1

!"#$ &'&
()*+,)-+,. /01,2341 &
514367 +8 ) 9+:-;1-1,< !;;1-1, )7= >?;;1-1, @4376 ) A):B)7+;1-1,

Cb[ecLlve:
AL Lhe end of Lhe acLlvlLy, Lhe sLudenL should be able Lo
1. dlscuss Lhe operaLlon of a galvanomeLer
2. descrlbe Lhe operaLlon of a volLmeLer, ammeLer and galvanomeLer
3. deslgn a volLmeLer and an ammeLer uslng a galvanomeLer and reslsLors.
4. deslgn an ohmmeLer uslng reslsLors, baLLery and galvanomeLer

MaLerlals: CalvanomeLer, reslsLors, mulLlmeLer, baLLery, breadboard, connecLors, connecLlng wlres

lnsLrucLlons:

A. ueslgn of a volLmeLer

uslng a galvanomeLer wlLh a full scale readlng of 30 uA (or 300uA), deslgn a volLmeLer LhaL wlll read
3 volLs aL full deflecLlon.

1. uslng a dlglLal ohmmeLer, measure Lhe lnLernal reslsLance of Lhe analog galvanomeLer.
8ecord Lhe value.
2. SkeLch a dlagram of a clrculL wlLh a 3v baLLery supply ln serles wlLh a load reslsLor 8
L
. uraw a
volLmeLer wlLh lLs Lermlnals across Lhe reslsLor.
3. SkeLch anoLher clrculL dlagram replaclng Lhe volLmeLer wlLh a galvanomeLer.
4. CompuLe Lhe currenL passlng Lhrough Lhe galvanomeLer uslng v=3 volLs and Lhe measured
lnLernal reslsLance of Lhe galvanomeLer. Compare Lhls value Lo Lhe maxlmum currenL Lhe
galvanomeLer can allow aL maxlmum needle deflecLlon (30 or 300 uA).
noLe: CurrenL more Lhan Lhe allowed maxlmum (30 or 300 uA) wlll permanenLly damage
Lhe galvanomeLer colls. Modlfy Lhe clrculL Lo prevenL Lhls from happenlng.
3. Add a reslsLor 8
S
Lo Lhe galvanomeLer ln Lhe clrculL such LhaL a porLlon of Lhe currenL wlll
pass Lhrough Lhe galvanomeLer (equal Lo Lhe maxlmum currenL (30 or 300 uA)) whlle Lhe
resL of Lhe currenL Lhrough Lhe reslsLor. ?ou have Lo flgure ouL lf Lhls reslsLor wlll be
connecLed ln serles or parallel Lo Lhe galvanomeLer. CompuLe for Lhe value of Lhe currenL l
8

passlng Lhrough Lhls reslsLor 8
S
.
noLe: l
1C1AL
= l
C
+ l
8

6. CompuLe Lhe value of Lhe reslsLor 8
S
LhaL wlll allow Lhls Lo happen.
7. uraw Lhe flnal clrculL for Lhe volLmeLer uslng Lhe galvanomeLer and reslsLor. Label Lhe
componenLs and place all Lhe reslsLance and currenL values. Pave Lhls clrculL approved by
your laboraLory lnsLrucLor.
8. lmplemenL Lhe clrculL on breadboard and measure Lhe volLage from Lhe ad[usLable power
supply sLarLlng from 1 volL Lo 3 volLs (sLeps of 0.3v). Compare Lhe readlng wlLh a sLandard
volLmeLer. SLore Lhe values ln a Lable and compuLe Lhe percenL error of each readlng.

Warnlng: Pave your clrculL lnspecLed by your laboraLory lnsLrucLor before Lurnlng Lhe power of Lhe
ad[usLable power supply. Wrong connecLlon may damage Lhe galvanomeLer.

2









ClrculL Modlfled CalvanomeLer as volLmeLer


8. ueslgn of an AmmeLer

uslng Lhe same galvanomeLer ln parL A, deslgn an ammeLer LhaL wlll measure 300mA aL full
deflecLlon. use Lhe lnLernal reslsLance of Lhe galvanomeLer measured ln parL A. uraw Lhe schemaLlc
dlagram of Lhe clrculL and LesL your deslgn. lollow Lhe same procedure ln arL A buL wlLh Lhe
galvanomeLer acLlng as an ammeLer, l.e. Lhe ammeLer (modlfled galvanomeLer) ls connecLed ln
serles Lo Lhe reslsLor 8
L
and 3v baLLery.

Warnlng: Slnce Lhe ammeLer ls connecLed ln serles Lo Lhe reslsLor and 3v baLLery, Lhe LoLal currenL
of Lhe clrculL musL noL exceed Lhe maxlmum currenL allowed ln Lhe galvanomeLer (30 or 300 uA).
Wrong connecLlon may damage Lhe galvanomeLer.

uslng Lhe modlfled galvanomeLer as ammeLer, measure Lhe currenL passlng Lhrough a load reslsLor
8L. Ad[usL Lhe volLage of Lhe power supply for varlous currenL readlngs (0 mA Lo 300 mA, ln sLeps of
30 mA). Compare Lhe currenL readlng uslng a sLandard dlglLal ammeLer. 8ecord Lhe values ln a Lable
and compuLe for Lhe percenL error.














ClrculL Modlfled CalvanomeLer as AmmeLer


C. ueslgn of an ChmmeLer

uslng Lhe same galvanomeLer ln parL A, deslgn an ohmmeLer LhaL wlll measure 0 Chm aL full


v
L
v
S
8
S
8
C


A
L
A
S
8
S
8
C
3
deflecLlon. 1he deslgned ohmmeLer musL also be able Lo measure reslsLances of 100, 300 1k, 10k
and 100k Chms. use Lhe lnLernal reslsLance of Lhe galvanomeLer measured ln arL A.

1. uraw Lhe clrculL showlng an ohmmeLer measurlng Lhe reslsLance of reslsLor 8
L
.
2. uraw anoLher clrculL, buL Lhls Llme replace Lhe ChmmeLer wlLh Lhe modlfled galvanomeLer.
Add a reslsLor and baLLery Lo Lhe galvanomeLer Lo make lL acL llke an ohmmeLer.
noLe: 1he galvanomeLer provldes a currenL readlng, so you need Lo replace Lhe currenL
readlng (uA) wlLh reslsLance readlng (Chms) when uslng Lhe modlfled galvanomeLer as an
ohmmeLer.
When Lhe Lermlnals (probes) of Lhe modlfled galvanomeLer (acLlng as an ohmmeLer) are
shorLed LogeLher, Lhe currenL readlng musL be maxlmum (30 or 300 uA). 1hls poslLlon musL
be labeled 0 Chm.
When Lhe probes are lefL open, Lhe currenL readlng ls zero. 1hls poslLlon musL be labeled
lnflnlLe () or open reslsLance.
3. Measure Lhe volLage of Lhe baLLery. CompuLe Lhe value of Lhe reslsLor LhaL wlll make Lhe
galvanomeLer read full deflecLlon (30 or 300 uA) when Lhe reslsLor ls connecLed ln serles Lo
Lhe baLLery and Lhe galvanomeLer.
4. uraw Lhe flnal clrculL for Lhe ohmmeLer uslng Lhe modlfled galvanomeLer. Show Lhe dlagram
Lo your laboraLory lnsLrucLor for approval.
3. lmplemenL Lhe ohmmeLer uslng Lhe modlfled galvanomeLer. Show Lhe clrculL Lo your
laboraLory lnsLrucLor before connecLlng Lhe baLLery.

Warnlng: Wrong connecLlon may damage Lhe galvanomeLer.




















ClrculL Modlfled CalvanomeLer as ChmmeLer






8
S
U
8
S
8
C
4

!"#$ &'& /01,2341 & 5)-) C)*:1

name of llrsL AuLhor: _________________________________ uaLe: _________________

Member: __________________________________

A. ueslgn of a volLmeLer

CalvanomeLer lnLernal 8eslsLance (l
C
): _______________

lull-Scale 8aLLery volLage (v
8
): __________

CompuLed 8eslsLance (8
S
): ___________

SuggesLed
volLage v
(volLs)
SLandard volLage
(mulLlmeLer) v
S

(volLs)
A
Measured CurrenL
(galvanomeLer) l
(uA)
CompuLed volLage
(galvanomeLer) v
L

(volLs)
8
Lrror

|A-8|/A
x 100
0.0
0.3
1.0
1.3
2.0
2.3
3.0
3.3
4.0
4.3
3.0


8. ueslgn of an AmmeLer

CalvanomeLer lnLernal 8eslsLance (l
C
): _______________

lull Scale CurrenL (l
1
): ___________

CompuLed 8eslsLance (8
S
): ___________

SuggesLed
CurrenL l
(mA)
SLandard CurrenL
(mulLlmeLer) l
S

(mA)
A
Measured CurrenL
(galvanomeLer) l
(uA)
CompuLed CurrenL
(galvanomeLer) l
L

(mA)
8
Lrror

|A-8|/A
x 100
0
30
100
130
200
230
300
330
400
430
300
3

C. ueslgn of an ChmmeLer

CalvanomeLer lnLernal 8eslsLance (l
C
): _______________

ChmmeLer 8aLLery Supply (v
8
): __________

CompuLed 8eslsLance (8
S
): ___________

SuggesLed
8eslsLance
8
(Chms)
SLandard
8eslsLance
(mulLlmeLer) 8
S

(Chms)
A
CompuLed
CurrenL l
C

(uA)
Measured CurrenL
(galvanomeLer) l
L

(uA)
CompuLed
8eslsLance
(galvanomeLer) 8
L

(Chms)
8
Lrror

|A-8|/A x
100
0 (shorLed)
100
300
1k
10k
100k

CuesLlons:

1. Pow ls Lhe addlLlonal reslsLor (8
S
) added Lo Lhe galvanomeLer Lo form a volLmeLer?



2. Pow ls Lhe addlLlonal reslsLor (8
S
) added Lo Lhe galvanomeLer Lo form an AmmeLer?



3. Pow ls Lhe addlLlonal reslsLor (8
S
) added Lo Lhe galvanomeLer Lo form an ChmmeLer?



4. WhaL addlLlonal componenLs are added Lo Lhe galvanomeLer and reslsLor Lo form an ChmmeLer?



3. SkeLch Lhe clrculL for a) volLmeLer, b) AmmeLer, c) ChmmeLer

(a) (b) (c)