LIVE OPERATING SYSTEM ON CD

Makalah
Disusun untuk memenuhi sebagai tugas
Ujian Akhir Semester
Mata kuliah Sistem Operasi
Dosen Pengampu : Kristiawan Nugroho,S.Kom,M.Kom





Disusun Oleh:
Hasan zaki G.231.12.0242
Petit Wuri Nur S G.231.12.0156
Riza Sasongko G.231.12.0196

PROGRAM STUDI S1 TEKNIK INFORMATIKA
FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI DAN KOMUNIKASI
UNIVERSITAS SEMARANG
2014
DAFTAR ISI


Kata Pengantar1
Bab I2
Pendahuluan..2
A. Latar Belakang.2
B. Rumusan Masalah3
C. Tujuan.3
D. Landasan Teori3
Bab II..5
Pembahasan..5
A. Sejarah Live Operating System On CD5
B. Fungsi Live Operating System On CD5
C. Cara Kerja Live Operating System On CD6
D. Tipe Live Operating System On CD6
Bab III..8
Penutup8
Kesimpulan.8
Saran..8
Daftar Pustaka.9

Live CD
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A live CD, live DVD, or live disc is a complete bootable computer installation including
operating system which runs in a computer's memory, rather than loading from a hard disk
drive; the CD itself is read-only. It allows users to run an operating system for any purpose
without installing it or making any changes to the computer's configuration. Live CDs can
run on a computer without secondary storage, such as a hard disk drive, or with a
corrupted hard disk drive or file system, allowing data recovery. A live ISO is an ISO image
of a Live CD which can be used in virtual machine environments, mounted as if it were a
CD/DVD and used as the virtual machine's boot CD. Live CDs, ISOs, and images usually
include an operating system available without charge or restrictive licence such as Linux,
rather than a commercial one such as Microsoft Windows, for legal rather than technical
reasons.
The functionality of a live CD is also available with a bootable live USB flash drive, or even
an external USB drive. These may have the added functionality of writing changes on the
bootable medium. Also, solid-statedevices are faster than optical drives. Write-locked Live
SD WORM systems are the direct solid-state counterpart to live CDs, and can be booted
natively in a media card slot or by using a USB adapter. Write-locked Live SD systems avoid
excessive write cycles or corruption by ill-conditioned software, such as malware.
While a live CD typically does not alter any operating system or files already installed on a
computer's secondary storage (such as hard disk drives), many live CDs include software
mechanisms and utilities for altering the host computer's data stores, including installation
of an operating system. This is important for the system management aspect of live CDs,
which can be useful for removing malware, for disk imaging, and for system recovery.
Unless such software is used, at the end of a live CD session the computer remains as it was
before. The live system is able to run without permanent installation by placing the files
that normally would be stored on a hard drive intoRAM, typically in a RAM disk. The
computer must have sufficient RAM both to store these files and maintain normal
operation.
History
All except the earliest digital computers are built with some form of minimal built-in
loader, which loads a program or succession of programs from a storage medium, which
then operate the computer. Initially a read-only medium such as punched tape or punched
cards was used for initial program load. With the introduction of inexpensive read-write
storage, read-write floppy disks and hard disks were used as boot media.
After the introduction of the audio compact disc, it was adapted for use as a medium for
storing and distributing large amounts of computer data. This data may also include
application and operating-system software, sometimes packaged and archived in
compressed formats. Later, it was seen to be convenient and useful to boot the computer
directly from compact disc, often with a minimal working system to install a full system
onto a hard drive. While there are read-write optical discs, either mass-produced read-only
discs or write-once discs were used for this purpose.
The first Compact Disc drives on personal computers were generally much too slow to run
complex operating systems; computers were not designed to boot from an optical disc.
When operating systems came to be distributed on compact discs, either aboot floppy or
the CD itself would boot specifically, and only, to install onto a hard drive. The first live CD
was FM Towns OS first released in 1989.[citation needed]
Origin of Linux live
Although early developers and users of distributions built on top of the Linux kernel could
take advantage of cheap optical disks and rapidly declining prices of CD drives for personal
computers, the Linux distribution CDs or "distros" were generally treated as a collection of
installation packages that must first be permanently installed to hard disks on the target
machine.
However, in the case of these distributions built on top of the Linux kernel, the free
operating system was meeting resistance in the consumer market because of the perceived
difficulty, effort, and risk involved in installing an additional partition on the hard disk, in
parallel with an existing operating system installation.
The term "live CD" was coined because, after typical PC RAM was large enough and 52x
speed CD drives and CD burners were widespread among PC owners, it finally became
convenient and practical to boot the kernel and run X11, a window manager and GUI
applications directly from a CD without disturbing the OS on the hard disk.
This was a new and different situation for Linux than other operating systems, because the
updates/upgrades were being released so quickly, different distributions and versions
were being offered online, and especially because users were burning their own CDs.
The first Linux-based 'Live CD' was Yggdrasil Linux first released in beta form 1992~1993
(ceased production in 1995), though in practice its functionality was hampered due to the
low throughput of contemporary CD-ROM drives. DemoLinux, released in 1998, was the
first Linux distribution specially designed as a live CD. The Linuxcare bootable business
card, first released in 1999, was the first Live CD to focus on system administration, and the
first to be distributed in the bootable business card form factor. As of 2010, Finnix (first
released in 2000) is the oldest Live CD still in production. Knoppix, a Debian-derived Linux
distribution, was released in 2003, and found popularity as both a rescue disk system and
as a primary distribution in its own right.
Since 2003, the popularity of live CDs has increased substantially, partly due to Linux Live
scripts and remastersys, which made it very easy to build customized live systems. Most of
the popular Linux distributions now include a live CD variant, which in some cases is also
the preferred installation medium.
Uses
Live CDs made for many different uses. Some are designed to demonstrate or "test drive" a
particular operating system (usually Linux or another free or open source operating
system). Software can be tested, or run for a particular single use, without interfering with
system setup. Data on a system which is not functioning normally due to operating system
and software issues can be made available; for example, data can be recovered from a
machine with an active virus infection without the virus process being active and causing
more damage, and the virus can be removed with its defences against removal bypassed.
Although some live CDs can load into memory to free the optical drive for other uses,
loading the data from a CD-ROM is still slower than a typical hard drive boot, so this is
rarely the default with large live CD images, but for smaller live CD images loading the
filesystem directly into RAM can provide a significant performance boost, as RAM is much
faster than a hard drive, and uses less power.[1] Experienced users of the operating system
may also use a live CD to determine whether and to what extent a particular operating
system or version is compatible with a particular hardware configuration and certain
peripherals, or as a way to know beforehand which computer or peripheral will work
before buying.[1] A live CD can be used to troubleshoot hardware, especially when a hard
drive fails, and more generally as a recovery disc in case of problems. Some live CDs can
save user-created files in a Windows partition, a USB drive, a network drive, or other
accessible media. Live backup CDs can create an image of drives, and back up files, without
problems due to open files and inconsistent sets.
A few additional uses include:
installing a Linux distribution to a hard drive
testing new versions of software
listing & testing hardware [2]
system repair and restoration
high security/non-invasive environment for a guest
cracking, stealing, and changing passwords
network security testing
being the primary or backup operating system for any computer
quick and simple clustering of computers [3]
computer forensics
playing video games or running applications that require a different operating
system
providing a secure server platform where crucial files cannot be permanently
altered
providing a secure, reliable platform for the performance of high-vulnerability tasks
such as internet banking;
Internet kiosks and public computers, which can be brought back to their original
state by a reboot
Bypassing parental controls and other restrictions
Thematic Live CDs
Several live CDs are dedicated to specific type of applications according to the
requirements of thematic user communities. These CDs are tailored to the needs of the
applications in subject including general knowledge, tutorial, specifications and trial data
too.
Some of these topics covers sub topics, e.g. IT administration breaks down to firewall,
rescue, security, etc. type of live CDs. In some cases a particular LiveDVD covers more than
one topic.
Live CD software appliances
Packaging a software appliance as an installable live CD, or live ISO, can often be beneficial
as a single image can run on both real hardware and on most types of virtual machines.
This allows developers to avoid the complexities involved in supporting multiple
incompatible virtual machine images formats and focus on the lowest common
denominator instead.
Typically after booting the machine from the live CD, the appliance either runs in non-
persistent demo mode or installs itself, at the user's request, to an available storage device.
Mounting without burning
The files on a live CD ISO image can be accessed in Microsoft Windows with a disk image
emulator such as Daemon Tools, or in Unix variants by mounting a loop device. Later
versions of Windows (i.e. Windows 8 and later), and software available for earlier versions,
allow an ISO to be mounted as a volume.
After mounting the live CD's filesystem, software on the live CD can be run directly, without
booting it, by chrooting into the mounted filesystem.
A live CD ISO image can also be mounted by Virtual Machine software such as VirtualBox
and VMware Workstation or can be converted to a Live USB using SYSLINUX. Tools such as
UNetbootin can automate this process.
Common traits
Some live CDs come with an installation utility launchable from a desktop icon that can
optionally install the system on a hard drive or USB flash drive. Most live CDs can access
the information on internal and/or external hard drives, diskettes and USB flash drives.
Live CDs are usually distributed on read-only media, requiring either copying to
rewriteable media (i.e. a hard drive or CD writer) or complete remastering to install
additional software; however, there are exceptions such as Puppy Linux which has the
ability to save files to the live CD itself or other multisession media, allowing data,
programs and customized settings to be written.[clarification needed]
The first live CDs used Linux as their operating system, available without charge or
restrictive licence. The term came to be used for any CD containing operating system and
software which could be run without installation on the host computer; example include
OpenSolaris, BeleniX and others based on Solaris. Other operating systems which can be
used live include AmigaOS 4, Amithlon, AROS, FreeBSD, FreeDOS, Mac OS, Microsoft
Windows installation and repair discs, OS/2, ReactOS, NetBSD,OpenBSD, MINIX 3, Plan 9
from Bell Labs, and MorphOS. There are maintenance versions of Microsoft Windows
bootable from CD such as BartPE, Windows PE, and Microsoft Diagnostics and Recovery
Toolset (DaRT), previously known as Emergency Repair Disk Commander (ERD
Commander).
The first personal computer operating system on a CD to support "live" operations might
have been the AmigaOS, which could be booted from CD on an Amiga CDTV in
1990.[citation needed]. Earlier examples of live OS are of course the operating systems
used from floppy, and most widely spread is DOS.
Unlike previous operating systems on optical media, though, Linux and OS/2 "live CDs"
were specifically designed to run without installation onto other media like a hard disk
drive. The live CD concept was meant to promote Linux and showcase the abilities of the
free, open source operating system on conventional personal computers with Microsoft
Windows already installed.[citation needed]
On a PC, a bootable Compact Disc generally conforms to the El Torito specification. Many
Linux based live CDs use a compressed filesystem image, often with the cloop compressed
loopback driver, or squashfs compressed filesystem, generally doubling effective storage
capacity, although slowing application start up[citation needed].
The resulting environment can be quite rich: typical Knoppix systems include around 1,200
separate software packages. Live CDs have a reputation for supporting advanced auto-
configuration and plug-and-play functionality. This came out of necessity to avoid requiring
the user to configure the system each time it boots and to make it easily usable by those
who are new to the operating system.
Technique
A read-only file system, such as on a CD-ROM has the drawback of being unable to save any
current working data. For this reason, a read-only file system is often merged with a
temporary writable file system in the form of a RAM disk. Often the default Linux
directories "/home" (containing users' personal files and configuration files) and "/var"
(containing variable data) are kept in ramdisk, because the system updates them
frequently. Puppy Linux and some other live CDs allow a configuration and added files to
be written and used in later sessions.
In modern live CDs, a read-only file system is merged with a RAM drive using transparent
techniques such as UnionFS, AuFS or EWF. Boot loaders like syslinux can boot ISO files
from USB memory devices.
Live CDs have to be able to detect and use a wide variety of hardware (including network
cards, graphic cards etc.) in realtime, often using facilities such as udev, hotplug, hal, udisk
etc.. which are a common part of all distributions based on Linux kernel2.6.
Boot code
During live CD initialization, a user typically may resort to using one or more boot codes to
change the booting behavior. These vary from distribution to distribution but can most
often be accessed upon first boot screen by one of the function keys.


KATA PENGANTAR


Puji syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, karena berkat kasih dan
anugerah-Nya, penulis dapat menyelesaikan Makalah yang berjudul Live Operating
System on CD.
Makalah ini disusun untuk memenuhi tugas Ujian akhir Take Home Sistem Operasi.
Selain itu, tujuan dari penyusunan makalah ini juga untuk menambah wawasan tentang
pengetahuan penggunaan Operating sistem pada cd tanpa menginstal terlebih dahulu .
Pada kesempatan ini, Penulis juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada keluarga dan
teman - teman yang telah memberikan dukungan baik material maupun non material
sehimgga penulis dapat menyelesaikan Makalah ini.
Akhirnya, Tiada gading yang tak retak penulis menyadari bahwa Makalah ini sangat
jauh dari kesempurnaan. Oleh karena itu, dengan segala kerendahan hati, penulis
menerima kritik dan saran agar penyusunan Makalah selanjutnya menjadi lebih baik.
Semoga karya tulis ini bermanfaat khususnya bagi penulis dan bagi para pembaca .



Semarang, 20 JULI 2014


Penulis








BAB I
PENDAHULUAN

A. Latar Belakang
Dalam ilmu komputer, sitem operasi atau OS yang berfungsi untuk melakukan
kontrol dan memanage hardware serta operasi dasar sistem termasuk menjalankan
software aplikasi.
Live CD, DVD live adalah instalasi komputer bootable lengkap termasuk sistem
operasi yang berjalan di memori komputer, bukan loading dari hard disk drive; CD itu
sendiri adalah read-only. Hal ini memungkinkan pengguna untuk menjalankan sistem
operasi untuk tujuan apapun tanpa menginstal atau membuat perubahan pada konfigurasi
komputer. Live CD dapat dijalankan pada komputer tanpa penyimpanan sekunder, seperti
hard disk drive yang memungkinkan pemulihan data. Dengan CD Live ISO adalah image ISO
dari Live CD yang dapat digunakan dalam lingkungan mesin virtual, dipasang seolah-olah
itu adalah CD / DVD dan digunakan sebagai boot CD mesin virtual. Live CD, ISO, dan image
OS biasanya termasuk sistem operasi tersedia tanpa biaya atau lisensi terbatas seperti
Linux, bukan komersial satu seperti Microsoft Windows, karena alasan hukum ketimbang
teknis.
Fungsi dari live CD juga tersedia dengan live USB bootable flash drive, atau bahkan
USB drive eksternal. Memiliki fungsi tambahan perubahan tulisan di media bootable.
Sementara live CD biasanya tidak mengubah sistem operasi atau file yang sudah diinstal
pada penyimpanan sekunder komputer (seperti hard disk drive), banyak live CD meliputi
mekanisme perangkat lunak dan utilitas untuk mengubah menyimpan data komputer host,
termasuk instalasi sistem operasi . Hal ini penting untuk aspek manajemen sistem live CD,
yang dapat berguna untuk menghapus malware, untuk pencitraan disk, dan untuk
pemulihan sistem. Kecuali perangkat lunak tersebut digunakan, pada akhir sesi live CD
komputer tetap seperti sebelumnya. Sistem Live dapat berjalan tanpa instalasi permanen
dengan menempatkan file yang biasanya akan disimpan pada RAM disk. Komputer harus
memiliki RAM yang cukup baik untuk menyimpan file-file ini dan mempertahankan operasi
normal.

B. Rumusan Masalah
1. Apa yang dimaksud Live Operating System On CD?
2. Bagaimanakah sejarah Live Operating System On CD?
3. Bagaimanakah fungsi Live Operating System On CD?
4. Mengetahui macam-macam Live Operating System On CD berdasarkan atas
beberapa operating system yang ada
C. TUJUAN
Adapun tujuan dari penulisan makalah ini yaitu:
1. Sebagai tugas UAS Take Home mata kuliah System Operasi
2. Dapat lebih mengetahui sejarah Live Operating System On CD
3. Dapat mengenal dan memahami bagaimana cara kerja Live Operating System On CD
D. LANDASAN TEORI
Live CD adalah sebuah CD yang bisa menjalankan (biasanya) distribusi Linux
lengkap (tertentu) dari drive CD-ROM tanpa perlu menginstalnya ke hard disk terlebih
dahulu. Pada awalnya, LiveCD digunakan untuk melakukan pengujian sistem operasi yang
bersifat open-source seperti GNU/Linux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, ReactOS, dan BeOS.
Selain digunakan untuk melakukan pengujian, dapat juga digunakan untuk melakukan
troubleshooting terhadap sistem operasi yang bermasalah.

Salah satu pelopor LiveCD berbasis sistem operasi ini adalah Knoppix, sebuah distro yang
dirilis oleh Klaus Knopper berbasis Debian GNU/Linux. Contoh lain adalah BlankOn,
NimbleX, PCLinuxOS, Puppy Linux, dan Ubuntu.

Selain sistem-sistem operasi tersebut, sistem operasi Windows juga dapat
digunakan sebagai LiveCD. Microsoft sebagai pembuat Windows telah membuat Windows
Preinstallation Environment (Windows PE), sebuah lingkungan minimal sistem operasi
Windows (lingkungan grafis Windows tanpa shell Explorer). Selain Windows PE, ada juga
implementasi lainnya yang dikenal dengan BartPE, dengan program pembuatnya yang
disebut dengan PE Builder.


BAB II
PEMBAHASAN

A. SEJARAH LIVE OPERATING SYSTEM ON CD
Awal mula adanya operating sistem menggunakan floopy disk untuk boot up komputer
dan membebankan program pada media tertentu yang built in loader. Dengan
diperkenalkannya media penyimpanan baru berupa hardisk maka mulailah berkembang
operating sistem yang bisa disimpan langsung dalam media tersebut.
Setelah adanya compact disk audio yang dapat diadaptasi untuk media penyimpanan
data komputer dalam kapasitas yang cukup besar, tetapi komputer tidak dirancang untuk
menjalankan operating sistem lewat compact disk karena akses yang lambat. Akan tetapi
pada era sekarang dikarenakan perkembangan open source yang lebih dominan para
warehouse software operating sistem menggunakan live cd sebagai sarana marketing dan
sarana pengembangan dari operating sistem itu sendiri.
B. FUNGSI LIVE OPERATING SYSTEM ON CD
Pada awal mulanya fungsi utama dari Live Operating System on CD adalah untuk
menguji kemampuan dari sebuah operating sistem dan program aplikasinya yang
berbasis open source. Hal ini dilakukan karena lebih praktis dan efisien. Konsumen
yang akan memakai operating sistem tersebut dapat mencoba dan mengubah operating
sistem tersebut.
Selain sebagai bahan ujicoba juga sebagai jalan penyebaran yang lebih cepat. Dan
pada saat ini Live Operating System On CD sudah merupakan suatu perangkat penting
bagi para tehnisi untuk mendiaknosa sebuah pc ataupun notbook.
Kegunaan lain sebuah operating sistem live on cd adalah :
1. Sebagai master penginstalan Distribusi Linux
2. Sebagai ujicoba software versi tertentu
3. Sebagai sarana ujicoba hardware dan mendeteksian hardware
4. Sebagai sarana pembetulan dan recovery file sistem ataupun file data
5. Sebagai sarana pemblokiran hak pakai
6. Sebagai sarana ujicoba keamanan jaringan
7. Sebagai sarana cloning antar pc
8. Sebagai sarana forensic data komputer
9. Sebagai sarana hacking dan cracking
C. CARA KERJA LIVE OPERATING SYSTEM ON CD
Live CD adalah operating system independen yang tidak memerlukan instalasi
terlebih dahulu kedalam harddisk, karena didalam CD tersebut sudah ada ditanamkan
program-program pendukung dan library-library yang dibutuhkan untuk menjalankan
sebuah komputer. Tapi karena membutuhkan cd/dvd-rom maka akses ke komputer
menjadi lebih lambat dibandingkan dengan menggunakan operating system biasa.
Pada dasarnya semua perintah software diminimalisasikan sehingga dapat
tersimpan secara sementara pada RAM. Jadi tidak perlu menginstal ataupun merubah
operating sistem yang ada pada harddrive lain nya.
D. TIPE LIVE OPERATING SYSTEM ON CD
Ada banyak Live Operating System On CD yang beredar sekarang ini tergantung dari
kebutuhan dan dasar operating sistem original nya yang dikembangkan oleh konsumen,
komunitas ataupun oleh warehouse software itu sendiri. Antara lain :
1. Rescue and repair live CDs
a) Billix. Merupakan multiboot yang bisa digunakan untuk perlengkapan
adminstrator untuk penginstalan ulang master software yang berasal
dari distro linux
b) Boot Repair Disk. Merupakan bootable cd yang digunakan untuk
memperbaiki disk bootable pada linux maupun microsoft.
c) Inquisitor. Merupakan bootable cd yang digunakan untuk mendiagnosa
hardware berbasis linux.
d) Kapersky Rescue CD. Bootable antivirus yang digunakan untuk
menghapus virus system
e) Partition Magic. Bootable yang digunakan untuk mengubah partisi
hardisk tanpa kita harus masuk kesistem hardisk tersebut.
2. FreeBSD based
a) DesktopBSD
b) FreeBSD
c) FreeNAS
d) GhostBSD
3. Mac OS X-based
a) BootCD from Charlessoft for Mac OS X up to 10.3 (including PowerPC
Macintosh)
b) DasBoot by SubRosaSoft.com
c) OSx86 (x86 only)
4. Gentoo-based
a) Calculate Linux
b) FireballISO
c) IncognitoPentoo
d) SabayonLinux
e) SystemRescueCD
f) Ututo
g) VidaLinux
5. Microsoft Windows-based
a) BartPE (Windows XP/2003)
b) Reatogo-X-PE based on BartPE
c) Ultimate Boot CD for Windows (UBCD4Win)
d) Microsoft Windows Preinstallation Environment

BAB III
PENUTUP


Kesimpulan
Pada dasarnya Live Operating On Cd merupakan implementasi dari operating
sistem lainnya yang diminimalisasikan dan berfungsi untuk ujicoba trial and error sebuah
operating system.Selain itu jika Live Operating System On Cd di tambah dengan aplikasi
tertentu digunakan untuk kepentingan tertentu dan tujuan tertentu.


Saran
1. Jika kita membutuhkan aplikasi tertentu untuk membackup data dan
menganalisa kondisi hardware tanpa harus menginstal aplikasi tertentu kita
membutuhkan Live Operating System On Cd yang sesuai dengan operating
sistem yang kita gunakan.
2. Pergunakan lah live operating system on cd untuk hal-hal yang tidak merugikan
orang lain ataupun yang bertentangan dengan peraturan yang ada.



DAFTAR PUSTAKA

http://www.inforiatif.com/ciptakan-live-usb-system-linux-os-dengan-linuxliveusb
http://trihariyono.wordpress.com/2007/11/18/artikel-tentang-operating-system/
http://www.wired.com/2014/04/tails/
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD
http://lifehacker.com/5157811/five-best-live-cds
http://www.slax.org/
http://www.hrcentro.com/artikel/OrangeHRM__PC_Linux_OS_Live_on_USB_090101.html
http://abas31.blogspot.com/2012/03/membuat-live-cd-windows-dengan-bart-pe.html
http://arjunaselalu.blogspot.com/2013/03/cara-buat-multi-os-operating-system-usb.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_live_CDs