!ayson 8ryan L.

MuLuc, 8LL, 8ML

Network Analysis 1:
Nodal Analysis and Source Transformation


Jayson Bryan E. Mutuc, REE, RME






!ayson 8ryan L. MuLuc, 8LL, 8ML
Electric Circuits and Network Theorems

There are certain theorems, which when applied to the solutions of electric networks, wither
simplify the network itself or render their analytical solution very easy. These theorems can
also be applied to an a.c. system, with the only difference that impedances replace the ohmic
resistance of d.c. system. Different electric circuits (according to their properties) are defined
below :
1. Circuit. A circuit is a closed conducting path through which an electric current either flows
or is intended flow.
2. Parameters. The various elements of an electric circuit are called its parameters like
resistance,
inductance and capacitance. These parameters may be lumped or distributed.
3. Liner Circuit. A linear circuit is one whose parameters are constant i.e. they do not change
with voltage or current.
4. Non-linear Circuit. It is that circuit whose parameters change with voltage or current.
5. Bilateral Circuit. A bilateral circuit is one whose properties or characteristics are the same
in either direction. The usual transmission line is bilateral, because it can be made to perform
its function equally well in either direction.
6. Unilateral Circuit. It is that circuit whose properties or characteristics change with the
direction of its operation. A diode rectifier is a unilateral circuit, because it cannot perform
rectification in both directions.
7. Electric Network. A combination of various electric elements, connected in any manner
whatsoever, is called an electric network.
8. Passive Network is one which contains no source of e.m.f. in it.
9. Active Network is one which contains one or more than one source of e.m.f.
!ayson 8ryan L. MuLuc, 8LL, 8ML
10. Node is a junction in a circuit where two or more circuit elements are connected together.
11. Branch is that part of a network which lies between two junctions.
12. Loop. It is a close path in a circuit in which no element or node is encountered more than
once.
13. Mesh. It is a loop that contains no other loop within it.

Nodal Analysis With Sources
The node-equation method is based directly on Kirchhoffs current law unlike loop-current
method which is based on Kirchhoffs voltage law. However, like loop current method, nodal
method also has the advantage that a minimum number of equations need be written to
determine the unknown quantities. Moreover, it is particularly suited for networks having many
parallel circuits with common ground connected such as electronic circuits.

For the application of this method, every junction in the network where three or more branches
meet is regarded a node. One of these is regarded as the reference node or datum node or
zero-potential node. Hence the number of simultaneous equations to be solved becomes (n
1) where n is the number of independent nodes. These node equations often become
simplified if all voltage sources are converted into current sources.







!ayson 8ryan L. MuLuc, 8LL, 8ML











Supernode consists of two nodes connected by independent or dependent voltage source













!ayson 8ryan L. MuLuc, 8LL, 8ML
Source Transformation

Allows us to replace a voltage source and a series resistor by a current source and parallel
resistor. Doing so does not change the current or voltage of any other element of the circuit.

From voltage source to current source



I = V/R




From current source to voltage source


V = IR







!ayson 8ryan L. MuLuc, 8LL, 8ML
Sample Problems
Use Source Conversion technique By using repeated source transformations
to find the load current I in the circuit , find the value of voltage v Ans. V = 8V

Ans. I = 2A





Supplementary Problems
1) Solve for I 2) Solve for v
1
, v
2
, and v
3














!ayson 8ryan L. MuLuc, 8LL, 8ML
3)Find R
1
and R
2
when v
1
= 1V, 4) Solve for i
b

v
2
= 2 V







5) Solve for i
a
6) Solve for i
a