Electronic Systems and Technologies - Formulas

  
Noise Voltage
  
Noise Power

   
Shot Noise !Current%
&
&
!'%  () *+,



&
&
!'%  ) *+,




Signal - to - Noise Ratio

!&/%1
/ 

Noise Factor
!&/%

/!'%  !&/%1 !'% - !&/% !'%

Noise Figure

45  6)!/ - (%
Equivalent Temperature

/ - ( /? - (
/ - (
/  /( =
=
= @=

Frisss Formula
>(
>( >
>( > >? >B(

D

Modulation Index
D

E

D

DJK -
D1L

Modulation Index

DJK =
D1L

D  D(  = D  = @ = D 
Total Modulation Index

M& 
N& 

M&  N& 
& 

D D
E


Upper and Lower Sideband Voltages



D

Upper and Lower Sideband Power
 E

D

Sideband Power
 E


D
  E R( =
S
Transmitted Power


4 

T 

Peak Envelop Power

 N

V. &.  X
Carrier Swing

Modulation Index
YD

DY 
Z

XJE[

Modulation Ratio/Deviation Ratio

XDJK

XDJK  ]^ _`
FM Broadcast
XDJK  ^ _`
FM TV Sound
  !X = YD %
Carsonb sRule

  ^!YE - ]. 6%
FM Channel Number

&/ 

c) '

Shape Factor
c '

/ !'%  ) *+, ( = 5 d
Image Rejection Ratio

fghih, d 
no

Y1DJkh Yl1kLJm
Yl1kLJm Y1DJkh

 p ()((

Velocity in Orbit !m/s%

' = h

h xyv N
s  tuvB( w
{
Angle of Declination
_ = h !( - z+x N%

'  ! h = g% - ! h z+x s% - h xyv s

Satellite Range


>   ~
Power Gain!Parabolic%

s

])

Beamwidth!Parabolic%

iJ'

Antenna Eficiency
iJ' = 1L

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Electronic Systems and Technologies - Formulas

 


[

Power Density
i

?)[

Electric Field Strength

i

 

?]]

Characteristic Impedance
i

ZM/ 

YE

Maximum Usable Frequency

z+x s

f/  ). ^ZM/
Optimum Working Frequency

'!D%  (]g[ !D% = (]gi !D%

Radio Horizon Distance

Number of Cells

?. ci

  o

Characteristic Impedance
V

 

]c

*+,

Characteristic Impedance!Parallel - wire%

'

nY 

nT
(


Velocity Factor
E
i

(?

 
*+,
Characteristic Impedance!Coaxial Cable%
'

i
i

i

Relection Coeficient

1

N -

Relection Coeficient
N =

&f - (

Relection Coeficient
i
&f = (

&f 

DJK

Standing Wave Ratio

D1L

&f 

( = |i|

Standing Wave Ratio

( - |i|

s  ?c)

Phase Shift

i  i 1
Relected Power

N  1 - i  1 !( - i %
Power of Load

N !'%  ) *+,

Return Loss
i

(hThi  . cc '

Tg 

nTg 

o( - ~YE
Y


o( - ~YE
Y

Phase Wavelength

Phase Velocity

YE 
k  o( - ~
Group Wavelength
Y

YE 
nk  Eo( - ~
Group Velocity
Y

nk nTg  E
Relationship between group and phase velocity

YE 

 

Cut - off Frequency

J
?]]

o( - ~YE
Y

Characteristic Impedance

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Electronic Systems and Technologies - Formulas

Y 


i Y1

Doppler Frequency
E

sE  xyvB(

s1L 

L

Critical Angle
L(

xyvB( L( 

- L

Acceptance Angle

  L(  - L 
Numerical Aperture
iDJK 

). ??

Maximum Radius of the Core



 
N  ~

Path Loss

L'(!D% '!D%
 (]. ?o

Fresnel Radius
Y>_` '!D%
n  ??(. ^ = ). c)]V
for T 20

n  ??(. ^o

for T 20
]?

YE  (( - L
Center Frequency of Channel

YE  ?] = L
Center Frequency of Group


  o

Coupling Factor
hYY


(
>

Half - Power Beamwidth

N  ). [ = ). 
Via Net Loss in dB!t in ms%

YV  !Y/ - Y(l[ mE %

Capture range of PLL

YN  !YmJl[ mE - Y/ %
Lock range of PLL

V  f *+,  Z
Hartley Law

V  f *+,  !( = &/%
Shannon - Hartley Theorem
V 

f
Jnh


Duty Cycle
  ThJ

  

(
(


Pulse Rate Repitition

  /

45  ( =
/  ( =

>( 

>(  > 

Equivalent Noise Resistance

45

Noise Factor
&

L D = L = (
Number of Hamming Bits
L  !L - (%
Power of level code
f 

f 


f
Noise Bandwidth @ 3 dB


Noise Bandwidth
 V

)? 
>!'%  () *+, ~

Gain

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