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\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+ V + =
i
j
j
i
ij ij E
x
u
x
u
k p o o u T
3
2
. (2)
For the homogeneous two-phase flow,
=
=
2
1 l
l l
|
,
=
=
2
1 l
l l
|
, (3)
with l=1,2 representing respectively water and air. Capillarity is also taken into account with surface tension between
water and air at 25C being equal to 0.007197N/m.
The continuity equation for the multiphase flow takes the form,
( )
( ) 0 = V +
c
c
u |
|
t
. (4)
The Neumann and Dirichlet conditions are applied at the walls. The bottom and the vertical walls are considered
rigid, impermeable and with a no-slip condition such that,
0 =
walls
u . (5)
To complete our model we assume that initially all the fluid domain is at rest while suddenly a horizontal displacement
such as shown in Fig. 1 is imposed to the reservoir at time t = 0. Results are validated with experiment H10 by
Bredmose et al. (2003) as shown in section 3.1. Different filling and displacement conditions are also used with results
being presented in sections 3.2 and 3.3.
The boundary value problem is solved with the commercial CFD package ANSYS CFX release 11.0 (ANSYS
2006), which makes use of the finite volume method (Versteeg and Malalasekera 1995, Maliska 2004). The mesh was
refined near the free surface and walls in order to better predict the nonlinear profile of the fluid motion. For the top of
the tank the free mass transfer condition is applied. Figure 2 shows one of the computational grids used, which contains
16,748 hexahedral elements for the same tank dimensions used by Bredmose et al. (2003). A refined time grid is
employed with time steps of 10ms for 12s of total time. All the computations were carried out on a 64 bit, 2.40 GHz
VI I Congr e sso Nac i onal de Engenhar i a Mec ni c a, 31 de j ul ho a 03 de Agost o 20 12, So Lui s - Mar anho
Intel Quad Core processor with 8 Gb of RAM. For more details of the numerical method see Moreira et al. (2011),
Ferreira et al. (2010) and Nicolato and Moreira (2009).
Funes de deslocamento
-25
-23
-21
-19
-17
-15
-13
-11
-9
-7
-5
-3
-1
1
3
5
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
tempo (s)
d
e
s
l
o
c
a
m
e
n
t
o
(
m
m
)
90%
100%
110%
120%
130%
140%
150%
160%
170%
180%
190%
200%
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Horizontal displacements of the reservoir: (a) Experiment H10 of Bredmose et al. (2003). (b) Numerical
displacements implemented in this work.
Figure 2. Computational grid.
3. RESULTS
Results for the free-surface and pressure profiles for experiment H10 of Bredmose et al. (2003) and other variations
which include different filling and displacement conditions are presented in this section.
3.1. Experiment H10 of Bredmose et al. (2003)
In that case disturbances generated by the horizontal movement causes the formation of a progressive wave which
impacts the left side of the tank at time t=7.52s (see Fig. 2). The numerical computations reproduce quite well the free-
surface profiles including the run-up. Pressure profiles presented in Fig. 3 also shows a good agreement between the
calculated and measured pressures at the left wall. The pressure distribution presents a double peak profile in time, the
first one due to the inertia of the fluid acting on a very short period of time (which may last only some milliseconds).
The second peak is due to hydrostatic pressure created by the downward wave motion just after the maximum run-up.
According to experiment H10 of Bredmose et al. (2003) the still water depth is of 155mm and the horizontal
displacement follows Fig. 1a. Also note that the pressure transducer is positioned 26mm above the bed.
VI I Congr e sso Nac i onal de Engenhar i a Mec ni c a, 31 de j ul ho a 03 de Agost o 20 12, So Lui s - Mar anho
Figure 2. A sequence of snapshots extracted from experiment H10 of Bredmose et al. (2003) with the numerical free-
surface profiles (solid black lines) overplotted.
VI I Congr e sso Nac i onal de Engenhar i a Mec ni c a, 31 de j ul ho a 03 de Agost o 20 12, So Lui s - Mar anho
Perfil de presso (100%)
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
tempo (s)
p
/
g
h
Simulao Bredmose et al.
Figure 3. Comparison of calculated () and measured (- - -) pressure (experiment H10 of Bredmose et al. 2003).
3.2. Pressure history for different filling conditions
As we modify the filling conditions of the reservoir with the same horizontal displacement proposed in Fig. 1a
the pressure history at the left wall changes significantly (see Fig. 4). The 20% filling level corresponds to Bredmose's
still water depth of 155mm. As expected the maximum pressure occurs at 20% filling level (see Fig. 4a), becoming
gradually smaller as the level of water increases (see Fig. 4b and 4c). This shows that the worst scenario for this
horizontal displacement was in fact that experimented by Bredmose et al. (2003).
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 4. Pressure history for different filling conditions.
VI I Congr e sso Nac i onal de Engenhar i a Mec ni c a, 31 de j ul ho a 03 de Agost o 20 12, So Lui s - Mar anho
3.3. Pressure history for different displacement conditions
The amplitude of the horizontal movement was also modified for a certain filling condition. Figure 5 shows the
pressure profiles obtained for different displacement conditions (for details see Fig. 1b). The 100% amplitude rate
corresponds to the situation of experiment H10 of Bredmose et al. (2003) i.e. the horizontal displacement presented in
Fig. 1a. Note that a filling level of 155mm is used for all the simulations here presented. It is possible to note that the
maximum pressure now occurs for higher amplitudes e.g. 200% amplitude rate (see Fig. 5c). The "church roof" profile,
commonly observed when highly energy waves impact vertical walls, could be clearly observed.
Perfis de presso
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
tempo (s)
p
/
g
h
90%
100%
110%
120%
Perfis de presso
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.3
2.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
tempo (s)
p
/
g
h
130%
140%
150%
160%
(a) (b)
Perfis de presso
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.3
2.5
2.7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
tempo (s)
p
/
g
h
170%
180%
190%
200%
(c)
Figure 5. Pressure history for different displacement conditions.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The kinematics and dynamics of waves in reservoirs could be reproduced numerically and validated with
experiments carried out by Bredmose et al. (2003). Results show that the double peak pressure profile commonly
observed on sloshing flows could be registered in the numerical simulations for different filling and displacement
conditions. It is shown that for the displacement established in Fig. 1a the highest pressure occurs when Bredmose's still
water depth of 155mm is employed. Nevertheless worst scenarios could be found when higher impulsive motions are
applied to the reservoir. For example a total pressure 2.6 higher than the hydrostatic pressure could be reached when we
double the amplitude of the original displacement imposed by Bredmose et al. in experiment H10 (see Fig. 5c).
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
R.M.Moreira acknowledges the financial support through CNPq, the national research and development council
(contract number 62.0018/2003-8-PADCT III / FAPERJ).
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7. RESPONSIBILITY NOTICE
The authors are the only responsible for the printed material included in this paper.