CHEMISTRY

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Answer all questions

Max 51 marks

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Mark

../51

....%

Grade

1.
One cause of low-level smog is the reaction of ozone, O3, with ethene, C2H4. The smog
contains methanal, HCHO(g).
The equation for methanal production is shown below.
O3(g) + C2H4(g) 2HCHO(g) + O2(g)
The rate of the reaction was investigated, using a series of different concentrations of
either C2H4(g) or O3(g), by measuring the initial rate of formation of HCHO(g).
The results are shown below.
experiment

[O3(g)]
7

[C2H4(g)]

/ 10 mol dm

/ 10

mol dm

initial rate
12
3 1
/ 10 mol dm s

0.5

1.0

1.0

2.0

1.0

4.0

4.0

2.0

16.0

(i)

Analyse and interpret the results to deduce the order of reaction of each reactant
and the rate equation.
Explain your reasoning.
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[5]

(ii)

Calculate the value of the rate constant and state the units.

rate constant =.............................. units.

[3]

(iii)

Using the equation above, deduce the initial rate of formation of O2(g) in
experiment 1.
Explain your reasoning.

answer = ................................. mol dm

[1]

(iv)

The experiment was repeated at a higher temperature.

How would the new conditions affect the rate of the reaction and the value of the
rate constant?
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[1]
[Total 10 marks]

2.

Nitrogen monoxide reacts with hydrogen at 500 C as in the equation below.

2NO(g) + 2H2(g) N2(g) + 2H2O(g)
A series of experiments was carried out to investigate the kinetics of this reaction. The
results are shown in the table below.
[H2]

experiment

[NO]
3
/ mol dm

0.10

0.20

2.6

0.10

0.50

6.5

0.30

0.50

58.5

/ mol dm

initial rate
3 1
/ mol dm s

In this question, one mark is available for the quality of spelling, punctuation and
grammar.
(i)

For each reactant, deduce the order of reaction. Show your reasoning.
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[4]
Quality of Written Communication [1]

(ii)

Deduce the rate equation for this reaction.

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[1]

(iii)

Calculate the rate constant, k, for this reaction. State the units for k.

k = .................................................... units ....................................................

[3]
[Total 9 marks]

3.

The decomposition of dinitrogen pentoxide, N2O5, at 45 C was investigated. The

reaction that takes place is shown below.

2N2O5 4NO2 + O2
In an experiment, N2O5 with a concentration of 0.60 mol dm
45 C.

was decomposed at

At this temperature, the reaction has a constant half-life of 1200 s.

(i)

How can you tell that this reaction is first order with respect to N2O5?
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[1]

(ii)

Write down an expression for the rate equation of this decomposition.

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[1]

(iii)

Complete the graph below to show how the [N2O5] changes over the first 3600 s
of the reaction.

[N 2 O 5 ] / m o l d m

0 .6 0

0 .5 0

0 .4 0

0 .3 0

0 .2 0

0 .1 0

0
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000

t im e / s

2400
2800
3200
3600
[2]

(iv)

The rate of this reaction can be determined from this graph.

Show on the graph how the rate can be measured after 1200 s.
[1]

(v)
The rate can also be calculated from the rate equation. The rate constant for this reaction
4 1
is 6.2 10 s .
Calculate the initial rate of this reaction. State the units.

rate =.... units.....

[2]
[Total 7 marks]

4.

Nitrogen dioxide reacts with carbon monoxide emitted from car exhausts in the
following reaction.
NO2 + CO NO + CO2
2

The rate equation for this reaction is rate = k[NO2] .

This is a multi-step reaction. The first step is the rate-determining step.
(i)

What is meant by the rate-determining step?

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[1]

(ii)

Suggest a two-step reaction mechanism for this reaction that is consistent with
the kinetic data and the overall reaction.

[2]
[Total 3 marks]

5.
Syngas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gases, used as a feedstock for the
manufacture of methanol.
A dynamic equilibrium was set up between carbon monoxide, CO, hydrogen, H2, and
3

methanol, CH3OH, in a 2.0 dm sealed vessel.

The equilibrium is shown below.
CO(g) + 2H2(g)

CH3OH(g)

The number of moles of each component at equilibrium is shown below

component
number of moles at
equilibrium
(a)

CO(g)

H2(g)
3

6.20 10

CH3OH(g)
2

4.80 10

5.20 10

State two features of a system that is in dynamic equilibrium.

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[2]

(b)

(i)

Write an expression for Kc for this equilibrium system.

[1]

(ii)

Calculate Kc for this equilibrium. State the units.

Kc = ... units:....
[4]

(c)

The pressure was increased whilst keeping the temperature constant. The
mixture was left to reach equilibrium.
The equilibrium position above shifted to the right.
(i)

Explain why the equilibrium position shifted to the right.

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[1]

(ii)

What is the effect, if any, on the value of Kc?

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[1]

(d)

The temperature was increased whilst keeping the pressure constant. The
mixture was left to reach equilibrium.
The value of Kc for the equilibrium above decreased.
(i)

Explain what happened to the equilibrium position in the equilibrium.

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[1]

(ii)

Deduce the sign of the enthalpy change for the forward reaction shown in
the equilibrium above.
Explain your reasoning.
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[1]

(e)

Methanol can be used as an additive to petrol.

(i)

Write an equation for the complete combustion of methanol, CH3OH.

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[1]

(ii)

Suggest why methanol is added to petrol.

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[1]
[Total 13 marks]

6.

When heated, phosphorus pentachloride, PCl5, dissociates.

PCl5(g)

PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)

A chemist placed a mixture of the three gases into a container. The initial concentration
3
of each gas was the same: 0.30 mol dm . The container was left until equilibrium had
been reached.
3

Under these conditions, Kc = 0.245 mol dm .

(a)

Write an expression for Kc for this equilibrium.

[1]

(b)

Use the value of Kc for this equilibrium to deduce whether the concentration of
each gas increases, decreases or stays the same as the mixture approaches
equilibrium.
(i)

Show your answer by placing a tick in the appropriate cells in the table
below.
initial concentration
3
/ mol dm

PCl5

0.30

PCl3

0.30

Cl2

0.30

greater than
3
0.30 mol dm

less than
3
0.30 mol dm

equal to
3
0.30 mol dm

[1]

(ii)

Explain your deduction.

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[1]

(c)
The chemist compressed the equilibrium mixture at constant temperature and allowed it
to reach equilibrium under these new conditions.
(i)

Explain what happens to the value of Kc.

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[1]

(ii)

Explain what happened to the composition of the equilibrium mixture.

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[2]

(d)

The chemist heated the equilibrium mixture and the equilibrium moved to the left.
(i)

Explain what happens to the value of Kc.

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[1]

(ii)

Explain what additional information this observation reveals about the

reaction.
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[2]
[Total 9 marks]