2
=4 and T/d
2
=4 and d
2
/d
1
=5 and b
1
/
/b =0.05).
792 M.I. Farouk, I.M. Smith / Appl. Math. Modelling 24 (2000) 779794
increases in depth of the upstream cut-o, while the pore water pressure downstream of the
second lter and the exit gradient are slightly decreased.
11. Conclusion
Conformal mapping has been applied to the problem of two plane intermediate lters located
anywhere between two end cut-os of the at oor of a hydraulic structure on a homogeneous
permeable soil of a nite depth. Consequently, exact solutions for both the water potentials at any
point along the entire oor and the exit gradients at any point downstream of the hydraulic
structure have been obtained. The equations of water potential heads are used to calculate the
potentials at both key and stagnation points. The exit gradient equation is used to compute the
hydraulic gradient just downstream of the hydraulic structure. Then, conformal mapping is used
to determine exact locations of both stagnation points. The results have been plotted in the form
of design curves. Provisions of two intermediate lters of even very small lengths considerably
decrease both uplift pressures along the entire prole of the structure and the exit gradient
downstream of the structure. Of course there are practical limitations to the lengths that can be
constructed. Rates of reduction for both potential heads and the exit gradient are gradually
decreased with increases in lengths of both lters.
Fig. 6. The eect of depth of permeable strata (b/d
2
=4 and d
2
/d
1
=1 and b
1
/
/b =0.05 and b
2
/
/b =0.5).
M.I. Farouk, I.M. Smith / Appl. Math. Modelling 24 (2000) 779794 793
The entire oor can be divided into three parts to discuss the eect of each lter location on
pore water pressures. The rst part is located between the upstream end of the oor and the rst
lter, the second between lters, and the third between second lter and downstream end of the
oor. The pore water pressures are increased at the rst part, deceased at the second and remain
nearly constant at the third as does the exit gradient, when the rst lter moves towards the
downstream side. Potential heads remain constant at the rst part, increase at the second and
decrease at the third part as does the hydraulic exit gradient, when the second lter shifts away
from the upstream end. Therefore, it may be advantageous to provide the rst lter close to the
gate line and the second lter around the middle of the oor depending on many factors such as
the oor length, the depth of pervious strata and depths of end cut-os.
The potential heads downstream of the second lter and the hydraulic exit gradient are de-
creased, and the potential heads along the rest of the oor almost remain constant as the depth of
the permeable layer decreases.
The pore water pressures upstream of the second lter are decreased, and the potential heads
along the rest of the oor almost remain constant, as does the hydraulic exit, gradient, when the
depth of the upstream cut-o increases. Companion papers [2,3] present results of nite element
analyses and comparisons with the cases of one or no lter. The exact results derived in this paper
enabled economic mesh design for the nite element studies and added condence in them.
Acknowledgements
This paper forms a part of the Doctoral Thesis of the rst writer under the guidance and
supervision of the second. The writers thank M.M. Elramly, Alberta University Canada, who
transferred the designed algorithm and the logic of the program to a written version using C++.
References
[1] A.S. Chawla, Stability of structures with intermediate lters, Journal of Hydraulic Division, ASCE 101 (1975).
[2] M.I. Farouk, I.M. Smith, Design of plane intermediate lters within hydraulic structures, Journal of Hydraulic
Division, ASCE (2000), submitted for publication.
[3] M.I. Farouk, I.M. Smith, Design of hydraulic structures with intermediate lters, in: Proceedings of the European
Geophysical Society on Millennium Conference on Earth, Planetary and Solar Systems Sciences, Nice, France,
April 2000.
[4] A. Kumer, B., Singh, A.S. Chawla, Design of structures with intermediate lters, Journal of Hydraulic Division,
ASCE 112 (1986).
[5] N.T. Meleshchenko, Analysis of ground water ow movement under structures equipped with drainage openings,
Isvestiia Nauchno-Issledovatel Skoge Institute Gidrotekhniki 19 (1936).
[6] P.Y. Polubarinova-Kochina, Theory of Groundwater Movement, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1962
(translated by J.M. Roger DeWiest).
794 M.I. Farouk, I.M. Smith / Appl. Math. Modelling 24 (2000) 779794