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InternationalJournalofAntennasandPropagation
Volume2008(2008),ArticleID713858,8pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/713858
ResearchArticle
DesignAspectsofPrintedMonopoleAntennasforUltra-WideBandApplications
K.P.Ray
SAMEER,IITCampus,HillSide,Powai,Mumbai400076,India
Received21May2007;Accepted19January2008
AcademicEditor:HansG.Schantz
Copyright 2008 K. P. Ray. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited.
Abstract
Tispaperpresentsthedesignequationsforlowerband-edgefrequencyforalltheregularshapesofprintedmonopoleantennaswithvarious
feedpositions.Telengthofthefeedtransmissionlineisacriticaldesignparameterofthesemonopoleantennas.Designcurvesforthelength
ofthefeedtransmissionlineforvariouslowerband-edgefrequenciesforalltheseregularshapedmonopoleshavebeengenerated.Asystematic
studyhasbeenpresentedtoexplaintheultra-widebandwidthobtainedfromtheseantennaswithanexampleofellipticalmonopoleantenna.
1.Introduction
Present time is witnessing a very rapid growth of wireless communications,for which antennas with very large bandwidth are in strong
demand,so that various applications are covered with fewer or preferably with a single antenna. It will be preferred that an antenna has
bandwidthinexcessoffrequencyrangefrom800MHzto11GHzorevenmore,toincludealltheexistingwirelesscommunicationsystems
suchasAMPC800,GSM900,GSM1800,PCS1900,WCDMA/UMTS(3G),2.45/5.2/5.8-GHz-ISM,U-NII,DECT,WLANs,EuropeanHiperLAN
I,II,andUWB(3.110.6GHz)[1].Outofalltheabove-mentionedwirelesssystems,ultra-widebandwidth(UWB)wirelesstechnologyismost
sought for very high-data-rate and short-range wireless communication systems, coding for security and low probability of interception,
rejectionofmultipathefect,modernradarsystems,andsoforth.Asmentionedabove,thistechnologyusesultra-widebandwidthof7.5GHz,
rangingfrom3.1GHzto10.6GHz.
Planar and printed monopole antennas are the good candidates for use in UWB wireless technology because of their wide impedance
bandwidthandnearlyomni-directionalazumuthalradiationpattern.Manyshapesofplanar,alsoknownasplanardisc,monopoleantennasare
reported,whichyieldverylargebandwidth[28].SomeofthesereportedconfgurationshavebandwidthinexcessofthatrequiredforUWB
applications[3].But,theplanardiscconfgurationsarenotthemostpreferredonefortheseapplications,becausetheyaregenerallymountedon
largegroundplane,whichareperpendiculartotheplaneofmonopole(whichmakesthemthree-dimensionalstructure).Also,thelargesize
groundplanelimitstheradiationpatterntoonlyhalfhemisphere.Ontheotherhand,printedmonopoleantennas(PMAs)aretrulyplanarand
haveradiationpatternssimilartothatofadipoleantenna.Tesemonopolescanbeintegratedwithothercomponentsonprintedcircuitboard,
havereducedsizeondielectricsubstrate,arewithoutbackinggroundplaneandareeasytofabricate.Printedantennas,commonlyfabricatedon
FR4substrate,areverycostefective,whichisideallysuitedforUWBtechnology-basedlow-costsystems[918].
Inthispaper,designofalltheregulargeometriesofPMAwithvariousfeedpositionsisdiscussed.Formulaetocalculatethelowerband-edge
2.DesignConsiderationsofAntennasforUWBTechnology
SomeofthemainfeaturesrequiredforantennasfortheapplicationofUWBtechnologyareasfollows.
Tefrstpointisthemostimportantoneforantennadesigners,whichtranslatesintotherequirementthatantennashouldhaveimpedance
bandwidthratioof
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(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Itshouldhavebandwidthrangingfrom3.1GHzto10.6GHzinwhichreasonableefciencyandsatisfactoryomnidirectionalradiation
patternsarenecessary.
In this ultra-wide bandwidth, an extremely low-emission power level should be ensured. In 2002, the Federal Communication
Commission(FCC)hasspecifedtheemissionlimitsof
frequencyforalltheseprintedmonopolesarepresented.Forvariousfeedconfgurations,frequency-dependentdesigncurveshave
beengeneratedfor50microstripfeedline,whichyieldsmaximumbandwidthforagivenlowerband-edgefrequency.Tesedesigncurves,
which cover the lower band-edge frequency of 3.1GHz for UWB applications, are also valid for coplanar feed lines. A systematic study is
presentedtoexplainastohowbandwidthincreaseswithincreaseinlateraldimensionofpatchgivingtheexampleofanellipticalgeometry.Te
theoreticalstudyofalltheconfgurationshasbeencarriedoutusingHPhigh-frequencystructuresimulator(HPHFSS)[19].Alltheseresults
arevalidatedwithexperimentsandreporteddata.
overwhich .Suchahighimpedancebandwidthisonlyrealisedusingmultiresonanceprintedmonopole
antenna,which generallyexhibithighpassimpedancecharacteristics.Forsuchbroadbandantenna, unlikesingleresonance tuneddipole or
dBm/MHz.
Teantennapropagatesshort-pulsesignalwithminimumdistortionoverthefrequencyrange.
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monopole antennas, some special design considerations have to be taken into account. Instead of resonance or operating frequency, lower
band-edgefrequencyandtotalbandwidthachievedbecomethedesignparametersfortheseprintedmonopoleantennas.Telowerband-edge
frequencydependsprimarilyonmaximumheightofthemonopole,whereasbandwidthoftheantennadependsonhowimpedanceofvarious
modesismatchedwiththemicrostriporcoplanarfeedline.Teseparametersarediscussedindetailsforalltheregulargeometriesofprinted
monopoleantennas.
3.PrintedMonopoleAntennaDesign
Teprintedmonopoleantennasgiveverylargeimpedancebandwidthwithreasonablygoodradiationpatterninazumuthalplane,whichcanbe
explained in the following two ways. Te printed monopole antenna can be viewed as a special case of microstrip antenna confguration,
whereinthebackinggroundplaneislocatedatinfnity[7].Apatchisfabricatedondielectricsubstrate(commonlyFR4).Beyondthesubstrate
itcanbeassumedthataverythickairdielectricsubstrate
Alternatively, printed monopole antennas can be seen as a vertical monopole antenna. A monopole antenna usually consists of a vertical
cylindricalwiremountedoverthegroundplane,whosebandwidthincreaseswithincreaseinitsdiameter.Aprintedmonopoleantennacanbe
equatedtoacylindricalmonopoleantennawithlargeefectivediameter.Tissecondanalogyhasbeenusedtodeterminethelowerband-edge
frequencyofallregularshapesofprintedmonopoleantennasforvariousfeedconfgurations.
4.LowerBand-EdgeFrequencyofPrintedMonopoleAntennas
Variousregularshapedprintedmonopoleantennassuchasprintedsquaremonopoleantenna(PSMA),printedrectangularmonopoleantenna
(PRMA),printedhexagonalmonopoleantenna(PHMA),printedtriangularmonopoleantenna(PTMA),printedcircularmonopoleantenna
(PCMA),andprintedellipticalmonopoleantenna(PEMA)fordiferentfeedpositionsareshowninFigure1.Fordiferentfeedlocations,the
sufx 1 or 2, as shown in Figure 1, are put for these monopole antennas. Tese antennas are generally fabricated on FR4 substrate
Figure1:Variousregular-shapedPMAswithdiferentfeedconfgurations.
Toestimatethelowerband-edgefrequencyofprintedmonopoleantennas,thestandardformulationgivenforcylindricalmonopoleantennacan
be used with suitable modifcation [3]. Te equation was worked out for the planar monopole antennas. If
monopoleantennaincm,whichistakensameasthatofanequivalentcylindricalmonopole,and
where
WithreferencetovariousconfgurationsinFigure1,
If
ForPRMA,if
ForPTMA,ifthesidelengthis
as
Similarly,forthePHMAwithsidelength
areasasfollows:
exists.Itmakesamicrostripantennaconfgurationonathicksubstratewith
closertounity,whichyieldslargebandwidth.
withbackinggroundplaneremoved.Forpatchdimensions,tocoverthelowerband-edgefrequencyof
around900MHz, themaximumdimensionofthesubstrateistakenas 9cm9cm,whichbecomesalmost halfwhenthelowerband-edge
frequencyisdoubled[9].Tesepatchescanbefedby50microstriplineorbycoplanarwaveguide.Forboththesecases,theoptimumwidth
ofthebacksidegroundplaneinthecaseofmicrostripfeedorcoplanargroundplaneis1cm.Tesedataareverifedthroughsimulationforall
theconfgurationsshowninFigure1.
is the height of the planar
incmistheefectiveradiusoftheequivalent
cylindrical monopole antenna, which is determined by equating area of the planar and cylindrical monopole antennas, then the lower
band-edgefrequencyisgivenas[3]
isthelengthofthe50feedlineincm.Unliketheplanardiscmonopoleantennas,theprintedconfgurationhasdielectriclayeronone
sideofthemonopole.Tisdielectricmaterialincreasestheefectivedimensionsofthemonopoleleadingtoreductioninthelowerband-edge
frequency.Tisisalsoconfrmedbysimulationstudies.Hence,moreappropriateequationforthelowerband-edgefrequencyisgivenas
and arecalculatedasfollows.
isthesidelengthofthePSMA,then
and ,then
,thenthevaluesof and oftheefectivecylindricalmonopolearedeterminedforbothPTMA1andPTMA2
,the and valuesoftheequivalentcylindricalmonopoleantennaareobtainedbyequatingtheir
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ForPCMAwithradius
Finally,forPEMAwithsemimajor
Asdiscussedearlier,PMAcanbethoughtofasavariationofmicrostripantenna,inwhichthegroundplaneisconsideredtobelocatedat
infnity.Followingthisanalogy,thefactor
with
Anotherimportantparameter,whichdecidesthelowerband-edgefrequencyasshownin(2),isthelengthof50feedline
Togeneratedesigndataforthe50feedlinelength
weredesignedusing(2)forvariousvaluesof
Figure2:Variationoffeedlength
Figure3:Variationoffeedlength
5.Ultra-WideBandwidthofaPEMA
TePMA,asdiscussedearlier,isviewedasanequivalentthickcylindricalmonopoleantenna.Intheradiatingmetallicpatch,varioushigher
ordermodesgetexcited.Withoptimumfeedandincreasedlateraldimension(i.e.,largerwidthofthepatch)allthemodeswillhavelarger
bandwidth, hence will undergo smaller impedance variation. Te shape and size of these planar antennas can be optimised to bring in
impedanceofallthemodeswithin
takingtheexampleofPEMA.
TePEMAsweredesignedonFR4substrate GHz.Tevalueof
Figure3
,valuesof and oftheequivalentcylindricalmonopoleantennaaregivenby and .
andsemiminor ,the and oftheefectivecylindricalmonopolearedeterminedas
in(2)canbethoughtofashavingsimilarsignifcanceas .ForcommonlyusedFR4substrate
and cm,theempiricalvalueof estimateslowerband-edgefrequencywithin10%.Equation(2)with
beenvalidatedforvariousreportedPMAconfgurations.Forexample,aPRMAwithdimension
has
cm, cm,and cmwith
in[16]hasmeasuredvalueof GHz,whereas(2)yieldsthevalueof1.77GHz.ForsecondreportedPRMAwithdimension
cm, cm,and cmwith ,simulated
Similarly,thevaluesoffrequencycalculatedusing(2)with
dimension mm,and
is4.22GHz[17],againstthecalculatedvalueof4.199GHzusing(2).
forPEMAtallyverywellwithmeasuredvaluesreportedin[12,13].Forthe
mm, mmin[12],thereportedmeasuredvalueoffrequencyis3.17GHz,whereas(2)yieldsthe
valueof3.206GHz.Tereportedmeasuredvalueoffrequencyforthedimensionof mmis2.7GHz[13],
againstthecalculatedvalueof2.664GHzusing(2).Tus,(2
mm, mm,and
)providesstartingpointforthedesignofPMAs.
.Tisfeedprobe
length, the bottom contour of the printed monopole patch andthegroundplane, three together form the impedance matching networkat
multipleadjacentresonancesofthepatchsimultaneously.Tisleadstoanincreaseinbandwidth.Terefore,fordiferentbottomshapesofthe
patches,thefeedlength
Figure1.InFigure1(a)
willbediferent.Basedonthiscriterion,thevariousregularshapedpatcheshavebeengroupedinthreecategoriesin
,thefeedtransmissionlineseesabruptstraightedgeofthepatchshapelikePSMA,PRMAs,PTMA,andPHMA.Second
category, as shown inFigure1(b), consists ofpatches likePCMAandPEMAshaving smooth transitionbetween transmissionlineandthe
curvedbottomofthepatch.Inthethirdcategory,asshowninFigure1(c),transitiontakesplacethroughbottomcornerofthepatchandfeed
transmissionline.Tevalueof ,forlowerband-edgefrequencywithmaximumbandwidth,forthesethreecategorieshasbeendiscussedhere.
,fordiferent ,toobtainmaximumbandwidthforallthePMAsunderthreecategories
startingfrom0.5GHzto3.1GHz.Tisfrequencyrangecoverslowerband-edgefrequencyof
all the communication channels including that of UWB technology. Te value of for each case for every printed confguration has been
optimisedtoobtainmaximumbandwidthusingHPHFSSsofware.Teoptimisedvalueof
sameforallthefveconfgurationsundercategoryofFigure1(a).Tesevaluesof
when
,forgiven andmaximumbandwidth,isalmost
versus areplottedinFigure2.Formaximumbandwidth,
increasesfrom0.5GHzto3.1GHz, thevalueof decreasesfrom12mmtoabout0.7mm. Toughthesefveconfgurationswere
optimisedformaximumbandwidth,thehighestbandwidthratioobtainedwasaround .Tisisarelativelymoderatebandwidthratio,
whichisattributedtothediscontinuityatthejunctionofafeedpoint,wherethefeedlineabruptlygetstruncatedbyastraightbaseofthe
PMAs.Figure3showsthevariationof
1(b).Forthiscasealso,as
category.Here,when
with forthesecondcategoryofPMAs,whichincludesPCMAandbothPEMAsasshowninFigure
increases,feedlength reduces,butmagnitudeof isanorderlessascomparedtothatofPMAsunderthefrst
increasesfrom0.5GHzto3.1GHz,thevalueof decreasesfrom1.8mmtoabout0.12mm.Tesedesigncurveson
arevalidatedwithmeasurementsandreportedresults.Teoptimumvalueof
asreadfromFigure3[9
asshowninFigure1(c)
mmreportedforPCMAat GHzisexactlysame
].TiscategoryofPMAsgivesmaximumbandwidth.TethreePMAsunderthirdcategories,thatis,vertexfedPMAs,
,didnotexhibitsamebehaviourwithrespecttooneanother.However,forsomecases,thevalueof
tothoseofPMAsundersecondcategoriesthanthoseoffrstcategories.Tevaluesof
whichhasbeenfoundexactlythesameforcoplanarwaveguidefeedaswell.
versus iscloser
asshowninFigures2and3areforthemicrostripfeed
withlowerband-edgefrequency forPMAsshowninFigure1(a).
withlowerband-edgefrequency forPCMAandPEMAs.
circleintheSmithchart,leadingtoverylargeimpedancebandwidth.Tishasbeendemonstrated
for
is1mm.TeheightofthePEMAiskeptfxedat
forthis asreadfrom
cmsothatthe remainsalmostthesame.Tobringoutthevariationofinput
impedanceandhencethebandwidthwithincreasedlateraldimensionofPEMA,fourdiferentvaluesof
andfnally5.2cm.TeseconfgurationsareshowninFigure4
werechosenas1cm,2cm,4cm,
.TesefourPEMAswereanalysedusingHPHFSSsofwareuptothemaximum
frequencyrangeof5GHz.TeseresultsintheformofimpedancelociinSmithchartandcorrespondingreturnlossplotsareshowninFigure
5.ItisnotedfromSmithchartinFigure5(a)thatfor cm,thePEMAbehavesasathinstripmonopoleantenna,whichisequivalentto
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thinwiremonopole.Here,impedancevariationaroundandinbetweenvariousloops,whichindicatesdiferentmodesoftheellipticalpatch,is
large, leading to very lessimpedance bandwidth. As
Figure4:PEMAswith
Figure5:ImpedancelociandreturnlossplotoffourPEMAswith
()4cm,and()5.2cm.
ForthisoptimisedconfgurationofPEMA,thesimulatedsurfacecurrentdistributionsatfourfrequenciesareshowninFigure6.Figure6(a)
showsthecurrentdistributiononthepatchnearthefrstresonanceat1GHz.Tecurrentisdistributedmainlyalongtheedgesandthefeed
point.AlongtheperipheryofthePEMA,thereisonehalf-cyclevariationofcurrent,whichindicatedthefundamentalmode.Ontheground
plane,thecurrentisdistributedmainlyontheupperedge.Tisexplainstheimportanceofanoptimiseddimensionofthegroundplane.Te
currentdistributionat3GHzhasthreetimesmorevariationasthatat1GHz.Similarly,currentdistributionat5and7GHzisalsoshownin
Figure6.Withincreaseinfrequency,thecurrentdistributionhasmorehalf-cyclevariationsbutwithreducedamplitudeandconfnestothe
outer boundaries of the patch. Te gain and efciency of this antenna is plotted in Figure 7. Te value of gain increases linearly and then
saturates,whiletheefciencydecreasesfrom100%toapproximately80%forthefrequencyrangefrom1GHzto15GHz.Tegainincreases
from1.84dBtoaround7.7dBforthevariationoffrequencyfrom1GHzto6GHzbecauseofincreaseinefectiveareawithfrequency.Later,the
increaseis only approximately 0.5dB for 6 to15GHz because of decreasedefciency. Tere is less current variation and hence impedance
variation between various modes of the PEMA, which also leads to partial flling of nulls in the radiation pattern at higher order modes.
Terefore, in complete bandwidth, the elevation and azumuthal radiation patterns remain qualitatively similar to that of the cylindrical
monopoleantenna.Atlowerfrequencies,azimuthalradiationpatternsareclosetoomni-directional,whereasinelevationitisafgureofeight
becauseoftheverysmallgroundplane.Athigherfrequencies,radiationpatternsinboththeplanesremainsimilartothoseatlowerfrequencies
with more variationsin the elevation plane. Moreover, thesePMAs beingasymmetrical confgurationsintwo perpendicularplanes,perfect
omni-directionalazumuthalradiationpatternisnotachievedandalsocross-polarlevelsarehigh.Cross-polarlevelsareapproximately15dB
downas comparedtocorresponding copolar levelsatlowerfrequencies,whichbecomeonlyaround5dBdownathighestfrequency ofthe
bandwidth.Teconfgurationwasfabricatedandtestedforthebandwidth.Simulatedandmeasured
Figure6:SimulatedcurrentdistributionsofaPEMAat1GHz,3GHz,5GHz,and7GHz.
Figure7:VariationofgainandefciencyofaPEMAwith
Figure8:ReturnlossplotsofaPEMAwith
6.Conclusion
MultiresonanceprintedmonopoleantennasarebeingusedincreasinglyforapplicationsofUWBtechnologybecauseoftheirattractivefeatures.
Someofthedesignaspectsoftheseantennashavebeendiscussedinthispaper.Asystematicstudyhasbeenpresentedtoexplainultra-wide
impedancebandwidthobtainedfromanellipticalmonopoleantenna.
Acknowledgments
TeauthorwouldliketoacknowledgethehelpreceivedfromY.Ranga,S.Tewari,M.D.Pandey,andM.K.D.Ulaganathan.
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