EniTecnologie

EniTecnologie
PRODUCED WATER MANAGEMENT
PRODUCED WATER MANAGEMENT
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF PRODUCED WATER
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF PRODUCED WATER
Emilio Causin
Lower P.I.
Ko, o , S
S related to
scales, fines,
emulsion, etc..
Artificial lift
Reduced

P
Corrosion
O/W
Separation
Equipment
Facilities
Chemicals
P.W.
Treatment
Equipment
Facilities
Chemicals
Material Failures
Repair JobsProd. Loss
Control
Monitoring
P.W.
Disposal/Injection
Legal & Environmental
Aspects
PWRI
PRODUCED
WATER
PRODUCED
PRODUCED
WATER
WATER
PRODUCED WATER ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS
6
STRATEGY TO MANAGE THE PRODUCED WATER
STRATEGY TO MANAGE THE PRODUCED WATER
QUALITY CONTROL QUALITY CONTROL
EVALUATION EVALUATION
PRODUCED WATER
CIVIL CIVIL
USES USES
SURFACE DISPOSAL SURFACE DISPOSAL
( (sea sea or or desert desert ) )
RE RE- -INJECTION/ INJECTION/
UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL
ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
SAFE SAFE
TREATMENT COSTS TREATMENT COSTS
10
PRODUCED WATER DISPOSAL
PRODUCED WATER DISPOSAL
SURFACE DISPOSAL
SURFACE DISPOSAL
It is only acceptable when water is fully compatible
with the receiving environment. High treatment costs.
DISPOSAL INTO THE UNDERGROUND
DISPOSAL INTO THE UNDERGROUND
It is an alternative of the surface disposal in order to
reduce the treatment costs. Moderate treatment costs.
11
WATER RE-INJECTION
The water is injected
into the oil or water layers
in order to sustain the
pressure of the reservoir
while extracting the
hydrocarbons
PRESSURE
MAINTENANCE
WATERFLOODING
The water is injected
into the oil-bearing
layers or pressure-
supporting aquifer
of the reservoir to
sweep the oil into the
production wells.
DISPOSAL
The water is disposed
within an underground
formation, which may be
a depleted reservoir, a
producing reservoir or an
isolated horizon below the
lowermost underground
source of potable water.
PRODUCED WATER RE
PRODUCED WATER RE
-
-
INJECTION
INJECTION
12
ARTIFICIAL LIFT
ARTIFICIAL LIFT
CORROSION
CORROSION
SCALE
SCALE
DOWN-HOLE
SEPARATION
DOWN-HOLE
SEPARATION
WATER SHUT-OFF
WATER SHUT-OFF
MONITORING
MONITORING
WELL INTERVENTATIONS
WELL INTERVENTATIONS
RECONVERSION
PRODUCER INJECTOR
RECONVERSION
PRODUCER INJECTOR
DRILLING NEW INJECTORS
DRILLING NEW INJECTORS
ELECTRICAL POWER
ELECTRICAL POWER
INJECTION LINES
INJECTION LINES
FILTRATION
FILTRATION
HYDROCARBON
REMOVAL
HYDROCARBON
REMOVAL
DEGASSING
DEGASSING
CHEMICALS
CHEMICALS
FLOW LINES
FLOW LINES
COSTS OF
COSTS OF
PRODUCED
PRODUCED
WATER
WATER
PUMPS
PUMPS
COSTS CHARGED TO PRODUCED WATER
COSTS CHARGED TO PRODUCED WATER
TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTATION
18
ACCEPT W.P.,
MINIMIZE
COST
ACCEPT W.P.,
ACCEPT W.P.,
MINIMIZE
MINIMIZE
COST
COST
B
B
B
MINIMIZE
WATER
PRODUCTION
MINIMIZE
MINIMIZE
WATER
WATER
PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION
A
A
A
MIXED
(A + B)
MIXED
MIXED
(A + B)
(A + B)
C
C
C
8
ACCEPT W.P., MINIMIZE COST
ACCEPT W.P., MINIMIZE COST ACCEPT W.P., MINIMIZE COST
B
B
B
MINIMIZE WATER PRODUCTION
MINIMIZE WATER PRODUCTION MINIMIZE WATER PRODUCTION
A
A
A
MIXED (A + B)
MIXED (A + B) MIXED (A + B)
C
C
C
A.1. - HORIZONTAL / MULTILATERAL/ A.1. - HORIZONTAL / MULTILATERAL/
ADVANCED WELLS ADVANCED WELLS
A.2. - ALTERED INJECTION OR A.2. - ALTERED INJECTION OR
PRODUCTION PATTERNS PRODUCTION PATTERNS
A.3. - WATER SHUT-OFF A.3. - WATER SHUT-OFF
A.4. - DOWNHOLE O/W SEPARATION (DOWS) A.4. - DOWNHOLE O/W SEPARATION (DOWS)
B.1. - FORMATION DAMAGE REMOVAL B.1. - FORMATION DAMAGE REMOVAL
B.2. - ARTIFICIAL LIFTING B.2. - ARTIFICIAL LIFTING
B.3. - CORROSION PREVENTION B.3. - CORROSION PREVENTION
B.4. - IMPROVED O/W SEPARATION B.4. - IMPROVED O/W SEPARATION
B.5. - B.5. - TREATMENT TREATMENT
B.6. - DISPOSAL AND REINJECTION B.6. - DISPOSAL AND REINJECTION
C.1. - WATER S.0 + STIMULATION C.1. - WATER S.0 + STIMULATION
C.2. - ALTERED I/P PATTERN + IMPROVED T. C.2. - ALTERED I/P PATTERN + IMPROVED T.
9
Horizontal Injectors Target thin zone with by-passed oil
In-Depth Prof. Modification
Downhole Separation More oil, less cost of water cycling
Fiber Glass Piping and
Tankage
Less Capex and Opex - Corrosion
Prevention
Downhole Water Sink and
Re-injection
More oil recovery and rate
Subsea Separation More efficient production, more
oil, less Capex and Opex
Downhole Dual Action Pumps Lower Capex, more oil rate and recovery
Advanced PWRI
Sand-Slug-Stimulation Better injectivity
Sand Production Prediction
More cost effective disposal.
Lower environmental input
Reduced Capex and Opex
Better sweep efficiency, less water
cycling, more oil
Chemical Water Shut-Off Better profile control,less water cycling
Technology
Technology
Economic Benefit
Economic Benefit
15
SEPARATION
CHEMICALS
GRAVITY SEPARATION
HYDROCYCLONES
GAS FLOTATION CELLS
DISC-STACK CENTRIFUGES
FILTRATION
at surface
downhole (with injection)
subsea
production chemicals
reverse emulsion breakers
water clarifiers
biocides
produced water tanks
plate separator vessels
media, diatomaceous earth, cartridge
(pleated paper and deep filtration),
stainless steel filters
desanders
deoilers
16
PROCESS IMPROVEMENTS
SMALLER, LIGHTER, LESS EXPENSIVE VESSELS
THREE PHASE SEPARATORS, GFC
S
WITH CYCLONIC INLET DEVICES
HYDROCYCLONES WITH PRESSURIZED GAS INJECTED
REGULATORY DRIVEN TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENTS
ACTIVATED CARBON FILTRATION
ULTRA FILTRATION
POLYMER EXTRACTION OF HYDROCARBONS
OIL-IN-WATER METERING
17
Oil & Water Production
(bbl Millions)
Water Handling
Costs ($ Millions)
0
200
400
600
800
1.000
1.200
1.400
1.600
1.800
2.000
0
500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
Oil
Water
Water Cost (low)
Water Cost (high)
1
9
7
1
1
9
7
2
1
9
7
3
1
9
7
4
1
9
7
5
1
9
7
6
1
9
7
7
1
9
7
8
1
9
7
9
1
9
8
0
1
9
8
1
1
9
8
2
1
9
8
3
1
9
8
4
1
9
8
5
1
9
8
6
1
9
8
7
1
9
8
8
1
9
8
9
1
9
9
0
1
9
9
1
1
9
9
2
1
9
9
3
1
9
9
4
1
9
9
5
1
9
9
6
UK SECTOR
OIL&WATER PRODUCTION AD OPEX ESTIMATES
19
COST of Scales
Include
stimulation of wells
cleaning/replacing damaged equipment
lost production
Cost of a typical workover in the North Sea fields
500,000 US$ for platform well
3,000,000 US$ for subsea well
Lost production
1day lost production (10,000 bbl/d): $ 300,000
Platform production shutdowns can be much more
expensive
20
The Cost of a Squeeze Treament
Cost of a typical Squeeze Treatment in the North Sea
fields
Squeeze life 4 months
from20,000 to 100,000 UD$ (per well, per
treatment)
Deferred Production: 5,000-10,000 bbl/d (3-4 days)
300,0000 US$/Year per Well
Note that Squeeze cost varies as a function of location, water cut, etc.
21
Oil & Water Oil & Water
Production (Bbl Millions) Production (Bbl Millions)
Water Handling
Water Handling
Costs ($ Millions)
Costs ($ Millions)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000 1,000
1
9
7
1
1
9
7
2
1
9
7
3
1
9
7
4
1
9
7
5
1
9
7
6
1
9
7
7
1
9
7
8
1
9
7
9
1
9
8
0
1
9
8
1
1
9
8
2
1
9
8
3
1
9
8
4
1
9
8
5
1
9
8
6
1
9
8
7
1
9
8
8
1
9
8
9
1
9
9
0
1
9
9
1
1
9
9
2
1
9
9
3
1
9
9
4
1
9
9
5
1
9
9
6
0
100
200
300
400
500
600 600
Oil
Water
Water Cost (low)
Water Cost (high)
GULF OF MEXICO
OIL&WATER PRODUCTION AD OPEX ESTIMATE
22
PRODUCED WATER COSTS (US$/
PRODUCED WATER COSTS (US$/
bbl
bbl
)
)
Bailey Bailey, B. et al.: Water Control, , B. et al.: Water Control, Oilfield Oilfield Review Review ( (Spring Spring 2000) 30 2000) 30- -51 51
P.W. ( P.W. (bbl bbl/day) /day)
20,000 20,000 50,000 50,000
100,000 100,000
200,000 200,000
AVERAGE AVERAGE
LIFTING LIFTING
Capex/Opex
Utilities
0.044
0.050
0.044
0.054
0.044
0.054
0.044
0.054
0.044
0.054
SEPARATION SEPARATION
Capex/Opex
Utilities
Chemicals
0.087
0.002
0.034
0.046
0.003
0.034
0.035
0.003
0.034
0.030
0.003
0.034
0.049
0.003
0.034
DE DE- -OILING OILING
Capex/Opex
Chemicals
0.147
0.040
0.073
0.041
0.056
0.041
0.046
0.041
0.081
0.041
FILTERING FILTERING
Capex/Opex
Utilities
0.147
0.012
0.068
0.010
0.047
0.010
0.030
0.010
0.073
0.011
0.207
0.033
0.122
0.034
PUMPING PUMPING
Capex/Opex
Utilities
0.091
0.034
0.079
0.034
0.125
0.034
INJECTING INJECTING
Capex/Opex
0.030
0.030 0.030 0.030
0.030
TOTAL TOTAL
0.842
0.559
0.478
0.434 0.578 0.578
23
CASE 1: South of Italy
Cost of truck transportation on land: 2-3 US$/bbl
Re-injection plant: 140,000 US$
De-oiling plant: 70,000 US$
CASE 2 CASE 2
() ()
: : Surface Surface processing processing
Separation: Separation: 0.0025 0.0025 kw kw/ /bbl bbl
Lifting: Lifting: 1.92 1.92 kw kw/ /bbl bbl
Injection Injection: : 1.2 1.2 kw kw/ /bbl bbl
Cost Cost: 0.028 US$/ : 0.028 US$/kw kw- -hr hr
PRODUCED WATER COSTS (US$/
PRODUCED WATER COSTS (US$/
bbl
bbl
)
)
() () Bailey Bailey, B. et al.: Water Control, , B. et al.: Water Control, Oilfield Oilfield Review Review ( (Spring Spring 2000) 30 2000) 30- -51 51
CASE 4 CASE 4
() ()
: : Wells Wells, , Injectors Injectors
1 1 Well Well 7,000 ft: 7,000 ft: 600,000 US$ ( 600,000 US$ (Drill Drill & complete) & complete)
Recompletion Recompletion: : 200,000 US$ 200,000 US$
Total 1 Total 1 well well: : 1,000,000 US$ (3 1,000,000 US$ (3 Completions Completions) )
Total Total injected injected: : 32,850,000 (3 32,850,000 (3 Completions Completions) )
Cost Cost for for water water injection injection: 0.03 US$/ : 0.03 US$/bbl bbl
CASE 3
()
: Wells, Producers
1 Well 7,000 ft: 1,000,000 US$ (Drill & complete)
Recompletion: 300,000 US$
Total 1 well: 1,600,000 US$ (3 Completions)
Cost of water: 400,000 US$
Total production: 1,000,000 bbl @ 90% water cut
Total water: 9,000,000 bbl @ 90% water cut
Cost for water lift: 0.04 US$/bbl
24
PRODUCED WATER
PRODUCED WATER
WELL TREATMENT COSTS
WELL TREATMENT COSTS
CASE 1: CASE 1: North North America America
Well A: Well A: 1,000 1,000 bbl bbl/day (W.C. 5 %) /day (W.C. 5 %)
Cost of treatment: Cost of treatment: 10,000 US$ (40 % 10,000 US$ (40 % Chemicals Chemicals) )
CASE 2: CASE 2: North North Sea Sea
Well B: Well B: 18,000 bbl/day (W.C. > 85 %) 18,000 bbl/day (W.C. > 85 %)
Cost of treatment: Cost of treatment: 70,000 US$ (79 % Chemicals) 70,000 US$ (79 % Chemicals)
Remaining costs: Remaining costs: equipment equipment rental rental, , crew crew and tank and tank hire hire
Time Time for for job: job: 2 2 days days
CASE 3: CASE 3: North North Sea Sea
Well B: Well B: 7,000 bbl/day 7,000 bbl/day
Cost of treatment: Cost of treatment: 19,000 US$ (13 % Chemicals) 19,000 US$ (13 % Chemicals)
Remaining costs: Remaining costs: equipment equipment rental rental, , crew crew and tank and tank hire hire
Time Time for for job: job: 2/3 2/3 days days
25