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Section A: Organisms and Life Processes
Chapter 1: Life processes
1 eight respiration excrete move reproduce stimuli internal environment
2 a) Neat clear diagram, labelling nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria
b) Minimal answers:
nucleus contains the genetic material and controls the cell activities
cytoplasm a liquid gel where many chemical reactions take place
cell membrane controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell
mitochondria provide the cell with energy through respiration
3 a) Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell sap, mitochondria, vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast
b) Cell wall made of cellulose to strengthen the cell and give it support
acuole a space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap that helps to keep the cell rigid
Chloroplasts found in the green parts of the plant! "hey contain green chlorophyll, which
absorbs light energy for photosynthesis!
c) "he plant root cell would not contain any chloroplasts because the roots are underground, don#t
get any light and don#t carry out photosynthesis, so they don#t need chlorophyll!
4 a) $mylase breaks down starch! "he evidence is that iodine no longer turns black to indicate the
presence of starch!
b) $n increase in temperature increases the speed of the reaction!
c) $s a control, to make sure that starch wouldn#t break down anyway!
d) %t wouldn#t work as well, in fact it would probably stop working completely, because a change
in p& causes a change in the shape of the active site, which affects the ability of the en'yme to
catalyse the reaction!
5 a) (lucose ) oxygen carbon dioxide ) water ) energy
b) *actic acid
c) $erobic respiration produces water and carbon dioxide as waste products, plus a lot of energy!
$naerobic respiration produces only lactic acid and less energy!
6 a) +ecause blood travels through the water by diffusion and sharks follow the diffusion gradient
b) Net movement of particles , movement of particles in movement of particles out
c) "emperature, concentration, available surface area
7 a) "here is a lower concentration of water molecules in the partially permeable membrane bag than
in the surrounding pure water! -ater moves into the bag by osmosis down a concentration
gradient! "he bag fills and water is forced up the glass tube!
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2
b) "he situation would be reversed! "here would be a higher concentration of water molecules in
the bag than in the surrounding solution! -ater would move out of the bag by osmosis into the
surrounding solution! "he level of water in the tube would drop and the bag would become
flaccid!
c) .smosis is a specialised case of diffusion! %t is the diffusion of water down a concentration
gradient through a partially permeable membrane!
8 a) Cells that are specialised and adapted to carry out particular functions in the body
b) "he number of mitochondria in a cell reflects the amount of energy needed by the cell, so a cell
with many mitochondria will tend to be a very active cell, either dividing, contracting or
producing chemicals such as hormones or en'ymes!
c) i/ $ group of cells specialised for a particular function! $ny sensible example, e!g! muscle
ii/ 0everal tissues working together to carry out a function in the body! $ny sensible example,
e!g! heart
iii/ 0everal organs working together to carry out a function in the body! $ny sensible example,
e!g! circulatory system, digestive system
d) 0uitable diagram could be as simple as
cell tissue organ organ system body
3
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Chapter 2: The variety of living organiss
1
Type of organism Example ay!s" of feeding #$lticell$lar%
anial cow eats other organiss!plants yes
plant "any plant# a$es own food yes
protoctist "any protoctist# eats other organiss or a$es
own food
soeties
Bacteriu %pro$aryote& "any 'acteriu# eats other organiss or a$es
own food
no
virus "any virus# doesn(t feed no
2 a) 1xamples:
Plants Animals
ulticellular ulticellular
cells contain chloroplasts cells do not contain chloroplasts
cells have cellulose cell walls cells can change shape
carry out photosynthesis feed on other organiss
ain car'ohydrate storage copound is starch ain car'ohydrate storage copound is glycogen
do not ove whole organis around ove whole 'ody in coordinated way
b) $ny sensible difference, e!g! plants photosynthesise, fungi do not2 plant cell walls are made of
cellulose, fungal cell walls are made of chitin2 any sensible similarity, e!g! both have cell walls!
3 a) (rouping living organisms based on similarities of structure and function
b) 3eatures that have a similar evolutionary background 4 strong similarity of structure and
function
c) ertebrates have backbones 5vertebral columns/2 invertebrates do not!
4 a) $ny sensible answer, e!g! yeast, mushroom, mould, etc!
b) 3ungi don#t contain chlorophyll, so they can#t photosynthesise! "hey contain chitin in their cells
walls, not cellulose!
c) i/ "hread6like filaments that make up the main body of a fungus
ii/ "he whole network of hyphae
iii/ "he reproductive cell of a fungus
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&
5 a)
b)
c) i/ "he hyphae secrete digestive en'ymes onto the food! "he en'ymes break the food down
into soluble molecules such as sugars, which are then absorbed by the mould! 5"hey are
known as extracellular en'ymes!/
ii/ 0aprotrophic 4 saprophytic nutrition
6 $ cell wall, + chromosome4genetic material, C flagella, 7 plasmids, 1 slime capsule,
3 genetic material, ( protein coat
7 a) +acteria 89 :m long, viruses ;!;8;!8 :m in diameter
b) +acteria feed, respire, reproduce, grow, excrete, etc! all characteristic of living organisms!
iruses only reproduce in the cells of a living host they don#t carry out any of the other
characteristics of a typical living organism!
c) +acteria can be very useful decomposition, making food, etc!, although they can also cause
disease! $ll natural viruses cause disease!