Public Policy

Evaluation of National Policy on HBWs 2014
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Contents
1.Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 2
Previous Policies Being Issued .............................................................................................. 7
Rationale of Current Policy .................................................................................................... 9
Salient features of the policy ................................................................................................ 10
2.Evaluation Purpose and scope ............................................................................................... 10
Purpose of Evaluation .......................................................................................................... 10
Clients .................................................................................................................................. 11
3.Evaluation Framework and Methodology ............................................................................. 12
Evaluation Criteria and Questions ....................................................................................... 12
Evaluation Methodology ...................................................................................................... 15
Limitations of the Evaluation ............................................................................................... 17
4.Review of Implementation .................................................................................................... 17
Outcome-1: Presence of sustainable organizations of HBWs and their linkages at the
national provisional and local levels in Pakistan ................................................................. 17
Outcome-II: Presence of empowering policy atmosphere for women Home Based Workers
in Pakistan. ........................................................................................................................... 18
Outcome - III: Advanced reaction from government and the private sector on societal
security actions and systems for HBWs. .............................................................................. 18
5.Evaluation Findings .............................................................................................................. 19
1- EFFICENCY .................................................................................................................... 19
2-Effectiveness ..................................................................................................................... 21
3-Relevance .......................................................................................................................... 23
4-Impact ............................................................................................................................... 26
5-Sustainability .................................................................................................................... 29
6.Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 33
7.Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 36
8.Lesson Learnt ........................................................................................................................ 37
9.Good practices ....................................................................................................................... 37
References ................................................................................................................................ 38


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1.Introduction
Brief Subject of the Policy
According to the National Policy, a home-based worker is:
a person who works within the home boundaries, or in any other premises of his/her
choice, but excluding the premises of the employers or contractors workplace;
a person who works at home for remuneration or monetary returns;
a person who is self-employed or does piece-rate, own-account, or contract work,
which results in a product or services as specified by the employer/contractor
The definition, used in national policy, is more comprehensive one than used earlier in ILO
Convention, which covers only one category of home-based workers i.e., home workers.
Who are not included as home-based workers?
According to the National Policy on Home-based workers, these persons are not included in
the definition of home-based worker;
a person with employee status who occasionally performs his/her employee work at
home, rather than at his/her usual workplace;
a home-based worker who has the degree of autonomy and of the economic
independence necessary to be considered an independent self-employed worker under
national laws, regulations or court decisions;
a domestic worker, since he/she does not work in his/her own home;
a person working, outside his/her home boundaries, in the rural or non-formal sectors
of agriculture, livestock, forestry, fisheries, etc., since he/she is still termed as unpaid
agricultural family helper

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An estimated 50 thousand out of 151 thousand are currently residing below the hardship
range in Pakistan and the hardship stage is rising considerably. The capacity of the
inadequate to enhance their conditions of residing is constrained by their powerlessness
within political and public systems and is linked to inappropriate government guidelines, no
accessibility information and resources, low quality of public solutions and sex inequality.
It is also increasingly evident that females and some women in inadequate houses keep a
disproportionately high share of the pressure of hardship. Their greater deprivation is due to a
host of factors, including restricted flexibility, deficiency to train and learning and coaching,
reduced accessibility or possession of resources and assets, and restricted accessibility credit
score and public solutions. Due to this Pakistani females have restricted contribution in
decision-making in all spheres of life from family members to condition. This is however, a
vicious circle, as this circumstance persists because females have no say in decisions
affecting their economical and public position in community.
A nationwide study generating sex disaggregated hardship data is required for a systematic
sex analysis of the processes of hardship and the specific determinants of the economical
pressure on inadequate females. However scattered evidence that is available suggests that
due to imbalanced accessibility of females over effective resources and existing sex standards
within conventional houses, females keep a disproportionately higher pressure of poverty:
Gender elegance in accessibility over marketplaces, organizations and resources restriction
females from overcoming hardship. Simultaneously deficiency of autonomy with household
restrains them from improving and consuming earnings from even the existing very restricted
industry possibilities.

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Poverty has improved considerably during 90's.The percentage of inhabitants below the
hardship range improved from 26.6 % in 1992-93 to 32.2 % in 1998-99. In the same way,
reports with regards to the hardship gap and with regards to the severity of hardship both
indicate a worsening of the hardship situation during the 90's. Likewise inadequate females in
Pakistan have double burden: the hardship pressure and the pressure of sex prejudice against
them in public and economical life. This sex prejudice is reflected in nationwide earnings
statistics which fail to adequately account for the economical contribution of females.
Due to sex elegance against females in perform positions as well as public limitations on
flexibility, females have a relatively poorer accessibility over knowledge, skill coaching and
health facilities as well as over labor marketplaces. Consequently the ability of females to
accessibility effective resources, increase their earnings, enhance their health and public
position is more restricted as in comparison to men.
Women contribution in labor marketplaces is adversely affected by the prevalence of
conventional sex role standards, limitations on womens flexibility and occupational
segregation. Consequently, women employees contribution rates in remunerative career in
Pakistan as a whole are incredibly low at 13.7 % in comparison to 70.4 % for men.
Reliable reports about the dimension this industry are not available. According to Economic
Survey of Pakistan (2000-2001) of a total working inhabitants of approximately 49.1
thousand, 80% or 39.3 thousand widely-used to in the casual industry. Of these employees,
more than 50% or over 19.7 thousand are females. At the nationwide stage of all applied
females, 77% to 83% function in the casual industry. These females are not considered
employees and do not come under any laws or public protection coverage.


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Women in Informal Sector
The casual industry has acquired great significance over the years as a source of career and
livelihoods for many people, especially females, in both non-urban and towns of the third
world. It has particularly become a key mechanism for circulating products or solutions to the
city inadequate.
According to the ILO, the casual industry is made up of very small-scale units producing and
circulating products or solutions and managed by largely independent, self applied producers
employing family members labor or a few hired employees and apprentices. Informal
industry businesses are incredibly diverse and are to be found in great figures in all the main
economical sectors, most of all in business and solutions but also in manufacturing,
construction, and transport and city agriculture. They function with very little capital or none
at all, and utilize a low stage of technology and abilities. Employment in these businesses is
incredibly unstable and incomes are generally very low and irregular.
It is worth noting also that in many creating nations, the casual industry is often equated with
'parallel' or 'black' industry actions, hence looked down upon by community. Consequently,
public policy towards the casual industry is as ambivalent as it is contradictory - usually
oscillating between benign neglect to periodic harassment. The existing attitude of officials
seems to be given sanction by the range of actions that are seen to constitute what is
popularly, and sometimes, pejoratively, referred to as casual industry activities: from home-
based petty business, commodity production or supply of solutions by inadequate females to
similarly home-based highly-paid perform by professional consultants; from 'recycling' waste
and residing off the refuse of others to hawking to trafficking in illicit products to commercial
sex perform ('entertainment industry').

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The involvement of huge variety of females in the so-called 'informal sector' is a consequence
of their low position in community and denial of possibilities in the official sphere of career.
Females low position is evidenced by their subordinate positions both at house and at the
workplace. Within the official industry, for example, females have fewer job possibilities,
reduced wages and less job protection than men. Moreover, females also occupy multiple
positions. Many city females, for example, perform a full day either in wage-employment or
in the casual industry and then go back house to extended hours of household labor. As well
as ladies who leave the non-urban places in search of possibilities in towns tend to secure a
job in the least compensated, least skilled jobs, which often provide little legal protection,
such as household perform (the biggest employer of females in many creating countries) or
perform in the casual industry.
Looking at the constraints they face:
lack of accessibility effective resources due to discriminations in property possession
and in employment;
lack of your energy and effort because of imbalanced sex division of labor in unpaid
effective and reproductive activities;
lack of abilities due to 'abnormal' amounts of literacy and official education;
lack of accessibility labor consequently of standards of sex hierarchy and separation;
and
lack of accessibility marketplaces due to their exclusion from the most lucrative
marketplaces.

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The deficiency of accessibility casual and official credit score by females small and little
business owners has been identified by many studies as a significant, some even say, the
significant restriction.
With casual resources of finance being relatively easily accessible, females rely on
moneylenders and pawnbrokers, rotating savings and credit score associations (ROSCAS),
and friends, relatives, suppliers and shopkeepers. While these resources are providing the
bulk of money for women business owners and provide a number of potential advantages,
such as proximity between borrower and lender, immediacy of financial payment, little
financial loan dimension, flexible repayment schedules and minimal protection
specifications, they can be costly and discriminatory.
Formal banks are even less receptive and welcoming to women business owners. Their
protection specifications, bureaucratic application for the financial loan, payment procedures,
plenty of efforts and resources necessary to visit the banks and discriminatory banking
culture virtually exclude inadequate females as clients.
The supply of sustainable accessibility economical solutions for females has therefore
become a core component of many women's small enterprise programmes, and is at the
center of the attention of governments, public partners, civil community organizations and
international donors.
Previous Policies Being I ssued
Sindh Province Finalizes Policy
KARACHI, September 3: The Sindh govt has ready a final set up to legalise the privileges of
the home-based employees (HBWs), announcing them a special category of employees,
unique from household employees. Read more. On May 21, 2013, a multi-stakeholder

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Process Power, consists of associates from companies of home-based employees, trade labor
unions, employee federations, the Companies Federation, the Division of Labor and other
appropriate gov divisions, ready the set up Home-Based Workers Policy for the Sindh Region
of Pakistan.
Punjab Agrees to Home-Based Workers Policy
In year 2013, the Cabinet of the Punjab Provincial Govt in Pakistan implemented a Home-
Based Employees Plan, in accordance with the 2012 Punjab Home-Based Employees Act,
which identifies home-based workers as workers and expands public security to them.
Punjab is the first region in Pakistan to successfully pass a law and cover home-based
workers. The Punjab Home-Based Employees Act and Plan consist of the significant
components of the Set up Nationwide Plan for Home-Based Employees in Pakistan.Read the
plan papers.
HomeNet Pakistan, a national partnership of companies of home-based workers and
assistance companies, has proved helpful everything to suggest with government authorities
and parliamentarians, at both the provincial and government stages, for the Punjab Provincial
Act and Plan as well as the draft Nationwide Plan. The draft Nationwide Plan is under
evaluation by the Secretary of state for Individual Privileges. The confident government of
Pakistan dedicated to promoting the Nationwide Plan for Home-based Employees, providing
them the position of workers.
In its latest suggestions to the Govt of Pakistan and to the UN Panel on the Removal of
Elegance against Females (CEDAW), the CEDAW Panel in Pakistan involved a suggestions
(#30 - see below) that the Govt of Pakistan follow the Nationwide Plan on Home-Based

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Employees and ratify ILO Conferences No. 177 on home-based workers and ILO Conference
No. 189 on household workers.
Text of Recommendation #30
The Committee recommends that the State party:
Follow effective actions in the official labor market, such as short-term special actions, to
increase women contribution and remove both straight and horizontally work-related
segregation; to filter and close the salary gap between females and men; and to make sure the
application of the key of equivalent compensation for equivalent perform and perform of
equivalent value, and equivalent possibilities at perform.
Prepare a strategy for the protection of females working in other areas of the casual
industry, such as farming and household perform, in line with the Convention;
Focus on the adopting of the National Plan on House Centered Employees and make
sure its proper execution so as to assurance females access to social security benefits;
and, take actions to make sure that the reporter policy is implemented by all Regions
in the State party; and
Ratify ILO Conference No. 177 on Home-based perform, as well as ILO Conference
No. 189 on reasonable perform for household workers and change the appropriate
household regulation accordingly.
Rationale of Current Policy
HBWs were not even being openly recognized and much less discussed as a issue. The focus
on loaning higher exposure to the needs and issues of HBWs in the area as also higher
identification to the important financial participation they create in todays international

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financial system. To give HBWs a remarkable and respected status in the country as well as
in the economy, Pakistan was in sheer need to formulate this policy.
Salient features of the policy
The national policy provides that home-based workers will have
Equal treatment in salaries and a lowest salary would be set
Skills coaching, offered by the government
Access to credit score, area possession and other assets
Freedom of organization and combined bargaining
Right to secure perform place
Social protection benefits
Right to signing up as home-based workers
2.Evaluation Purpose and scope
This chapter discusses the evaluation approach adopted for the evaluation of national policy
on Home Based Workers in Pakistan.
Purpose of Evaluation
The purpose of the evaluation was to analyze the programmes approach, strategies and
interventions to support HBWs, both at the regional and country level. The evaluation was
conducted with the broad objective of generating comprehensive and specific evaluation
feedback in terms of the programmes efficiency, effectiveness, relevance, impact and
sustainability. The focus of the present evaluation was to assess the programmes progress
and achievements during phase II of the programme. The achievements as well as
shortcomings during phase I were taken as context and reference points for the present
evaluation. This report highlights the programme strengths, weaknesses and constraints and

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identifies gaps in programme design and implementation with specific recommendations for
strategic and programmatic improvements towards expansion of the programmes reach in
future.
This is an external final evaluation conducted as an in-depth analysis of national policy
(approaches, strategies and interventions) and advocacy initiatives to support HBWs, both at
the national level. This (non-mandatory) evaluation was conducted with the broad objective
of generating comprehensive and specific evaluation feedback on the national HBW policy.
The evaluation focused on assessing the effectiveness, sustainability (and capacity),
relevance, efficiency and impact of the policy. It identifies lessons learned - highlighting
policy strengths as well as weaknesses and constraints - and generate recommendations for
strategic and programmatic improvements, and the expansion of the policys reach in future.
The evaluation will serve as a key document for ministry of women development and
ministry of labor and manpowers organizational learning, at both provisional and national
level and for its partners and concerned stakeholders. The evaluation makes assessments at
the regional, national and localized community level (i.e. amongst communities of home
based workers). The evaluation is qualitative in nature and is rooted in the core principles of
gender equality and womens human rights and empowerment. The human rights based
approach, which is premised on developing the capacities of rights-holders to claim their
rights, and of duty bearers to fulfill their obligations, was applied as a critical benchmark in
the design of this evaluation study.
Clients
Stakeholders identified for the policy, apart from Government of Pakistan included Ministry
of womens development, Ministry of Labor and Manpower, UNIFEM, which has a long
history of working with the informal sector and particularly women, National commission on

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the Status of Women NCSW, local governments. As the policy covers national and regional
both levels, the organizations like were the key partners, namely, HomeNet Pakistan (HNP)
and Aurat Foundation in Pakistan. Other stakeholders included key ministries and
government departments at the national and provincial levels, such as the ministries of Labor,
Women Development, Planning and Statistics. Another important stakeholder includes
organizations working for HBWs, and of course, the home based workers themselves.
3.Evaluation Framework and Methodology
Evaluation Criteria and Questions
The discussion of findings in the evaluation report is done using the standard five The
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development/Development Assistance
Committee OECD/DAC evaluation criteria for development assistance. These are:
Efficiency
Effectiveness
Relevance
Impact
Sustainability of the programme
Efficiency
The assessment includes evaluation of the overall policy performance, the outputs in relation
to the inputs, the financial management to answer the following questions:

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How efficiently have the policy resources (financial and human) been used, and if
activities and outputs could have been delivered with fewer resources without
reducing their quality/quantity?
How vital have HNP, the national HomeNet and partner organizations been in
leveraging resources and expanding the scope of the policy and support for its overall
objectives?
Effectiveness
The evaluation assesses the extent to which the policys stated objectives have been achieved
to answer the following questions:
How successful has the programme been in facilitating the increased capacity of self
sustained national networks of HBWs?
How effective has the programme been in facilitating positive changes in national and
regional legal and policy frameworks?
Relevance
The assessment also outlines the degree to which the programme remains justifiable and
appropriate in relation to the national/regional/global context and priorities. It seeks an
answer to the question:
Do policy priorities and objectives adequately and accurately reflect the needs and
priorities articulated by HBWs? If not, how can next phase of the policy be better
designed to do this?


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Impact
A significant part of the assessment is about what the programme has achieved and is likely
to achieve in the future measuring both the positive and negative, foreseen and unforeseen
changes and impacts it might have had on society. Some critical questions addressed are:
What have been the intended and unintended, positive and negative, and long-term
effects of the policy?
How well placed is the policy to ensure increased up-scaling by government,
multilateral/bilateral agencies and donors in the near and long-term future?
Is the programme likely to have a catalytic effect? How and why?
Sustainability
Particular attention has been paid to assess the sustainability of HNP. The assessment also
includes the extent to which the policy has adequately capacitated HBWs, and how much
they are likely to be further empowered to advocate for their rights. Some questions raised
under sustainability parameter are:
To what extent has the establishment of National HomeNets led to the creation of
sustainable processes and systems for bottom-up advocacy, networking and capacity
development at the national and regional levels?
Are the relevant stakeholders willing to ensure the continued strengthening of the
networks created? Are HBWs themselves willing and able to push for policy change
aimed at incorporating their needs and interests into national policy directives?

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Evaluation Methodology
Initially a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches was contemplated.
However, due to the time and cost constraints, it was not feasible to undertake a quantitative
evaluation with a robust sample of HBWs. Furthermore, the very scope of the study
envisaged that Pakistan would be evaluated offsite i.e. by sharing of information and
views/opinions through e-mail or telephonic interviews. In the backdrop of these reasons, a
qualitative evaluation was considered the appropriate approach. The study period initially
was from May 2014 to June 2014, but was subsequently extended by a month as the field
work could not be completed due to non availability of respondents.
Study team comprised three researchers led by a team leader. All the team members had
adequate experience of qualitative research and previous research studies on gender-specific
concerns related to employment, livelihood and social protection. Each team member was
responsible for reviewing the secondary information as well as the information gathered
through primary research. While constituting the team it was ensured that one member of the
team understood the background and context of the study. Each team member contributed to
the evaluation right from the designing of research tools to conducting interviews and
discussions to analysis of findings and report writing.
Research techniques and tools used: Information was gathered through secondary research as
well as primary investigation, using suitable research techniques and tools.
The different methods adopted to collect and collate the necessary information included:
Desk Review of documents: Prior to designing the research tools, a review of documents
provided by government authorities and available on the Internet was carried out so as to
understand the programme and issues of concern to the HBWs.

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Telephonic and email-based interviews: In the offsite evaluation, carried out, conducted
interviews either through telephone or by e-mail. Being off site locations, FGDs were not
possible.
Selection of Respondents
A list of probable respondents representative of different stakeholders like government
officials, office bearers of member organizations and home based workers was provided by
HomeNets and UNIFEM. It was ensured that HBWs respondent group should have
representation from both rural as well as urban locations.
Most of the interviews were conducted only through telephone except with the officials of
HomeNets and UNIFEM. In the latter cases, the IDI guidelines were sent to them in advance,
which was duly filled in and sent back to the evaluation team. A brief interaction over
telephone was also conducted in case any response (s) needed clarification or elaboration. For
telephonic interviews, respective HomeNets informed the respondents in advance about the
date on which they will receive a call from the evaluation team. This was done to ensure their
availability and convenience. However, in many cases, repeated calls had to be made because
of poor connectivity or non-availability of respondents due to some unforeseen engagement.
Coverage
The assessment was done at the national and localized community levels. The evaluation was
done offsite, i.e. through email and telephonic interviews. Calls were made to Islamabad,
Lahore, Muzaffargarh and Quetta. In Pakistan, HBWs and representatives of MBOs from
villages like Hamza Ali in Muzaffargarh and Meriyabad and Ibrahimzai in Quetta were
interviewed.

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Limitations of the Evaluation
One of the constraints of the evaluation faced was the lack of relevant literature. In the past,
most of the research studies had focused on HBWs engaged in a particular activity (like
beedi-a type of cigarette- rolling, agarbatti-incense stick- making, etc.), and not on HBWs as
a whole. Consequently, not much reference material was available other than those provided
by UNIFEM and HomeNets. Another drawback was that in the case of offsite locations
reliance on telephonic interviews meant that the selection of respondents, particularly HBWs,
was dependent on the respective HomeNets. During telephonic interviews in particular, a
problem faced was poor connectivity or non-availability of the identified person (respondent)
for the interview. This led to delays in completing the interviews as per the schedule. Further,
it is pertinent to mention here that the information and data, particularly on membership of
HBWs, provided by respective HomeNets could not be cross-checked or verified with other
sources. Another important limitation was that the break-up of the fund utilization in the
activities undertaken was not available to enable analysis of pattern of utilization of funds.
4.Review of Implementation
The expected outcomes and consistent outputs from the national policy of the Home based
worker policy are as follows
Outcome-1: Presence of sustainable organizations of HBWs and their linkages at the
national provisional and local levels in Pakistan.
Forceful, representative, economically viable linkages are lawfully recognized which
are capable to effectively accomplish their instructions at the national, provisional and
local levels in Pakistan.

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HBWs develop and magnify their national membership foundations towards formal
sustainability.
National, provisional and local HBW linkages have expertise in resource utilization in
demand to complete their particular economic sustainability.
Information contributing, interacting and cross-provisional knowledge contribute to
enriched capacities of national and provisional linkages.
Outcome-I I : Presence of empowering policy atmosphere for women Home Based Workers
in Pakistan.
Better treaty between governments on the nature of policy and lawmaking actions
necessary for encouraging the human rights of women Home Based Workers in the
country.
HBWs and their linkages are well capable to benefactor for lawmaking reform with
regards to HBWs financial and societal rights in the country.
Improved public and government responsiveness of and assurance to HBWs rights to
societal security and healthy working conditions.
Outcome - I I I : Advanced reaction from government and the private sector on societal
security actions and systems for HBWs.
Women HBWs and their connected groups are well educated concerning the diverse
natures of social security systems.
Value-added capability of HBWs to promoter for and contribute in different schemes
in country.
Developed understanding between governments and the private sector on the
requirement for social security for HBWs in Pakistan.

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5.Evaluation Findings
The present section discourses the results of the evaluation exercise started by our team. The
background to the argument of the results is the program purposes and strategies placed down
to meet the purpose of the program. The conversation in this section emphases on the
development of the program from 2010 onwards in relations of five evaluation criteria,
namely Efficiency, Effectiveness, Relevance, Impact and Sustainability, as stated in the
previous section. The debate on each one of the factors includes proof of identity of key holes
in program implementation which could be interpreted as lessons learnt for future phase of
the program.
It is essential to state here that the usage of the five criteria to evaluate the program is
founded on material and data made available at the respective national HomeNets . Lets have
a look at the result of the evaluation finding of our research work of national policy of home
based worker in Pakistan
1- EFFI CENCY
To evaluate the efficient utilization of fund, the evaluation examined (a) range of activities
carried out during the policy period; (b) mobilization of resources from funding agencies; and
(c) growth of membership of HomeNet Pakistan.
In Pakistan, previous to the creation of HomeNet Pakistan (HNP) in 2005, the focal
organization Aurat Foundation passed out a recording exercise of HBWs in 2001. The fund
utilization information from HNP was not available for analysis but the total fund/grant
amount they received during 2010 14974046 RS. However, according to other information
provided by HNP, around 58,282 HBWs are reportedly associated with HNP. The Policy
Manager of HNP, clarified: Till 2009, HNP didnt charge any membership fee, but recently

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the idea has been circulated among members and member organizations have decide to
charge a memberhip fee from now on. In 2010, information on organizations working for
HBWs was collected and 24 thousand Rs has been collected from membership fee.
Though HNP was established immediately after the Kathmandu Declaration in 2000, it could
be registered only in 2005 and currently reaches out to 86 districts. For giving visibility to
HNP, it has created its own website www.homenetpakistan.org.Further, HNP as part of its
advocacy activities went out and involved 538 member organizations, mainly at the district
level across Pakistan. Along with Sungi Foundation, one of the key member organizations,
the network of HNP has its presence in more than 60 districts of Pakistan. Like its
counterparts in other countries, HNP focused its resources on raising awareness on HBWs.
For example, it proactively facilitated exposure visits for around 100 HBWs and organized a
number of awareness meetings for 585 HBWs in five provinces of Pakistan. HNP also
organized 15 advocacy roundtables with 462 councilors, legislators, lawyers and media
persons to deliberate on the rights of HBWs. During the policy period, HNP facilitated four
two-day legal literacy workshops with 214 participants, including lawyers, media
professionals, social activists and councilors. According to the Policy Manager of HNP, the
major source of funding was HNSA. On efforts put to mobilize funds from other sources, she
added, There was no strategy in the initial policy phase to make efforts to pitch for external
donors. However, since 2007, concerted efforts have been made to acquire more resources
from the partner organizations. There has been a conscious endeavor to avoid duplication of
work and use the expertise of one another.
Initially, the funds from FNV, IUP, SAARC and UNIFEM were channelized through HNSA.
Now, however, apart from HNSA and UNIFEM, HNP is directly getting funds from the

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International Labor Organization. HNP is also working closely with Sungi Foundation, and
expects to receive some funds in future for short-term assignments. HNP also organized a
workshop in late 2012 as part of experience sharing and learning. As regards staff, HomeNet
Pakistan comprises a national coordinator, a policy officer at the national level, and three
focal persons in Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Quetta and Peshawar. Currently, HNP has
established its own office in Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad are operating from these offices.
To sum up, it may be said that HNP, which received on an average 30000 USD per annum
has spent on advocacy efforts and mapping of HBWs. However, it is notable that HNP
expanded its network much more actively and successfully than the other countries. One
reason for efficient utilization of funds by the five provinces HomeNets was the support they
received from the focal organizations.
On efficiency aspect, as the HNP could not share the details of utilization of financial
resources, the study could not reflect on the optimum utilization of funds in case of
availability of fewer resources. In the present set up, the major gap noticed was absence of a
Management Information System (MIS) at the national HNP level. This acted as a constraint
in keeping records and monitoring of fund utilization.
2-Effectiveness
This section discourses the effectiveness of the program from the aspect of the projected
outcomes and outputs. The registration of HNSA and national HomeNets as legal entities
could be seen as fulfilment of one of the key outputs of the policy - to have a legally
registered network at the national level. The setting up of national HNP as a result of
UNIFEMs policy, brought HBWs together on a common platform, gave them the strength to
unite for a common cause of the nation, and also the opportunity to learn and enrich one
another with their experiences and expertise. Aurat Foundation (Pakistan), being a research

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organization, worked on the Questionnaire format for the mapping exercise and drafted a
national policy for the home based worker in 2002.This sharing of experiences among
member HomeNet Pakistan, played a pivotal role in facilitating the process of increasing
effectiveness of the program content. The interactions were also crucial in giving visibility to
the HNP in their respective provinces .The program was also effective in the sense that it
inculcated a sense of identity among HBWs. A few HBWs who attended these meetings and
conferences, spoke about how good they felt after the realization of having an identity of their
own and the prospects of having a better future. Initiatives such as holding exhibitions at
expo center (March 2012, Lahore) for knowledge and experience sharing could be seen as an
important step in effectively bringing the HBWs to the fore and giving a momentum to the
policy.
The policys strategy to have the network registered at national and provisional level proved
effective in mobilizing funds from other donors to promote the cause of HBWs. The policy
was effective with regard to capacity building of the staff associated with respective HNP.
With regard to another outcome of the policy towards existence of enabling policy
environment, the policy was effective in that it supported to work towards building an
enabling environment for drafting of national policy for HBWs. Third outcome of the policy
was to have improved response from government and private sector on social protection
measures and schemes for HBWs. Towards this, the respective national along with the like-
minded organizations and trade unions were able to put pressure on the national governments
for passage of social protection bills for unorganized workers which include HBWs as well.
However Pakistan, comparatively speaking, was found to be ahead of the other three
countries, as the policy was effective in getting three bills passed in the National Assembly of
Pakistan towards protecting the rights of women HBWs. In Pakistan, apart from registration

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of HNP and the mapping exercise to bring HBWs in the network, the policy was able to
sensitize the politicians and policy makers on the economic and social rights of HBWs. In
addition to drafting of a national policy on HBWs, Pakistan may be seen as a leader among
the member countries as a bill was passed in one Provincial Assembly (Balochistan) and
three bills (Working Women [Protection of Rights] Act, 2008; Home Based Workers Social
Protection Act, 2008; In-House Working Women Protection Act, 2008) were tabled in the
National Assembly of Pakistan to ensure social protection for women HBWs. One day
National Consultation on the Opportunities for HBWs in purview of Draft Policy of HBWs
and Post devaluation scenario was held on 29 October 2011 at Lahore with a the focus on
Provincial Sharing, Challenges, Opportunities and Way forward.
The discussion above brings out that the policy was effective in facilitating the increased
capacity of national and provisional level. However, some gaps were noticed which limited
the policy effectiveness. HNP lacked visibility and other gap was that the policy strategy
lacked impetus on marketing concern. While visibility for HBWs as workers is important,
one of the prime concerns of the HBWs that needed more attention is marketing of their end
products. The policy design did not allow HNP to directly work for the marketing of HBWs
finished products which led to disenchantment among the HBWs. The policy effectiveness
was also affected due to exclusion of un-associated HBWs. As part of the policy strategy of
organizing and networking, HBWs not associated with any of the MBOs were left out for
reasons more to do with logistics. This has led to majority of HBWs not being part of this
network, as they were not associated with any organization or group.
3-Relevance
Regardless of its initial momentum, no policy or activity can succeed or sustain on its own
unless the people for whom it is meant (in this case the HBWs) see its value and relevance. In

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its endeavor to give visibility to HBWs at the policy makers level and to try and bring them
onto one platform, UNIFEM took the benefit of an important landmark which emerged
during the South Asia Regional Policy Seminar held in 2000 in Kathmandu . This was the
Kathmandu Declaration which clearly stated the need to promote the rights of women in the
informal sector, and facilitated the establishment of HomeNet South Asia (HNSA) by
UNIFEM and SEWA. Prior to the launch of the policy for HBWs in South Asia, UNIFEM
had lobbied with fifteen countries in the Asia-Pacific region for the adoption of the ILO
Home Work Convention No. 177, supplemented by a recommendation on Home Work at its
83
rd
conference. This helped to put forward for the first time the concept of treating HBWs as
workers.
In spite of the presence of HBWs in large numbers within every country of the South Asian
region, HBWs have remained the invisible workforce contributing to the national economy.
Thus, one of the biggest challenges of the policy was to give them visibility, not only in the
eyes of policy makers, but in the eyes of the HBWs themselves. As admitted by policy
makers, during the initial days, the awareness on distinction between a HBW and a domestic
help was very low, even at the highest level. People engaged in earning their livelihood by
working from home were themselves unaware that they were workers contributing to their
families and nations economic well-being. The relevance of the policy was therefore two
fold one, to give HBWs visibility as workers; and two, to empower them to fight for their
rights related to getting the right wage/remuneration, having better work conditions and
getting social security benefits as a worker.UNIFEMs policy thus addressed the felt need to
facilitate advocacy for the cause of HBWs and particularly ensuring protection against
exploitation. HBWs are paid lowly for their work, have weak bargaining power, no security
for their future, and are exposed to health hazards associated with the activities they are

25 | P a g e

engaged in. The policy was relevant because the network formed under it provided a platform
to organizations working for and with HBWs to come together and work for policy changes
to empower HBWs in the country. The mapping exercise conducted in Pakistan was
important as it helped to not only identify HBWs in different provinces, but also to
understand the issues that needed to be addressed. The policy was equally relevant in terms of
sensitizing policy makers, civil society groups, trade unions and media towards the problems
of HBWs.
In Pakistan, the concerns were also similar; HBWs were not covered under the labor laws of
the country. These workers were deprived of the social protection schemes. Post Kathmandu
Declaration (2000), the issue of HBWs gained some visibility and as such the initiation of the
policy around the same time helped in giving momentum to the cause of economic and social
empowerment of HBWs in Pakistan. The policy made a vital intervention; there was a long
felt need for capacity building of HBWs and for providing marketing facilities to them.
To conclude, it clearly emerges from the discussion above that the policy was relevant for the
country. HBWs not being considered part of the workforce and hence deprived of their rights
as a worker, absence of any national policy for HBWs, and need of skill upgradation for
HBWs were some of the core issues, which the policy aimed to address. The policy did make
progress although in varying degrees on the above-mentioned issues .An important flaw
noticed in the policy design was its insistence on using funds only for advocacy and
networking purposes. As a result, not enough efforts were made by the HNP to provide
marketing avenues to the HBWs, although it was a matter of serious concern of HBWs.
Prior to initiation of the policy, a contextual analysis of the reports and documents available
on the feminized poverty and informal sector was undertaken.
28
At the beginning of the

26 | P a g e

policy no systematic approach was adopted to gather data and information from HBWs,
which would have provided baseline information on HBWs and the importance of the need to
provide marketing avenues to the HBWs. However, in the policy period, one of the major
activities undertaken by HNP was mapping of HBWs. During mapping gathered data and
information, which helped the HNP to understand HBWs socio-economic status.
4-I mpact
UNIFEMs policy was initiated when there was rapid globalization and trade liberalization.
More and more women had to seek various forms of employment at home or on the streets
rather than in factories, fields and offices. In the formal sector, workers were being laid off
and being compelled to take up self-employment at home, thus forcing them into the informal
sector. Further, global marketing pressures compelled firms to cut costs through
subcontracting, thus leading to an increase in the number of women employed as piece-rate
workers.
The policy during 2002 till present succeeded in making an impact. The findings of the
evaluation, to an extent, are consonant with the positive effects envisaged in the policy
documents. The findings clearly suggest that the policy has been able to give visibility to the
issues surrounding HBWs and has convinced the government to make ways of the need and
importance of addressing this issue.
At the national level, one of the key achievements was that it drew the attention of the policy
makers at the highest level. Eminent experts and representatives of line ministries attended
the conference in 2012 to Consultation to Finalize Social Protection Bill for Homebased
Workers. Another key impact of this policy in Pakistan has been the governments decision
to organized one day official workshop in different cities of the country like Lahore
Gujranwala and Faisalabad in 2013 and also held annual general meeting in march 2013.The

27 | P a g e

policy to some extent did help in infusing self-confidence amongst the HBWs. The
participation of HBWs in the exposure visits and trade fairs organized under the policy and
sharing of experience with their fellow HBWs back home has now generated a new kind of
competition to improve ones skills, and enthusiasm among many HBWs. These trips were
not just pleasure trips but helped the workers to develop their existing skills and learn new
designs, e.g. as in the case of embroidery and garment stitching. In other words, HBWs could
avail of benefits, like group insurance and financial assistance at the time of an accident.
This is a significant achievement for this section of the workforce that was just years back
deprived of any benefit from the government.
The policy, to some extent has been able to make HBWs confident. Home based women
workers now feel less hesitant to talk and deal with the buyers on business-related matters.
Apart from active participation of HNP in policy advocacy, another key effect, which could
be attributed to the policy, is the coming together of organizations at the provincial and
district levels, giving recognition to the cause of HBWs and making people aware that there
is a body called HNP, where they can take up the issue of women HBWs. The policy
resolutions for HBWs passed during March 2009 in the Balochistan Assembly is another
landmark for the policy in Pakistan. The advocacy efforts are showing desired results, as a
senior office-bearer of HNP said, The awareness campaign and advocacy under the policy
has made government and donor agencies show concern for HBWs and take measures to
address their problems.

Women parliamentarians have shown a keenness to take up policy
issues concerning HBWs in the parliament. On the political will, a social activist and ex-
Parliamentarian in Pakistan said: A Policy favouring HBWs was framed and put up in the
previous Parliament, but could not be taken up. She hopes that the current Parliament will
do so. Significantly, three bills have been moved in the current National Assembly of

28 | P a g e

Pakistan which was been passed which give a new hope to home based worker in
Pakistan.These bills are:
Working Women (Protection of Rights) Act, 2008. Home Based Workers Social Protection
Act, 2008. In House Working Women Protection Act, 2008.
They are expected to act as a stepping-stone towards framing of schemes and policys for
empowering HBWs, particularly women.On changes noticed at HBW level in Pakistan, the
activities like trade fairs and exhibitions have helped them to see the kind of products, made
by other HBWs and exposed them to marketing skills. On benefits of participating in trade
fairs and exhibitions, a representative of a MBO from Quetta said, Participation in trade
fairs and exhibitions has helped HBWs to improve their skills as well as an opportunity to
interact and share our experiences with fellow HBWs.Across the four countries, the MBOs
association with their respective national HomeNets has been beneficial to them. It has given
them an opportunity to send their members (HBWs), though in limited number, for skill
development training, to trade fairs and exhibitions. The exposure visits and interaction with
fellow HBWs from different parts of the country has infused the workers with a new
confidence and zeal. Now, they are keen to be part of such trips, where they can share their
experience and expertise in the work they do.
To conclude, the policy produced positive impact in all the four provinces. It is pertinent to
add that no negative impact of the policy on HBWs (such as reluctance on the part of
employers to give work to HBWs) was reported. As far as catalytic effect of the policy is
concerned, it triggered drafting of national policy for HBWs . While in Pakistan, the policy
also led passed of three bills in the National Assembly. However, some factors hampered the
policy and impacted the final results. Political Uncertainty, lacked recognition and Non-

29 | P a g e

Identification of genuine member based organizations: To succeed in their bottom-up
advocacy strategy, HNP needed to identify HBWs or organizations working for or/and with
HBWs, to bring them in the network. One of the major challenges was to identify HBWs or
such organizations. The mapping exercise had both cost and time implications. Yet, it was
equally important to identify genuine organizations and groups, and to avoid involving
organizations having a vested interest and which were not concerned with the empowerment
of the home based workers. Further, financial constraints made regular interaction between
the HNP and HBWs almost negligible. This adversely impacted efforts to create leaders from
among the HBWs in most of the cases.
5-Sustainability
The sustainability aspect of a policy is always an issue amongst the stakeholders. A review of
UNIFEMs present policy revealed that the policy design, to some extent, has an inbuilt
sustainability component by virtue of facilitating the process of legally forming and
establishing a network at the country. The legal registration of HNP is a key achievement in
this regard. Another programmatic strategy was to have focal organizations in each country to
foster the emergence of HomeNets. Further, as the evaluation study found, the networks on
their own and with the support of focal organizations have been able to involve the donor
community to contribute to the cause.
Handholding by focal organizations: A strategic decision that strengthened the policy was
identification of focal organizations in the country.Focal organizations was working for the
HBWs in country prior to the launch of this policy. Their familiarity with the sector, issues
and community helped in bringing expertise and credibility to the policy. These
organizations, besides working in their own countries, also came together under HNSA,
which helped all the member countries in benefiting from each others experience.

30 | P a g e

Regular flow of funds from various sources has helped in sustaining the policy. Apart from
this the national HomeNets are getting funds from differenet donors. The basic concept and
design of HNP has definitely contributed to the policys success. Though the outreach of
HNP is yet to encompass the length and breadth of country, it has succeeded in initiating the
process and has found favourable response from the member organizations to a large extent.
Further, the mapping exercise of HBWs and organizations working for and with HBWs, too,
has created a positive attitude among the workers with regard to their future.
To ensure sustainability of the policy, UNIFEMs partnership with International Agencies
like the renowned Harvard Institute of International Development (HIID) and the Women in
Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing (WEIGO),
42
as well as with private sector
organizations like the Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI),
43
should continue so as to strengthen
the efforts to sensitise policy makers and the public about the concerns and needs of HBWs.
Thus to conclude, on sustainability aspect of the policy, the study brings out that the policy
has registered networks functioning at national levels, focal organizations are continuing to
support the HNP and its initiatives. Further, on financial sustainability, mobilization of funds
and resources from donor community other than UNIFEM and FNV is an indication of the
policys progress towards achieving sustainability. However, some of the concerns for
sustainability of the policy were observed in the course of the evaluation and which should be
looked into for the policys sustainability in future. However, in our discussion with HBWs
and representatives of MBOs, it was observed that the degree of involvement of HBWs
varied. The evaluation found that many HBWs are not aware of their association with HNP
although they largely recognize the organizations with which they are associated. The reason
cited by HNP representatives was limited fund available under the policy. Since the policy in

31 | P a g e

its initial phase required advocacy both at the policy makers and community (HBWs) levels,
the frequency of interaction at the grassroots level was limited. Opportunities and motivation
for HBWs to come forward and push for policy changes aimed at incorporating their needs
and interests into national and provisional policy directives was found wanting due to fewer
interaction between HBWs and HNP. A cautious approach in future needs to be adopted by
HNP while involving more MBOs within the network. Though it cannot be generalized, yet
an issue of concern across the member countries was that some MBO representatives were
found to be working more as a business-entrepreneur rather than an HBW heading the MBO.
This in turn led to limited participation of HBWs in the management of MBOs.
Summing up
It is important to assess the overall progress of the policy in each province vis--vis the key
strategies drawn up to meet the goal . The strategies included:
Advocacy and policy dialogue to support stronger implementation of commitments to
issues faced by HBWs in the informal sector;
Building sustainable knowledge and action networks to bring women HBWs, their
associated networks and groups, womens organizations, governments, UN
organizations and other actors together to affect policies affecting the lives of HBWs;
Capacity building of women HBWS and relevant key actors to influence the
priorities, policies and policys that affect the lives of women HBWs;
Disseminating knowledge on emerging issues and innovative solutions with regard to
women HBWs through effective use of new and traditional information and
communications technologies and materials;

32 | P a g e

Experimentation on the how to of improving the lives and livelihoods of women HBWs
through strategic piloting so that concrete experience can inform mainstream strategies.
Against the stated strategies, the evaluation observed that in each one of provinces, the focus
was on the first three, i.e. advocacy and policy dialogue; building sustainable knowledge and
action networks, and capacity building of women HBWs, their networks and relevant key
actors.
The first strategy was given more priority and perhaps rightly so. A lot of emphasis was
placed on participation in developing a policy framework and advocacy for HBWs. Pakistan
government had already three bills have been passed in its National Assembly. With regard
to building sustainable knowledge and action networks, the registration of national HNP and
HNSA should be seen as a key indicator of success. However, further down, in terms of
organizing HBWs from different parts of the country or engaging with like-minded member-
based organizations, success was limited due to reasons like lack of follow up activities. Not
only is regular interaction imperative, but more concerted efforts will be needed for
identifying. Similarly, with regard to capacity building of HBWs, initiative at the national
level were taken from time to time . They organized exposure visits and ensured participation
of HBWs, though in limited number at trade fairs and exhibitions organized within the
country. A few skill development training workshops were organized for HBWs. However,
these activities were not a regular feature due to resource constraints. As regards the last two
strategies disseminating knowledge on emerging issues and innovative solutions; and
experimentation through strategic piloting more concrete measures may be needed in the
future. Though the policy has used resources and communication materials like newsletters,
posters and pamphlets to disseminate information about their rights amongst the HBWs yet,

33 | P a g e

in absence of a policy proper implementation, much has not been achieved. However, a good
initiative has been given visibility to the issue of HBWs.
As regards progress with respect to demonstrating pilot approaches to social protection or
promoting fair trade practices, more concrete measures are required in future. Another
challenge is to make HBWs aware about these social protection schemes and their rights.
Similarly, the efforts towards promoting fair-trade practices were found to be limited. It was
observed that HNP put in greater efforts towards advocacy for the above two strategies rather
than share concrete examples of success stories. For the next phase of the policy a major
challenge would be to develop a code of conduct for fair trade practices and advocacy
amongst the private employers and ensuring its acceptance and implementation.
6.Conclusion
It is necessary to condition here that the use of the five requirements to assess the program is
based on information created available at the specific nationwide HomeNets. Due to non-
availability of the break-up of the finance usage for different actions undertaken during the
program interval, the research of design of usage of the resources could not be done.
Moreover, in the lack of any standards being set against the actions listed in the sensible
structure designed for the program, it was challenging to do a comparative assessment.
Information provided by HNP, around 56,000 HBWs are allegedly associated with HNP. The
Programme Administrator of HNP, clarified: Till now, HNP didnt cost any account fee, but
recently the concept has been distributed among associates and participant companies to seek
their opinions on the same.21 In 2004-05, information on companies working for HBWs
was collected for initially. The determine of 2003 was in accordance with the perform out
performed by Aurat Base.

34 | P a g e

Further, HNP as part of its loyalty actions went out and engaged 538 member organizations,
mainly at the region stage across Pakistan. Along with Sungi Base, one of the key participant
companies, the program of HNP has its existence in more than 60 districts of Pakistan. Like
its alternatives in other nations, HNP targeted its resources on raising attention on HBWs. For
example, it proactively assisted visibility trips for around 100 HBWs and structured a variety
of attention conferences for 585 HBWs in five provinces of Pakistan. HNP also structured 15
loyality roundtables with 462 councillors, legislators, attorneys and press individuals to
purposeful on the privileges of HBWs. During the programme interval, HNP assisted four
two-day lawful knowledge classes with 214 participants, such as attorneys, press experts,
public activists and councillors. According to the Programme Administrator of HNP, the
significant resource of financing was HNSA. On efforts put to mobilize resources from other
resources, she included, There was no technique in the initial program stage to create
initiatives to message for exterior contributors. However, since 2007, concerted initiatives
have been created to obtain more resources from the partner organizations. There has been a
aware effort to prevent replication of perform and use the skills of one another.
Initially, the resources from FNV, IUP, SAARC and UNIFEM were channelized through
HNSA.
Now, however, apart from HNSA and UNIFEM, HNP is straight getting resources from the
International Labor Company. HNP is also working carefully with Sungi Base, and expects to
get some resources later on for short-term projects. HNP also structured a regional perform
shop in delayed 2008 as part of encounter discussing and studying. As regards employees,
HomeNet Pakistan consists of a nationwide manager, a program official at the national level,

35 | P a g e

and three central individuals in Karachi, Quetta and Peshawar. Currently, HNP is operating
from the property of its central organization, Aurat Base.
To sum up, it may be said that HNP, which obtained on a normal 30000 USD per annum
(Source: UNIFEM SARO), like other nationwide HomeNets has invested on loyality
initiatives and mapping of HBWs. However, it is significant that HNP extended its program
much more actively and efficiently than the other nations.
One purpose among others, for efficient usage of resources by the four nationwide HomeNets
was the assistance they obtained from the central companies. In Nepal, it was HNSA and
other HomeNets which given the necessary assistance to HNN.
On performance part, as the HomeNets could not discuss the facts of usage of financial
resources, the research could not indicate on the the best possible usage of resources in
situation of availability of less resources. In the existing set up, the significant gap observed
was lack of a Control Information System (MIS) at the nationwide HomeNets stage. This
served as a constraint in maintaining information and tracking of finance usage.
In Pakistan, apart from signing up of HNP and the applying perform out to carry HBWs in
the network, the program was able to sensitize the political figures and plan creators on the
economic and public privileges of HBWs. Moreover to creating of a nationwide plan on
HBWs,
Pakistan may be seen as a innovator among the states as a invoice was approved in one
Provincial Set up (Balochistan) and three expenses (Working Females [Protection of Rights]
Act, 2008; House Centered Employees Social Security Act, 2008; In-House Working Women

36 | P a g e

Protection Act, 2008) were tabled in the National Set up of Pakistan to create sure social
protection for ladies HBWs.
The conversation above delivers out that the program was efficient in assisting the increased
potential of local and nationwide HomeNets. However, some holes were noticed which
restricted the program performance.
7.Recommendations
Lobby with the champions of the cause for the passage of the three bills favoring
HBWs by the National Assembly.
Ensure that statistics on HBWs is collated during labor and other related surveys conducted
by Pakistans Federal Bureau of Statistics.
Build the capacity of HNP staff for maintaining the records on funds utilization and activities
undertaken. With expansion of membership of HNP, it becomes even more important to
monitor activities and keep track of the follow-up with the members and MBOs.
Work more effectively towards bringing more women HBWs in its fold. It ensures that
individual HBWs (who are not associated with any organization or group working with or for
HBWs) are not left out.
Set up its own office to give more visibility to the network. This will be in accordance with
the exit policy suggested for focal organizations.
Use its regional offices more effectively for advocacy both with policy makers and with
media to highlight the issues concerning HBWs, particularly women.

37 | P a g e

Update its website and give contact details of its programme offices in different provinces so
that HBWs or any agency presently not in the network could contact them in case they need
any assistance.
8.Lesson Learnt
While evaluating this project we got to have an in depth knowledge of this area and came to
know about the things , we know not earlier and definitely these concepts their application
which we have learned will help me in future, to analyze many situational aspects of politics,
culture and sociology in Pakistan with a more deep insight .
We got to know about the Home based industries, their functioning and the problems being
faced by the workers.
We got to know that what could be the possible recommendations that needs to be practiced
for the betterment of this policy and its stakeholders
9.Good practices
The system interval also exposed some praiseworthy initiatives that led to great outcomes,
which actually are very amazing in characteristics.
Lobbying with Peoples Associates in Pakistan: At the system implementation level, one of
the methods value copying is the effective participation of political figures for the passage of
plan and Functions for the power of HBWs. This was discovered extensive in the situation of
Pakistan. Lobbying with the peoples representatives has proven great outcomes with the

38 | P a g e

release of three expenses in the Nationwide Set up towards guaranteeing better perform
circumstances and offering public security to the HBWs. The moving of a quality in
Baluchistan Region Set up of Pakistan is another popular result.
Offices at Local stage in Pakistan: An excellent programmatic strategy was taken by
HomeNet Pakistan, which could be copied by other states. They have a HomeNet office/focal
individual at three locations, namely, Karachi, Quetta and Peshawar. This ensures better
sychronisation and frequent connections with HBWs.
References
http://wiego.org/informal-economy/home-based-workers-policies-pakistan
http://www.homenetpakistan.org/revised/newsletter.php?nID=1
http://www.paycheck.pk/main/labour-laws/maternity-work/home-based-workers-in-pakistan

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Evaluation of National Policy on HBWs 2014

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