Life Science Journal, Vol 7, No 1, 2010 http://www.sciencepun.

net

78
Effects of Vibration Training Combined with Plyometric Training on Muscular
Performance and Electromyography

Yen Ke Tien
1
, Tsai Chun Bin
1
and Chang Kuan Yu
2

1
Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 833, R.O. China;
2
Mackay Memorial Hospital Taitung Branch, Taitung, Taiwan
833, R.O. China. ktyen@csu.edu.tw
Received November 21, 2009
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: backgrounds: Complex training has been recommended as a method of incorporating plyometrics with
strength training. However, there are some safety issues during heavy strength training. Purpose: To investigate whether
the vibration stimulation can instead strength training as pre-loading method when perform Complex training. Methods:
there were two experiments. Division I: 12 Subjects are accepted by three kinds of different vibration frequency (20, 30,
40Hz) respectively by two kinds of different amplitude (2-4, 4-6mm). The isokinetic (peak torque) and electric
physiological activation (integral EMG, iEMG) are measured for deciding which frequency and amplitude were most
suitable in vibration training. Division II: 24 male collegiate athletes were randomly assign to three groups: complex
training group (CT, vibration+ plyometrics); plyometrics training group (TP, plyometrics only); control group (C). After
eight weeks training, we compared isokinetic strength, power performance and synchronized electromyography activity
before and after the period of training separately. Results: There were significantly enhancement of the peak torque,
and power both in CT and TP. However, iEMG was significantly difference between two experimental groups.
Conclusion: With 20Hz (frequency) and 4-6mm (amplitude) vibration stimulation are most suitable in vibration
training; the vibration stimulation can instead strength training as pre-loading method when perform Complex training;
Plyometrics training (depth jump on sandlot) can significantly improve leg muscular performance. [Life Science
Journal. 2010; 7(1): 78 82] (ISSN: 1097 8135).

Keywords: post-activation potentiation, complex training, vibration training, plyometric training, depth jump, muscular
performance, Electromyography.
______________________________________________________________________________________

1. I ntroduction
Twitch torque is increased after a brief submaximal
or maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). This
occurrence has been attributed to as post-activation
potentiation (PAP) [1] enhanced twitch potentiation and
reflex potentiation has been reported following
contractile activity such as a series of evoked twitches.
The probable mechanism responsible for PAP is the
phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chains during
the conditioning activation that raises sensitivity of
actin-myosin to Ca2+ released by the sarcoplasmic
reticulum[2].
In performance conditioning fields, based on the
opinion of PAP, alternating a high-load weight training
exercise with a dynamic exercise such as plyometrics
performance has been used [4]. For example, Young et al.
[3] have observed that loaded vertical height was
Significant increased 2.8% by achieving a 5 repetitive
maximum (RM) half-squat exercise previous to the jump
test.
Two methods, resistance and plyometric training,
are usually referred to the literature as improving the
most powerful strength characteristics (explosive
strength). Several investigations have demonstrated the
Complex training that result from the application of
these methods, reporting higher increases in the
explosive strength indicators [4].
Complex training has been recommended as a
method of unifying plyometrics with strength training. [5]
Some research propose that plyometric performance is
strengthened after the strength training. Strength training
can evoke higher PAP of more motor units to increasing
plyometric training effects.
Acute vertical whole-body vibration (WBV), inducing
rapid eccentric/concentric effects of the leg extensors [6],
improves performance of these muscles in the short-term
[7]. This transient effect is thought to be mediated by a
rapid reflex-mediated stretch-shortening likely to involve
the tonic vibration reflex (TVR), which stimulates the
muscle spindles [8]. Nearly, WBV application leads to
enhanced anaerobic power [8]. It is possible that acute
WBV enhances muscular performance consequently, in
part, through PAP; however, this theory remains
untested.
Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate
whether the vibration stimulation can instead strength
training as pre-loading method when perform Complex
training, in terms of PAP and strength effect of
conditioning contraction, through recording of power
characteristics, voluntary torque, and electromyographic
activities of the muscles involved. We hypothesized that
PAP affects dynamic torque production performed
voluntarily and improving of voluntary dynamic
performance.

2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Subject
24 collegiate athletes subjects with no history of
orthopedic or neuromuscular disorders volunteered for
this study. Basically all the subjects had the squatting
ability more than 1.5 times body weight. The subjects
were fully informed of the procedures used, the possible
risks, and the purpose of the study. Written informed
consent was obtained from all subjects prior to the
investigation. This study was approved by the ethical
committee of the Faculty of Sport Sciences at National
Ketien Yen et al. Vibration as pre-loading for complex training

79
Taiwan Collage of Physical Education and was
consistent with their requirement for human
experimentation.

2.2 Experimental Protocol
Division I : Optimal vibration combination (frequency
amplitude)
12 Subjects are accepted by three kinds of different
vibration frequency (20, 30, 40Hz) respectively by two
kinds of different amplitude (4-6mm, 2-4mm). The
isometric (peak torque) and electric physiological
activation (iEMG) are measured for deciding which
frequency and amplitude were most suitable in vibration
training. Maximal voluntary contractions of the
hamstring and quadriceps muscles occurred in a seated
position utilizing the Isokinetic Biodex system 3 (Shirley,
NY, USA) testing dominant isometric strength. One
MVC was performed before the treatment, and one MVC
was performed after the treatment. Single MVC trials
were utilized to prevent any confounding effect of
additional MVC trials on fatigue and PAP. All MVCs
were 3 seconds in duration, and for all trials, subjects
were instructed to develop maximal force as quickly as
possible.

Division I I: Vibration stimulation instead strength
training as pre-loading application
24 male collegiate athletes were randomly assigned
to three groups: complex training group (CT, vibration+
plyometrics); plyometrics training group (TP,
plyometrics only); control group (C). There were twice
training courses on Tuesday and Friday every week. The
vibration parameters were developed from Division I
optimal combination. The depth jump program was
dropped from 70 cm height platform to sandlot,
whenever feet reached the ground jumping up as high as
possible. After eight weeks training, we compare
isokinetic strength, power performance and synchronized
electromyography activity before and after the period of
training separately.

2.3 Isokinetic test
Isokinetic concentric/eccentric knee extension and
flexion were measured using a calibrated Biodex system
3 (Shirley, NY, USA). A specially designed chair was
used which allowed for the various thigh lengths of the
subjects. At all testing sessions, a standardized procedure
included a warm-up of 2-min cycling on a Monark cycle
ergometer 814E (Monark, Varberg, Sweden) at a
moderate intensity and 2 minutes of stretching the
hamstring and rectus femoris muscles before the knee
test. The dominant limb, determined from kicking
preference, was used for assessment. Subjects were
prepared for a seated position and the axis of rotation of
the dynamometer lever arm was aligned with the lateral
epicondyle of the knee. The force pad was placed
approximately 3 cm superior to the medial malleolus
with the foot in a plantar flexed position. The subject was
asked to relax their leg so that passive determination of
the effects of gravity on the limb and lever arm could be
measured. Ranges of motion (ROM) for the knee test
during concentric actions were 90 degrees and 15degrees
for eccentric actions, due to the need for an applied
preload torque of the eccentric limits. This reduction in
ROM for eccentric actions was made necessary by the
need for the preload activation torque that could not be
performed at the terminal of the ROM, especially in the
aged subjects. To ensure full extension, anatomical 0 deg
was determined as maximal voluntary knee extension for
each subject. Testing occurred at 30 degs1. Subjects
were guided to push the lever up, and pull it down, as
hard and as fast as possible with extension/flexion
undertaken first for concentric actions. For eccentric
actions, subjects were instructed to opposing the lever
arm with extension as the first movement. The subjects
performed three maximal efforts to determine maximal
peak torque during CON/CON and ECC/ECC cycles. A
2-min rest period was given between cycles with CON
actions tested before ECC actions. All subjects were
encouraged to give a maximal effort for each action by
using both visual feedback and strong verbal
encouragement.

Division I : Optimal vibration combination (frequency amplitude)
operation
W S R V R V R V R V R
Knee isometric test
time 5 5 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 +EMG

Division I I : Vibration as pre-loading application
operation
W S V R V R V R V R P R P R P R P
time 5 5 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
TP
CT
Ps. W, cycling warming up; S, stretch; V, vibration(optimal vibration combination (frequency
amplitude) in Division I ); R, rest; P, plyometrics; F,finish.

Figure 1. Experimental protocols in optimal vibration
combination and vibration as pre-loading
application.

2.4 Vertical J umping Testing.
Vertical jump height was determined using a force
platform with specifically designed software (jymmy
jump platform, Kistler, Switzerland). Jump height was
determined as the centre of mass displacement calculated
from force development and measured body mass. Two
types of vertical jumps were performed: squat (SJ) and
counter-movement (CMJ) jumps. SJ was started from a
static semi-squatting position with a knee angle of 90
deg of knee flexion, followed by subsequent action,
during which the leg and hip extensor muscles contracted
concentrically. In CMJ, each subject stood erect on the
force platform and performed a preparatory movement
down to approximately 90 deg of the knee flexion,
stretching the leg extensor muscles (eccentric
contraction), followed by an explosive maximal
extension in the opposite direction (concentric
contraction).

2.5 Electromyography recording.
During the different experimental operation, EMG
from the hamstring and quadriceps muscles was
measured. The myoelectric signal was collected through
the use of a telemetry transmitter (8 channel, 12-bit
analog to- digital converter; Noraxon USA, Inc.,
Scottsdale, AZ). The amplified myoelectric signal was
detected by a receiver preamplifier and then sent to an
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80
A/D card. The signal was full-wave rectified and filtered
(6-pole Butterworth notch filter 60 Hz, band pass filter
10200 Hz). The integrated value (mVs) was calculated
and then averaged to determine IEMG (mV) for the
working operation. Custom designed EMG programs
written in Noraxon package program (Noraxon USA,
Inc., Scottsdale, AZ) were used for recording and
analyzing the EMG data.

2.6 Statistical analyses
Statistic analyses were performed using SPSS for
Windows (Version 10.0, SPSS, Inc., and Chicago,
Illinois, U.S.A.). Using data from a similar study, the
sample sizes in the present study were deemed to be
adequate based on the calculated effect sizes (ES =
[Post-measurement mean pre-measurement
mean]/pooled standard deviation) [9] and a minimum
statistical power of 0.80. Each parameter that had
multiple trials was subject to 1-way repeated measures
analysis of variance (ANOVA) to produce the most
stable representation for that parameter. Bonferroni
pairwise comparisons were used as a post hoc analysis if
significant differences were found (p<0.05). The initial
analysis included a 1-way ANOVA to explore baseline
(pretest) values for each parameter of interest. If there
was a significant group effect, then a Bonferroni pairwise
comparison was utilized as a post hoc analysis. Repeated
measures (Group*Time point, percent change) analysis
of covariance (ANCOVA) performed on percent change
values were used if significant group differences were
found at baseline for any of the jump parameters to allow
for relevant covariates to be added to the analysis.
Because the depth jump and squat jump parameters
(height [cm], peak power [W], peak power/kg [W/kg],
and mean power [W]) were assessed pre post vibration
for three groups, 2-way ANOVA or ANCOVA was used
to compare group percent changes in these variables.
Percent change was calculated as ([[Post value pre
value]/pre value] 100). Bonferroni corrections were
used when multiple comparisons were calculated to
account for inflation of alpha. Statistical significance was
set at p <0.05.

3.Results
3.1 Optimal Vibration Combination
The isometric force of dominant leg measured in
different combinations (20Hz2-4mm, 20Hz4-6mm,
30Hz2-4mm, 30Hz4-6mm, 40Hz2-4mm,
40Hz4-6mm) the first were not different (253.2 Nm,
262.4 Nm, 251.6 Nm, 258.6 Nm, 254.8 Nm, 256.1 Nm;
F=1.203, p .05 between operation. There were
significant different between the means iEMG of rectus
femoris (0.296 mV, 0.327 mV, 0.286 mV, 0.267 mV,
0.273 mV, 0.299mV; F=7.546, p .05). 20Hz4-6mm
increased significantly

3.2 Vibration as pre-loading application
The isokinetic tests of the knee extensors results
indicated statistically significant effects in the same
group including maximal concentric force (P=.040;
P=.038), and maximal eccentric force (P=.035; P=.062)
after 8 weeks CT and TP training. The isokinetic tests of
the knee flexors results indicated similar statistically
trend. As expected, 8 weeks of training enhance power
performance of the muscle: post-training verse
pre-training and C values of CT/TP were increased
significantly. However, there was no significant
indication of improved muscle activation between
post-CT and post-TP in flexor.

TABLE 1. Comparision muscular parameters of knee extensor after
8 weeks training.
CT(n=8) TP(n=8) C(n=8)
Parameter
pre post pre post pre post
Maximal
concentric
force
(Nm)
213.0
(49.7)
248.7
ab

(43.9)
221.1
(65.3)
247.2
ab

(50.3)
235.9
(68.8)
237.5
(69.2)
Maximal
eccentric
force
(Nm)
244.3
(44.5)
279.1
ab

(42.1)
249.2
(48.6)
276.3
(56.8)
26.1.4
(73.0)
263.6
(73.4)
Fatigue
index (%)
45.2
(6.1)
47.1
(5.9)
44.3
(6.8)
46.6
(5.4)
47.8
(7.2)
48.9
(6.4)
SJ(cm)
44.4
(4.7)
55.5
ab

(7.3)
46.8
(6.7)
51.7
ab

(5.6)
44.6
(7.3)
46.1
(6.3)
CMJ(cm)
51.0
(5.7)
58.3
ab

(7.4)
46.7
(7.1)
53.8
ab

(6.8)
49.5
(6.2)
49.6
(7.5)
Ps. Values are Mean (SEM).
a: vs.pre-in the same group, p<.05; b: vs. post-C, p<.05.

TABLE 2. Comparision muscular parameters of knee flexor after 8
weeks training.
CT(n=8) TP(n=8) C(n=8)
Parameter
pre post pre post pre post
Maximal
concentric
force
(Nm)
115.3
(32.2)
139.8
ab

(38.4)
117.5
(26.3)
138.8
ab

(27.5)
120.2
(41.0)
124.0
(40.9)
Maximal
eccentric
force
(Nm)
128.1
(37.4)
158.8
ab

(41.5)
138.6
(34.3)
163.7
ab

(35.7)
138.7
(41.5)
139.6
(42.1)
Fatigue
index (%)
42.5
(5.3)
44.1
(5.1)
44.6
(6.5)
45.4
(5.8)
46.8
(7.5)
47.1
(6.6)
Ps. Values are Mean (SEM).
a: vs.pre-in the same group, p<.05; b: vs. post-C, p<.05.

TABLE 3. Comparision iEMG of knee muscules after 8 weeks
training.
CT(n=8) TP(n=8) C(n=8)
Parameter
pre post pre post pre post
rectus
femoris
(mV ' s )
0. 284
( 0. 066)
0. 385
abc

( 0. 08 3)
0. 276
( 0. 07 9)
0. 31 1
ab

( 0. 08 1)
0. 308
( 0. 09 5)
0. 294
( 0. 08 7)
ha ms t r i ng
( mV's )
0. 275
( 0. 082)
0. 297
ab

( 0. 07 5)
0. 278
( 0. 06 5)
0. 301
ab

( 0. 07 5)
0. 274
( 0. 06 2)
0. 270
( 0. 07 7)
Ps . Va l ue s a r e Me a n( SEM) . a : v s . pr e - i n t he s a me g r o up, p<. 05;
b: v s . pos t - C, p<. 05 ; c : v s . po s t - TP, p<. 05.

4. Discussions
The a i m o f t hi s s t udy wa s t o i nv e s t i g a t e t he
v i br a t i o n s t i mul a t i o n c a n i ns t e a d s t r e ng t h t r a i ni ng a s
pr e - l oa di ng me t ho d whe n pe r f o r m c ompl e x t r a i ni ng . We
et al. Vi b r a t i o n a s p r e - l oa di ng f o r c omp l e x t r a i n i n g

81
hy po t he s i z e d t ha t c o n t i nu o us a c ut e WBV wo u l d
po t e n t i a t e t he mus c l e t wi t c h r e s p o n s e c omp a r e d t o a
c e n t r a l l y me di a t e d e f f e c t t ha t wo ul d p o t e nt i a t e
WBV- i n duc e d PAP a n d p e r f o r m t he p l y o me t r i c s t r a i ni ng
e f f e c t s . Our r e s ul t s s up p o r t o u r hy p o t he s i s t ha t
20 Hz 4- 6mm WBV c o mb i ni ng e x p l o s i v e po we r t r a i n i n g
( CT) i ndu c e s a hi g he r i EMG l e v e l c ompa r e d t o
p l y o me t r i c s o nl y ( TP) a nd Co nt r o l ( C) i n t e r v e nt i o n s .
PAP r e c omme nd e d a s a n i nc r e a s e i n mus c l e
p e r f o r ma n c e l e d b y a mus c l e c o nt r a c t i l e a c t i v i t y [ 10 ] a nd
i s e s t i ma t e d by t wi t c h p o t e nt i a t i o n ( TP) , o r r e f l e x
po t e n t i a t i o n ( RP) [ 1 1 ] . To o ur k no wl e d ge , t hi s i s t he f i r s t
t i me f o l l o wi ng WBV a s p r e - l oa d i n g t o e nha nc e
e x p l o s i v e po we r t r a i ni ng . Th e r e s ul t s s ho we d t h a t CT
a n d TP i nc r e a s e d mu s c ul a r c o n c e nt r i c / e c c e nt r i c f o r c e
a n d SJ / CMJ , b ut wi t h no c ha ng e i n f a t i g ue i nde x
c o mp a r e d t o C. We r e f e r o t he r r e s e a r c h t ha t t he t i me
a p p r o a c h o f TP r e a c he d a ma x i ma l l e v e l 90 s a f t e r WBV
a n d r e t ur ne d t o b a s e l e v e l s a f t e r 10 mi n [ 12] . I t i s
de s c r i be d t ha t a c ut e WBV i mp r ov e s s h o r t - t e r m mu s c ul a r
p e r f o r ma n c e a bov e c y c l i n g - o nl y e x e r c i s e [ 13 ] . I t me a n s
t ha t WBV ha s t he p o t e n t i a l t o b e c o ns i de r e d a s wa r m- up
mo de s b e f o r e e x p l o s i v e po we r t r a i ni n g s uc h a s s t r e ng t h,
s pe e d a nd p o we r [ 13] . Li k e wi s e t h e i n c r e a s e i n r a t e of
f o r c e de v e l opme nt ( RFD) f r om a c ut e WBV i s s up p o r t e d
by o t he r s t ud i e s t h a t ha v e r e po r t e d i nc r e a s e s i n RFD
f o l l o wi n g hi g h s t i mul a t i o n f r e que n c i e s ( >100 Hz ) [ 14] .
Ho we v e r , a s a r e s ul t o f e nh a nc i ng RFD, e x p l o s i v e
a c t i v i t i e s s u c h a s j ump i n g ma y b e i mp r ov e d i f TP i s
he i g h t e ne d [ 10 , 1 1] . We s e t p l y o me t r i c s t r a i n i n g a f t e r
WBV c omb i ne d l o we r f r e qu e nc y ( 20- 40 Hz ) a nd i nt e r v a l
1 mi nut e r e s t i n t he c o mp l e x t r a i ni ng .
I t i s we l l do c ume n t e d t h a t h e a v y p r e - l o a di ng
e x e r c i s e r e g i me s s uc h a s 3 5 r e pe t i t i o n ma x i mum ( RM)
o r MVCs a r e o f t e n i mp l e me nt e d p r i o r t o s h o r t - t e r m
a c t i v i t i e s t o i n du c e PAP[ 3, 16] . The r e f o r e i t s e e ms t ha t
t he p r e - l o a di ng a c t i v i t y of WBV a nd p l y ome t r i c s a r e
ne e de d t o b e g r e a t e r ma g ni t ude t o e l i c i t TP a n d RP. Our
me c ha ni s m s ho ul d b e i n t e g r a t e d TP a nd RP. On t he b a s i s
of mo l e c ul a r l e v e l , t he s o l u t i o n f o r PAP ha s f o r me d
a r o u nd t wi t c h p o t e nt i a t i o n ( TP) a nd r e f l e x po t e nt i a t i o n
( RP) [ 1 1] . TP i s c o ns i de r e d t o i nv o l v e t h e
p h os p ho r y l a t i o n of my os i n r e g u l a t o r y l i g h t c h a i ns
ma k i ng a c t i n a nd my os i n mo r e s e ns i t i v e t o t h e
i nt r a c e l l u l a r Ca 2 + s i g na l [ 15 ] . Thi s wo ul d r e a c t mo r e
c r o s s - b r i dge i nt e r a c t i o n unde r t he s a me i n t r a c e l l ul a r
Ca 2+ c o nc e n t r a t i o n, wh i c h r a i s e s t he mus c l e t e ns i o n f o r
t he s a me a b s o l ut e l e v e l o f ne u r a l s t i mu l us [ 1 6] . Ho we v e r
i f c a l c i um ho me o s t a s i s wa s i n v o l v e d, t he n o ne wo ul d
e x pe c t a n u nb a l a nc e c ha nge i n RFD a nd PF. I t me a n s
t ha t WBV c o u l d e n ha nc e mus c l e po we r o ut p ut .
RP i s e v o k e d r e f l e x a c t i v i t y i n t he s p i na l c o r d , by
e x pa ndi ng s y n a p t i c c a pa c i t y b e t we e n I a a f f e r e nt
t e r mi n a l s a n d mo t o ne u r o ne s of t h e mus c l e [ 1 1 ] . WBV
l e a d mus c l e c o n t r a c t i o ns t hr o ug h s p i na l r e f l e x e s [ 6, 13] .
I t s ho u l d b e i n t e n de d t ha t WBV i s a c omb i na t i o n of
mus c l e v i b r a t i o n a n d v o l u nt a r y e x e r c i s e c o nt r a c t i o ns .
The r e f o r e , o ur f i nd i ng s s u g ge s t t h a t RP f r o m CT ma y b e
mo r e i mpo r t a nt t h a n TP. Fu r t he r , i t s ho u l d b e no t e d t ha t
us i ng a t e nd o n t a p und e r l o we r f r e q ue nc y t o e l i c i t a
s t r e t c h r e f l e x r e s po ns e d oe s ne c e s s a r i l y p r ov i de a
e x t e n s i v e me a s u r e of s p i ndl e s e ns i t i v i t y o r i t s
c o n t r i b ut i o n, a s t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l f a c t o r s f r om wh i c h t he
s t r e t c h r e f l e x c a n b e mo di f i e d e i t he r by t he e x c i t a t o r y o r
i nhi b i t o r y f a c t o r s of t he mo t o ne ur o n e po o l a nd/ o r t he
me c ha ni c a l s e n s i t i v i t y of t h e mu s c l e s p i ndl e i t s e l f [ 17] .
We c o ns i de r t ha t c ha ng e s i n mus c l e pe r f o r ma nc e f r om
CT a r e i n p a r t c a us e d b y n e ur og e n i c f a c t o r s f r om
po s s i b l e c ha n ge s i n mus c l e s p i ndl e s e ns i t i v i t y [ 7 ] .

5. Conclusion
I n c o nc l us i o n, we me a s ur e d t he ne ur omus c ul a r
r e s po ns e of wo r ki ng mus c l e s , a nd o ur r e s ul t s s ug g e s t
t ha t CT c a us e s i EMG i nc r e a s i ng . Mus c ul a r pe r f o r ma nc e s
s t udi e s ha v e s ho wn t ha t we i g ht t r a i ni ng i nduc e PAP by
he a v y pr e - l o a d a c t i v i t y whi c h e nha nc e s mus c ul a r a c t i v i t y
[ 3] . Si mi l a r l y , CT- WBV i s a l s o c a pa bl e of i nduc i ng
hi g he r l o a ds t hr o ug h v i br a t i o n f r e que nc y a nd a mpl i t ude
t ha t a c t a s a pr e - l o a di ng mov e me nt t o a c t i v a t e PAP. Wi t h
20 Hz ( f r e que nc y ) a nd 10mm ( a mpl i t ude ) v i br a t i o n
s t i mul a t i o n a r e mo s t s ui t a bl e i n WBV t r a i ni ng ; t he
v i br a t i o n s t i mul a t i o n c a n i ns t e a d s t r e ng t h t r a i ni ng a s
pr e - l oa di ng me t ho d whe n pe r f o r m Compl e x t r a i ni ng ;
Pl y o me t r i c s t r a i ni ng ( de pt h j ump o n s a ndl o t ) c a n
s i g ni f i c a nt l y i mpr ov e l e g mus c ul a r pe r f o r ma nc e .

Acknowledgement
The f i na nc i a l s uppo r t by t he Na t i o na l Sc i e nc e
Co unc i l , Re publ i c o f Chi na , t hr o ug h Gr a nt NSC
97 - 2 410- H- 230 - 0 1 1 i s g r a t e f ul l y a c knowl e dge d.

Corresponding Author:
Ke - Ti e n Ye n, PhD
E- ma i l : kt y e n@c s u. e du. t w

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