EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR REDOX REACTION, TRENDS AND QA

1. (a) Accepts electrons 1

(b) Charge on the ion (or element or atom) 1

(c) +4 1
+5 1
-3 1

(d) (i) Cu

Cu
2+
+ 2e

1
(ii)
O !O 3e 4 !O
2 2 3
+
+
1
(iii)
O 4 2!O 3Cu " 2!O 3Cu
2
2
3
+ + + +
+ +
1
[8]
5. (a) (i) #oss (o$ electrons) (1)
(ii) Oxidation state of nitrogen in NO: (+) 2 (1)
Oxidation state of nitrogen in NH
+
: 3 (1)
(iii) %
2
(1) 4
(b) (i) Cl
2
+ 2e

2Cl

(1)
(ii) &O
2
+ 2
2
O &O
4
2
+ 4
+
+ 2e

(1)
(iii) &O
2
+ 2
2
O + Cl
2
&O
4
2
+ 2Cl

+ 4
+
(1)
or
2
&O
4
+ 2Cl etc
Ignore state symbols in equation
Allow multiples of all equations
3
[7]
6. (a) gains electrons (1) 1
or accepts'ta(es electrons
Allow an electron
or just gains
or reduction is gain of electrons, but NOT OILI! e"en if
stated
#o not allow $ention of electron %air&s'
(b) (i) Oxidising agent) Ag+ (1) (or Ag I)
educing agent) &O
2
(1) (or (
)I
, not sul%*ur)
(ii) &O
2
+ 2
2
O &O
4
2
+ 4
+
+ 2e

(1) (or H
+
(O
,
+ +H
+
+ +e
-
) 3
allow e i.e. no c*arge
%enalise /
-
once onl0
allow -e
-
on LH(

(c) (i) *e
2+
*e
3+
+ e

(1)
(ii) 5 (1) (or ) or +1)
(iii) ClO
3

+ +
+
+ +e

Cl

+ 3
2
O (1)
(i,) ClO
3

+ +
+
+ +*e
2+
Cl

+ 3
2
O ++*e
3+
(1) 4

[10]
(a) (i)
2
O
2
+ 2
+
+ 2e

2
2
O (1)
(ii) 2%

%
2
+2e

(1)
(iii)
2
O
2
+ 2
+
+ 2%

%
2
+ 2
2
O (1) 3

(c) (i) Cl
2
+ 2e

2Cl

(1)
(ii) +1 (1)
Allow 1, +1, Cl
+

(iii) Cl
2
+ 2
2
O 2ClO + 2
+
+2e

(1)
(i,) (ill bacteria ' germs ' microorganisms ' bugs
allow sterilise, disinfect
ot allow purify, safe to drin!
4
[1"]
8. (a) -ains electrons (or remo,es electrons) 1
(b) (i) +4 1
++ 1
(ii) .r
2
+ 2e

2.r

1
(iii) &O
2
+ 2
2
O 4
+
+
2
4
&O
+ 2e

1
(i,) .r
2
+ &O
2
+ 2
2
O 2.r

+ 4
+
+
2
4
&O
1

(c) Cl
2
+
2
O
+
+ Cl

+ OCl 1
Chloride) 1 1
Chlorate(%)) +1 1

(d) Chloride ions cannot reduce sulphuric acid 1
&Or c*loride ions are wea2 reducing agents
Or sul%*uric acid is not a strong enoug* oxidising agent
Or sul%*uric acid is a wea2er oxidising agent t*an c*lorine'

(e) /Cl +
2
&O
4
Cl + /&O
4
1
&Allow +34l + H
+
(O
,
+H4l + 3
+
(O
,
'

($) (i) .romine 1
(ii) &ulphur dio0ide 1
[1#]

9. (a) %ncrease 1
1an der 2aal3s $orces bet4een molecules 1
%ncrease 4ith si5e (or 5
r
or sur$ace area etc) 1
6ore energ7 needed to brea( (o,ercome) these $orces 1
&Note $ax + fro$ last t*ree $ar2s if no $ention of $olecules or
$olecular'

(b) (i) .ro4n solution (or 7ello4 or orange) 1
Cl
2
+ 2.r 2C1

+ .r
2
1

(ii) cream precipitate 1
.r

+ Ag
+
Ag.r 1
8recipitate dissol,es 1
(iii) orange (bro4n) $umes (gas)9 2hite $umes (or mist7 $umes)9
cho(ing gas (an7 2) 2

(c) 2
+
+
2
&O
4
+ 2.r

&O
2
+ .r
2
+ 2
2
O (&O
2
and .r
2
(1)9 e:uation (1)) 2
[13]

10. (a) increases $rom $luorine to iodine (1)
si5es o$ molecules increase (1)
(or molecules ha,e more electrons or mass o$ molecules increases)
6oL $ar2
6agnitude o$ intermolecular $orces or ,d2 $orces increase (1) (or more ,d2 $orces)
6ore energ7 re:uired to separate molecules (or particles) (1) 4
(or more energ7 to brea( intermolecular $orces)
or intermolecular $orces di$$icult to brea(

(b) 4ith !aCl 4hite ppt (1)
soluble in ammonia (1)
note, if %%t clearl0 refers to wrong substance e.g. Na4l t*en
4./ 7 8
4ith !a.r cream (or o$$ 4hite or biege) ppt (1)
partiall7 soluble (or insoluble) in ammonia (1)
4
ignore references to conc a$$onia
if ob"iousl0 added sil"er nitrate $ixed wit* a$$onia allow:
Na4l: no c*ange (2)
Na9r: crea$ %%t (2)

(c) o0idising abilit7 decreases $rom chlorine to iodine (or do4n the -roup) (1)
Cl
2
+ 2.r

2Cl

+ .r
2
(1)
allow use of Na9r, H9r etc
.r
2
red bro4n (or 7ello4 or orange) li:uid (or solution but not solid) (1)
Cl
2
+ 2%

2Cl

+ %
2
(1)
allow use of Na9r etc, %enalise HI once onl0
%
2
bro4n solution ' blac( solid (1)
do not allow an0 reference to %ur%le
.r
2
+ 2%

2.r + %
2
(1)
;ello4'orange'red-bro4n'bro4n solution goes bro4n'dar(er bro4n solution'
blac( solid (1) <
[1$]

11. (a) =eduction in,ol,es gain o$ electrons 1
A reducing agent loses (donates) electrons 1
(b) (i) &ulphur dio0ide 1
o0idation state +4 1
&ulphur 1
o0idation state > 1
7drogen sulphide 1
o0idation state 2 1

(ii) &ulphur dio0ide is a cho(ing gas or has a pungent odour
&ulphur is a 7ello4 solid 1
7drogen sulphide has a smell o$ bad eggs 1
An0 + $ar2s
(iii) &O
4
2
+ 4
+
+2e

&O
2
+ 2
2
O 1
&O
4
2
+ "
+
++e

& + 4
2
O 1
&O
4
2
+ 1>
+
+"e


2
& + 4
2
O
An0 + $ar2s
&Allow e:uations wit* H
+
(O
,
'

(c) Cl
2
+
2
O
+
+ Cl

+ OCl
or Cl
2
+
2
O 2
+
+ Cl

+ OCl

or Cl
2
+
2
O Cl + OCl
2ater is not o0idised
?he o0idation states o$ O (2) and (+1) remain unchanged 3
[1$]

12. (a) decreases 1
number o$ shells increases' shielding increases 'atomic si5e increases 1
4ea(er attraction (b7 nucleus) on bonding electrons ' 4ea(er
attraction (b7 nucleus)
on electron pair in a co,alent bond 1

(b) (i) increases 1
(ii) concentrated sulphuric acid 1

(c) 4hite ppt 1
soluble in ammonia 1
cream ppt 1
partiall7 soluble 'insoluble in ammonia 1
(d) Cl
2
+ 2!aO @ !aCl + !aOCl +
2
O 1
bleach 1
disin$ectant 'steriliser'(ills bacteria 1
[1"]

13. (a) *luorine or *
2
or * (1) 1
NOT ;l

(b) %

(or At

) (1) 1
allow +e
-
but not e:uation

(c) Obser"ation wit* Na;&a:': no change O= colourless solution
O= remains colourless (1)
Obser"ation wit* NaI &a:') 7ello4 solid ' percipitate (1)
/:uation) %

(a:) + Ag
+
(a:) Ag%(s) (1) 3
or !a% (a:) + Ag!O
3
(a:) !a!O
3
(a:) + Ag%(s)
no ss no $ar2s

(d) Obser"ation) steam7 ' 4hite ' mist7 $umes (1)
NOT s$o2e < gas
/:uation) !aCl +
2
&O
4
!a&O
4
+ Cl 2
Ignore ss

(e) Obser"ation =) blac( ' gre7 solid
lilac ' purple gas
pungent ' steam7 ' cho(ing $umes ' steam
Obser"ation +) 7ello4 solid ' smell bad eggs ' stin( bombs (2)
an0 two $ar2 first one on eac* line
/:uation) 2!a% + 2
2
&O
4
!a
2
&O
4
+ 2
2
O + %
2
+ &O
2
t4o reduction products $rom !a
2
&O
4
eAgA
2
& or & or &O
2
+ %
2
(s) (1) 4
balanced e:uation (1)
($) Obser"ation) (&tarts) blue or blac( (1) colourless (1)
/:uation) %
2
+ 2!a
2
&
2
O
3
2!a% + !a
2
&
4
O
+
(1) 3
(or %
2
+ 2&
2
O
3
2
2%

+ &
4
O
+
2
)
[1%]
14. (a) decreasesB 1
increase in shielding B 1
&or ato$ic radius'
less attraction $or bonding &or s*ared' electronsB 1

(b) bro4n solutionB 1
&or blac2 solid'
Cl
2
+ 2/% 2/Cl +%
2
B 1
&or ionic e:uation'

(c) &O
2
B 1
O 2 &O 2e 4 &O
2 2
2
4
+ +
+
B 1
& (also
2
&)B 1
B O 4 & +e 1> &O (or O 4 & +e " &O
2 2
2
4 2
2
4
+ + + + +
+ +
1

(d) Cl
2
+ 2!aO !aCl + !aOCl +
2
OB 1
sodium chlorideB 1
1B 1
sodium chlorate(%) (or bleach etc)B 1
+1B 1
[1%]


16. (a) Trend) decrease (1) C.E ! "#$%&
/x%lanation) number o$ shells increases (or atomic radius increases) (1)
increased nuclear shielding (1)
or less attraction $or bond (pair electrons)
3


1'. (a) (i) 2 O= 2
(ii) !a% or !aAt or %

or iodide or At

or Astatide (1)
ot atoms or molecules
(iii) &mell o$ bad eggs (1)
Allow &bAc
"
goes blac! and '
"
Cr
"
(
7
)*
+

goes cloudy green
(i,) " e

+ "
+
+
2
&O
4

2
& + 4
2
O (1)
(+ 10 *
+
+,(
%
"-
4

(b) (i) * or Cl (1)
C. / 0 if redo0 answer gi1en
If wrong 2alide gi1en allow ma0 one in b3iii4
If a5 or aCl, or 5
-
or Cl
-
gi1en lose mar! in 3i4
6ar! on if 7 is e8g8 *5
"
or *
"
5

(ii) !a* or !aCl or *

or Cl

(1)
(iii) A proton donor or an acid (1)
(i,)
+
+*

*
(+ *
"
,(
%
+ a5 a*,(
%
+ *5
(+ *
"
,(
%
+ " a5 a
"
,(
%
+ " *5
(+ for c2loride
4
[9]

18. (a) decreases (1)
attraction $or bonding pair goes do4n (1)
or electron densit0 in bond, or co"alent &or bonding' electrons
as si5e o$ atoms or shielding goes up (1) 3
(b) (i) .r
2
(1)
for$ulae not na$es, gases or fu$es, not solutions
bro4n $umes (1)
or 0ellow-brown or orange, not 0ellow
%
2
(1)
,iolet $umes or blac( solid (1)
or %ur%le fu$es

(ii) &O
2
(1) & (1)
2
& (1)
& and
2
& (1)
>enalise $issing ( once onl0
(iii) .r (1) % (1) (not steam)
na$e or for$ula
%enalise wrong state s0$bols once onl0
acidbase or displacement (1) 11
[1%]

19. (i) ionisation energ7 decreases do4n group (1)
radius or shielding increases (1)
electronegati,it7 decreases do4n group (1)
radius or shielding increases (1)
attraction $or electron pair in co,alent bond decreases (1)

(ii) .eCl
2
is co,alent (1)
.e(O)2 is amphoteric (1)
dissol,es in e0cess !aO (1)
$orming C.e(O)4D
2
ions (1)
.e
2
+

ion has high charge to si5e ratio (1)
polarises anions (1)
ma0 1>
[10]

20. (a) (i) !O
3
or C
3
COO (1)
C. in 3a4 if incorrect acid gi1en
(ii) 2!O
3
+ !a
2
CO
3
2!a!O
3
+ CO
2
+
2
O (1) 2
(b) (i) %

or At

not elements9 atoms or molecules (1)

(ii) *

not elements9 atoms or molecules (1) 2

(c) (i) Cl

(1)
Allow AgCl ot element, atoms or molecules
(ii) .r

(1)
Allow Ag:r ot element, atoms or molecules
2
[;]

21. (a) Chlorine added to bromide
;ello4'orange solution (or colour) but not precipitate or gas
$ormed (1)
Allow:? orange or 0ellow?brown @ 0ellow?red@ orange?brown@
orange?red but NOT red or brown
2.r

+ Cl
2
2Cl

+ .r
2
(1)
Allow $olecular e:uations@ allow e:uations wit* 39r@
ignore state s0$bols
C()$#%* +,,*, -$ $,,*
.ro4n solution (or colour) or blac( or gre7 or purple'blac(
precipitate (1)
#o not allow %ur%le solution or %ur%le fu$es or brown %reci%itate
2%

+ Cl
2
2Cl

+ %
2
(1) 4
Allow $olecular e:uations@ allow e:uations wit* 3I@ ignore state s0$bols

(b) C$%.*%-#+-*, /0)1(0#. +., +,,*, -$ + 2#$3,*
If a:ueous sul%*uric acid used, or 4onc H
+
(O
,
&a:', in an0
section, do not allow $ar2s for obser"ations in t*at section.
Orange or bro4n or 7ello4 or 7ello4-red (or these colours-combined)
$umes'gas(1)
#o not allow red on its own
&team7 or 4hite $umes or mist7 (1)
&tated reduction productB- &O
2
&wrong if extra %roduct&s' gi"en'
C$%.*%-#+-*, /0)1(0#. +., +,,*, -$ +% $,,*
8urple $ume or blac( solid (1)
&team7 or 4hite $umes or mist7 (1)
;ello4 (solid) (1)
&mell o$ bad eggs (1)
&tated reduction productsB- &O
2
9 &9
2
& &all t*ree $ust be gi"en' (1)
#o not extract t*ese %roducts fro$ e:uations@ wrong if extra
%roduct&s' gi"en

4+)!5*60+-$%/
Ignore state s0$bols in e:uations
2.r

.r
2
+ 2e

(1)
4
+
+ &O
4
2
+ 2e

&O
2
+ 2
2
O (1)
or 2
+
+
2
&O
4
+

2e

&O
2
+ 2
2
O
O,erall e:uation
4
+
+ &O
4
2

+
2.r

&O
2
+ 2
2
O + .r
2
(1)
or 2
+
+
2
&O
4 +
2.r

&O
2
+ 2
2
O + .r
2
E
[1#]


24. Addition o$ sil,er nitrate !o precipitate 4ith $luoride ions (1)
2hite precipitate 4ith chloride ions (1)
Cream precipitate 4ith bromides ions (1)
;ello4 precipitate 4ith iodide ions (1)
Addition o$ ammonia solution AgCl precipitate dissol,es in dilute !3 (a:) (1)
Ag.r precipitate sparingl7 soluble in dilute !3 (a:)
O= soluble in concentrated !3 (a:) (1)
Ag# precipitate insoluble in concentrated
!3 (a:) (1) <
&il,er astatide AgAt precipitate insoluble in concentrated !3 (a:) (1)
&olubilit7 o$ AgF decreases do4n -roup 1%%
O= as A-% insoluble predict AgAt insoluble (1)
2
[<]

25. (a) O0idising po4er decreases9 Cl
2
>.r
2
>G
2
(1) 1
(b) Obser,ation 4ith a:ueous /C1 ;ello4 solution or no reaction (1)
Obser,ation 4ith a:ueous /% .ro4n solution or blac( precipitate (1)
%onic e:uation 2%

+ .r
2
2.r

+ %
2
(1) 3

(c) (i) Cl
2
(1)
(ii)
2
O + Cl
2
Cl + ClO (1)
(iii) =ed colour due to presence o$ acid or
+
ions (1)
2hite due to bleading b7 ClO (1) 4

(d) 2!aO + Cl
2
!aCl + !aClO +
2
O (1) 1
[<]
26. (a) (i) A H calcium iodide ' Ca%
2
' an7 calcium (1)
7 H sil,er iodide ' Ag% onl7 (1)
C H iodine ' %
2
onl7 (1)
D H sodium thiosulphate ' !a
2
&
2
O
3
onl7 (1) 4

(ii) 2Ag!O
3
+ Ca%
2
2Ag% + Ca(!O
3
)
2
$# Ag
+
+ %

Ag% (1) 1
allo4 e:uation conse:uential on identit7 o$ A in (i)
allo4 an7 Ca'&r'#i halide

(b) (i) t4o $actors h7dration energ7 ' e0planations in terms o$ h7dration (1)
lattice energ7 ' e0planations in terms o$
brea(ing do4n lattice (1)
e0planation h7dration energ7 o$ .a
2+
is smaller than 6g
2+
'
insu$$icient h7dration energ7 to o,ercome lattice
energ7 $or .a&O
4
(1)
3

(ii) .a
2+
(a:) + &O
4
2
(a:) I .a&O
4
(s)
$or ionic e:uation (1)
$or state s7mbols (ma7 be a4arded $rom a molecular e:uation) (1) 2

(c) (i) !aCl +
2
&O
4
Cl + !a&O
4
(1) 1
allo4 !a
2
&O
4
4ith correct balancing

(ii) compound &O
2
onl7 (1)
o0idation state +4 (1)
2
must ha,e + sign be$ore or =oman numeral
allo4 this mar( mar( conse:uentiall7 on
2
&9
2
&O
3
9 but not &9 &O
3

(iii) 2.r +
2
&O
4
.r
2
+ &O
2
+ 2
2
O
all $ormulae correct (1)
correctl7 balanced (1) 2
allo4
2
&O
3
(i,) an7 bro4n ' orange ' red ' steam7 $umes ' 4hite $umes '
cho(ing smell '$roth (1) 1
[1;]

2'. (a) a substance 4hich accepts electrons ' remo,es electrons
($rom another substance) (1)
%$- Just remo,al o$ electrons 1

(b) decreasing trend in o0idising po4er (1)
halogen atoms become larger ' ha,e more shells ' more shielding (1)
less attraction $or electrons %$- lo4er electronegati,it7 (1)
allo4 re,erse argument $or %* 3

(c) (i) /%(a:) colourless +%, Cl
2
(a:) colourless'green ' 7ello4
green ' 7ello4 (1)
7ello4 ' orange ' bro4n (solution) ' blac( (precipitate) (1)
%$- clear9 %$- purple
i$ 7ello4 gi,en $or Cl
2
(a:)9 must be dar(er colour $or mi0ture 2

(ii) 2/% + Cl
2
2/Cl + %
2
$# /% + K Cl
2
/Cl + K%
2
$# %

8 K Cl
2
Cl

+ K %
2
$# 2%

+ Cl
2
2Cl

+ %
2
(1)
%$- an e:uation 4ith ClO

1

(iii) iodide ' %

' /% ' potassium iodide (1) 1

(i,) KCl
2
+ e

Cl

$# Cl
2
+ 2e

2Cl

(1)
%

K %
2
+ e

$# 2%

%
2
8 2e

(1)
allo4 1 mar( $or o0idising and reducing in 4rong spaces 2

(d) (i) o0idation number o$ iodine in %O
3

H 1 ' +5 (1)
o0idation number o$ iodine in %

H 1 (1)
o0idation number o$ iodine in %
2
H > (1)
penalise 5+ and 1 onceB penalise t4ice i$ 5 and 1 gi,en 3
(ii) %O
3

+ 5%

+ +
+
3%
2
+ 3
2
O
all species present (ignore electrons) (1)
balanced (1)
allo4 /%O
3
%O
3

and /% %
2
$or species mar(
i$ / included9 /
+
must appear on rAhAsA $or balanced mar(
similarl7 $or
2
&O
4
' Cl instead o$
+
2
[1$]

28. (a) %ncrease in boiling temperature)
6olecular si5e increases $rom *
2
to %
2
(1)
,an der 2aals attracti,e $orces increase (1) 2
(b) =educing po4er increases $rom *

to At

(1)
%onic si5e increase (1)
Outer electrons $urther $rom the nucleus'more shielded (1)
#ess strongl7 attracted' more easil7 lostA (1) 4

(c) At (g) (1)
Astatide a base'proton acceptor (1)
!aAt +
2
&O
4
!a&O
4
+ At (1)
&O
2
(g) (1)
Astatide a reducing agent (1)
2At

At
2
+ 2e

(1)

2
&O
4
+ 2
+
+ 2e

&O
2
+ 2
2
O (1)

or 2!aAt + 2
2
&O
4
&O
2
+ At
2
+ 2
2
O + !a
2
&O
4
(2)

2
&(g) (1)
Astatide a reducing agent (1)
"At

4At
2
+ "e

(1)
or
2
&O
4
+ "
+
+ "e

2
& + 4
2
O (1)
"!aAt + 5
2
&O
4

2
& + 4At
2
+ 4
2
O + 4!a
2
&O
4
C2D 6a0 E
[1$]
29. (a) Lecreases (1)
Atomic radius ' si5e increase or atom has more shells more shielding
or more shells (i$ not gi,en abo,e) (1)
less attraction $or shared electron pair or electrons ' electron
densit7 ' electron pair in a co,alent bond (1) 4
If wrong trend gi1en allow ma0 ["] for At8 +ad8 increases
314 s2ells)s2ielding increases

(b) %ncreases (1)
6olecular si5e increases ' molicules ha,e more electrons ' molecules
ha,e more shells ' larger molecular mass (1)
%ncrease in intermolecular $orces ' ,an der 2aal $orces ' ,AdA4A
e0plained (1)
6ar! C. if trend incorrect8 6ar! e0planation points separately
ote= In part 3a4 mar! C. if ions or molecules discussed
A5>.+ a correct trend mar! awarded8
3
[7]

30. (a) (i) abilit7 o$ an atom to 4ithdra4 electrons (1)
$rom a co,alent bond (1)
(ii) attraction $or electron pair goes do4n
as si5e o$ atoms or shielding goes up (1) 3

(b) /ffect on bond %olarit0 !one (1)
/x%lanation e:ual and opposite e$$ect
$rom each atom cancels out (1)
2

(c) (i) &O
2
(1)
&O
2
(1)
2
& (1)

(ii) .r
2
(1) bro4n $umes (1)
%
2
,iolet'purple $umes (1)
.r and % (1) steam7 $umes (1)
E
[1%]
31. (a) (i) &O
2
(1)
(ii)
2
& (1) 2

(b) (i) l K l
2
+
+
+ e

(1)
(ii) "
+
+
2
&O
4
+ "e

2
& + 4
2
O (1)
(iii) 2
+
+
2
&O
4
+ 2e

&O
2
+2
2
O (1)
(i,) lO% + 2
2
&O
4

2
& + &O
2
+ 5%
2
+ +
2
O
components (1) balance (1)
5

(c) /:uation 2O

+ Cl
2
OCl

+ Cl

+
2
O (1)
4o$$ercial use OCl

is a bleach'disin$ectant (1)
2
[<]

32. (a) (i) o0idation po4er increases (1)
more shells added (1)
atomic radius increase (1)
attraction $or outer electrons decrease (1)
(ii) !aCl + Cl
2
no obser,able change (1)
!a.r + Cl
2
orange'7ello4 solution $ormed (1) o$ bromine (1)
!a% + Cl
2
red'bro4n solution $ormed or blac( precipitate (1)
o$ iodine (1)
M:uations 2!a.r + Cl
2
2!aCl + .r
2
=eagents (1)B balance (1)
2!a% + Cl
2
2!aCl + %
2
=eagents (1)B balance (1)
13

(b) (i) ClO

+ 2%

+2
+
%
2
+ Cl

+
2
O =eagents (1)B balance (1)
%2 + 2&
2
O
3
2
2%

+ &
4
O
+
2
=eagents (1)B balance (1)
&tarch indicator (1) Mnd-point)- .lue (1) to colourless (1)
(ii) mol thio H 23A> N 1>
3
N >A1>> (1) H 2A3 N 1>
3
mol %
2
H mol thio'2 (1)
H 1A15 N 1>
3
(1)
mol ClO

in 25 cm
3
diluted solution H mol %
2
(1)
H 1A15 N 1>
3
(1)
mol ClO

in 25>cm
3
diluted solution H 1> N 1A15 N 1>
3
(1)
H 1A15 N 1>
2
(1)
mol ClO

in original 1> cm
3
solution H 1A15 N 1>
2
(1)
6ultipl7 b7 1>> to con,ert 1> cm
3
to 1A> dm
3
(1)
ence mol dm
3
H 1>> N 1A15 N 1>
2
H 1A15 (1)
1<
[#0]

33. (a) Cl
2
(a:) to .r

(a:)B 7ello4-orange or 7ello4-red or 7ello4-bro4n

solution (1)
2.r

+ Cl
2
2Cl

+ .r
2
(1)
or molecular e:uation
C1
2
(a:) to %

(a:)B bro4n'blac( solution $ormed or

blac('bro4n'gre7 ppt'solid (1)
2%

+ Cl
2
2Cl

+ 1
2
(1)
or molecular e:uation4
4

(b) .romide)- .ro4n'orange $umes (1)
.romine produced (1)
&ulphur dio0ide produced (1)
3

%odide)- 8urple $umes or blac('bro4n'gre7 solid
or smell o$ bad eggs (1)
%odine produced (1)
&O
2
9 &9
2
& produced (one mar( each) (3)
5
al$-e:uations 2.r .r
2
+ 2e

OR
21 %
2
+ 2e

(1)

2
&O
4
+2e

+2
+
&O
2
+2
2
O OR

2
&O
4
++e

++
+

&
+4
2
O OR

2
&O
4
+"e
-
+"
+

2
&
+4
2
O (1)
O,erall e:uation An7 correct e:uation based on
hal$-e:uations (1)
3
[1$]

34. (a) (i) %ncrease $rom *
2
to %
2
(1)
(ii) %ntermolecular (,an der 2aals) $orces increase (1)
as 6r'molec radius'!o o$ electron shells increases (1)
(iii) Cl
2
H gas9 .r
2
H li:uid9 %
2
H solid (1)
Astatine H solid (1) 5

(b) (i) electron donor (1)
(ii) increases do4n group (1)
increased shielding'increased ionic radius
more shells ma(es e

easier to lose (1)

(iii) .r

reduces & $rom o0idation state ++ (1)

to o0idation state +4 (&O
2
) (1)
%

9 in addition9 gi,es o0idation state +O (&) (1)

and o0idation state 2 (
2
&) (1)
<

(c) (i) Cl
2
+ 2O

Cl

+ OCl

+
2
O (1)
(ii) Cl
2
has o0idation state > (1)
Cl

has o0idation state 1 (1)

OC1

has o0idation state +1 (1)

(iii) O0idising agent in $or4ard direction Cl
2
(1)
=educing agent in bac(4ard direction Cl

(1)
+
[19]
35. (a) Lecreases (1)
Atomic radius increases (1)
due to more shells or due to more shielding (1) 3

(b) %ncreases (1)
6olecular si5e or sur$ace area increases (1)
%ntermolecular ,an der 2aals3 $orces increase (1) 3

(c) .r
2
in non-polar or atoms ha,e same electronegati,it7 (1)
4ea( ,an der 2aals3 $orces bet4een .r
2
molecules (1)
%-C1 is polar or atoms ha,e di$$erent electronegati,ies (1)
Lipole-dipole attracti,e $orces bet4een %Cl molecules (1) 4
[10]

36. .r

present because orange bro4n $umes o$ bromine liberated (1)

Cl
2
+ 2.r

2Cl

+ .r
2
(1)
%

present because blac( precipitate o$ iodine $ormed (1)

Cl
2
+ 2%

2Cl

+ %
2
(1)
Ag% precipitate insoluble in concentrated ammonia (1)
Ag.r precipitate soluble in concentrated ammonia (1)
6oles Ag% H mass'5
r
H >A5+4'235 (1)B H 2A4 N 1>
3
6ass %

H mole Ag% N A
r
H 2A4 N 1>
3
N 12< (1) H >A3>5g

ence mass Ag.r H >AE>2 >A5+4 H >A33"g (1)
6oles Ag.r H mass'5
r
H >A33"'1"" (1) H 1A" N 1>
3
6ass .r

H 6ole 0 A
r
H 1A" N 1>
3
N "> (1) H >A144g
8ercentage .r

in sample H >A144 N 1>>'>A545 H 2+A4O (2+ 2<) (1)

8ercentage %

in sample H >A3>5 N 1>>'>A545 H 55AE+O (5+ >A5) (1)

E60+-$% 3+#9/
Ag
+
+ %

Ag% (1)
Ag
+
+ .r

Ag.r (1)
Ag.r + 2!
3
CAg(!
3
)
2
D
+
+ .r

(1)
[6a0 1$]

3'. (a) A reagent 4hich ta(es or accepts electrons (1) 1

(b) 6n has been reduced $rom 1%% to %1 (1)
6n has been reduced $rom 1%% to 1% (1)
O07gen has been o0idised $rom 2 to 5ero (1) 3

(c) (i) Cl
2
+
2
O 2
+
+ ClO

+ Cl

(1)
(ii) O

remo,es
+
(1) displacing e:uilibrium to the right (1)

+
+ O

2
O (1)
or C1
2
+ 2!aO !aClO + !aCl +
2
O 4
[9]

38.
(b) Addition o$ sil,er nitrate
Chloride gi,es 4hite precipitate ' solid (1)
.romide gi,es cream precipitate ' solid (1)
%odide gi,es 7ello4 precipitate ' solid (1)
Addition o$ ammonia
Chloride precipitate soluble in dilute (1)
.romide precipitate soluble in concentrated (1)
%odide precipitate insoluble (1)
?o not allow 2alogen or sodium 2alide
+
[1$]


40. (i) 7dro0ide solubilit7 increases
&need trend'
1
&ulphate solubilit7 decreases
&need trend'
1
&If bot* 5g<9a salts correctl0 co$%ared ? but no trend? allow =
$ax'
Add acid name'correct $ormula
C1
1
(ii) &acce%t HNO
A
<4H
A
4OOH' BNOT *0drogen c*lorideC
BIf acid added is H
+
(O
,
7 4/ - allow onl0 5+C
Add .a
2+
salt name'correct $ormula .aCl
2
1
&acce%t 9a&NO
3
'
2
< 9a&4H
3
4OO'
2
'
BIf reagent added is 9a(O
4
<9a<9a&OH'
2
7 4/ - allow onl0
5=C
6gCl
2
!o change ' no ppt ' no reaction
1
6g&O
4
2hite ppt ' solid ' suspension BNOT c*al20, $il20C
1
9ot* obser"ations tied to 9a
2+
ions being added
6g&O
4
+ .aCl
2
.a&O
4
+ 6gCl
2
1
Acce%t ionic e:uation
(=eagent mar( (62) can be a4arded $rom $ull e:uation) 1
C?reat incorrect e:uation $or 6gCl
2
as contradiction o$ correct e:uationD 1
&Ignore carbonate e:uations' &Ignore state s0$bols'

(iii) =eacti,it7 increases (do4n group)
BNOT solubilit0 increasesC
1
.a + 2
2
O .a(O)
2
+
2
1
[11]

41. ?endenc7 $# strength $# abilit7 $# po4er o$ an atom'element'nucleus to 1
attract'4ithdra4 electrons ' e

densit7 ' bonding pair ' shared pair

%n a co,alent bond 1
&tied to 5= - unless sill0 sli% in 5='
&If $olecule<ion t*en 7 4/ 7 8' &NOT electron &singular' for
5='
Mark as 2 + 2
%ncrease in si5e $# number o$ shells $# increased shielding $# bonding 1
electrons $urther $rom nucleus
BNOT increase in nu$ber of electronsC
Lecreased attraction $or (bonding) electrons 1
&tied to M3'
&If ion *ere, lose 5A and 5,' &NOT attraction of co"alent
bond'
&Ignore reference to %roton nu$ber or effecti"e nuclear c*arge'
[%]
42. (a) %ncreases
1
eat or steam or gas phase or temp (P1>>Q) &NOT *ot'
1
6g +
2
O 6gO +
2
1
&Ignore state s0$bols - e"en if t*e0 are wrong'

(b) 2hite precipitate'solid'suspension (!ot Rcloud7 ' mil(73)
1
.eCl
2
+ 2!aO .e(O)
2
+ 2!aCl
Or .e
2+
+ 2O

.e(O)
2
1
&Acce%t 9e4l
+
+ +OH
-
9e&OH'
+
+ +4l
-
'
8pt (re)dissol,es or solution goes clear
1
&Allow %%t disa%%ears'
&NOT solution for$s'
.e(O)
2
+ 2O

2
4
.e(O)
BNOT
4
+
.e(O)
C
Or .e(O)
2
+ 2!aO !a
2
.e(O)
4
1
[7]

44. (a) .arium dissol,es (1) (or $orms solution
-as e,ol,ed (1) (or h7drogen e,ol,ed) or
bubbles gets hot (1)
do not allow e1olution of wrong gas
.a(s) + 2
2
O(l) .a
2+
(a:) + 2O

(a:) (or .a(O)

2
(a:) +
2
(g)
&pecies all correct (1)
&tate s7mbols correct (1) (pro,ided species are correct)
.alanced e:uation (1)
2hite precipitate 4ith sodium sulphate (1)
(or 4hite solid or suspension or 4hite cloud7 or mil(7)
.a
2+
(a:) + &O
4
2
(a:) .a&O
4
(s)
(or .a(O)
2
(a:) + !a
2
&O
4
(a:) .a&O
4
(s) + 2!aO(a:)
&tate s7mbols (1)
.alanced e:uation (1)
3mar! obs8 of ppts independently 3and in 3b44
"

(b) 4ith .eCl
2
and !aO get a 4hite precipitate (1) (or solid etc)
because .e(O)
2
is insoluble (1) (or 4hite ppt is .e(O)
2
)
ppt is soluble in e0cess reagent (1)
.ecause .e(O)
2
is amphoteric (or ber7llium $orms comple0 ion
(.e(O)
4
)
2
) (1)
&T*is is t*e :ualit0 of language $ar2 so t*e ter$s $ust be used in
a sentence'
2ith 6gCl
2
get 4hite ppt (1)
.ecause 6g(O)
2
is sparingl7 soluble (or insoluble) (1) (or 4hite ppt is
6g(O)
2
)
2ith .aCl
2
no ppt $ormed (1) (or no reaction) (or remains in solution)
.ecause .a(O)
2
is soluble (1) (or all species are soluble)
&olubilit7 o$ h7dro0ides increases do4n -roup (1)
ote can ta!e mar!s for :e3(*4
"
3s4, 6g3(*4
"
3s4, :a3(*4
"
3aq4
from equations
@rong formula for 63(*4
"
loses mar!
ma0 "

(c) (i) OO H 55A<5O (1)
Ca ) & ) O ) H
1
32 A 2
)
1+
<5 A 55
)
1 A 32
+4 A 1"
)
1 A 4>
2E A 23
(1)
Allow %0, #"
H 1)
1)
+)
there$ore $ormula) Ca&O
+

4
(1)
if (0ygen omitted can score "
nd
mar! only

(ii)
$ormula empirical
$ormula molecular
H an integer (1) ($# + %032*#)
Allow correct definitions as an alternati1e for t2e mar!
emp8 form8 >2e simplest ratio of atoms of eac2 element in a
compound molec8 form8 >2e actual number of atoms of
eac2 element in a molecule
6r (1) (or molar mass or =*6 !O? molecular mass) 5
["1]

45.
(a) (i) an7 t4o o$))
e$$er,escence ' $i55ing ' bubbling ' 4hite precipitate or sediment '
solution gets 4arm ' metal dissol,es or disappears (2) 2
(ii) comparisons needed $or the t4o obser,ations gi,en in (a) (i)
more (rapid) e$$er,escence : more ,igorous reaction '
less or no (4hite) precipitate ' solution gets hot iAeA hotter than in (i) '
metal dissol,es more :uic(l7 (2) 2
(iii)
Ca + 2
2
O Ca(O)
2
+
2
(1) 1

(b) (i) starch (1) 1
(ii) 4hen the solution is coloured (pale) 7ello4 ' stra4 ' close to the end point
independent o$ (c)(i) 1

(iii) blue ' blac(9 allo4 purple9 ignore bro4n (1)
to colourless %$- clear (1)
allo4 1 mar( i$ re,ersed 2
(i,) ClO) (+)1 Cl) 1 Ccondone ClO) 1+ and Cl) 1D (1)
1

(,) %

) 1 %
2
) > Ccondone 1- $or %
-
D (1)
1
(,i)
ClO

+ 2
+
+ 2%

Cl

+ %
2
+
2
O
(1) 1
%$- /%
allo4 spectator /
+
ions i$ on both sides
[1"]
46. 6.L. 7 :ualit0 of language $ar2s
(a) A)03%03)
(high) melting point immediate bet4een &i S 8 (1)
metallic bonding (1)
6.LA
delocalised electrons mentioned in a sentence e0plaining metallic bonding (1)
energ7 re:uired to brea( bonds (1)
ote= last mar! note scored if t2ere is a contradiction e8g ionic bonding or
molecules or 18d8w8 forces

S).$%
highest melting point (1)
co,alent (1)
macromolecular (1) (or giant structure)
much energ7 needed to brea( bonds (1) (or di$$icult to brea( bonds)

;($/1($#0/
lo4est melting point (1)
molecular (1) (or 8
4
)
, d 2 $orces bet4een molecules (1)
easil7 bro(en (1) (or not much energ7 re:uired to brea( bonds) 12

(b) Al good conductor (1)
delocalised electrons (1) (or Rsea o$3 or R$ree3 electrons)
&i9 8
4
non-conductors (1) (iAe &i and or 8B i$ one 4rong loses mar()
Mlectrons localised (1) (or no $ree electrons or no $ree charged particles)
3can score for ,i or for &4
4
(c) 6g reacts 4ith steam (1) (or 4ater ,apour)
6g+
2
O6gO+
2
(1)
3can score t2is mar! if water not steam gi1en4
4hite solid (1) (or 6g glo4s)
3can only score if steam gi1en4
Ca reacts 4ith (cold) 4ater $aster than 6g (1)
Ca+2
2
OCa(O)
2
+
2
(1)
gas bubbles (1) (or $i55) !O? h7drogen produced
8roduct dissol,es (or $orms a (4hite or ppt or cloud7) solid) (1)
(or Ca dissol,es) <

(d) 6.L.
.e(O)
2
amphoteric (1) (must mention ber7llium h7dro0ide not Just .e) 1
dissol,es in acid and al(ali (base) (1) (or react 4ith (or acts as) an acid S al(ali)
.e(O)
2
+ 2
+
.e
2+
+2
2
O (1) (or .e(O)
2
+2Cl.eCl
2
+2
2
O etc)
.e(O)
2
+ 2
+
.e(O)
4
2
(1) (or .e(O)
2
+ 2!aO 2!
a
+
+ .e(O)
4
2
etc)
magnesium h7dro0ide basic (1) (or -p%% h7dro0ides basic)
soluble in acid (1) (or reacts 4ith acid)
6g(O)
2
+2
+
6g
2+
+2
2
O (1) (or 6g(O)
2
+2Cl6gCl
2
+2
2
O)
insoluble in base (1) (or does not react 4ith !aO'base) ma0 +
[#0]


48. (i) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
+
3s
2
3p
+
4s
2
(1) 1
(ii) ,alenc7 ' outer electrons or 2 4s electrons (1)
are delocalised ' sea o$ electrons (1)
(4ithin lattice) o$ positi,e ions (1)
(mar(s 2 and 3 could be in diagram)
attraction bet4een the positi,e ions and delocalised electrons (1)
(gi,e e,en i$ nuclei or +,e atoms) 4
[$]