EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE

1. Nitroglycerine, C
3
H
5
N
3
O
9
, is an explosive which, on detonation, decomposes rapidly to form a
large number of gaseous molecules !he e"uation for this decomposition is given below
#C
3
H
5
N
3
O
9
$l% & '(CO
(
$g% ) '*H
(
O$g% ) +N
(
$g% ) O
(
$g%
$a% , sample of nitroglycerine was detonated and produced *35* g of oxygen gas
$i% -tate what is meant by the term one mole of molecules

$ii% Calculate the number of moles of oxygen gas produced in this reaction, and hence
deduce the total number of moles of gas formed
Moles of oxygen gas
Total moles of gas

$iii% Calculate the number of moles, and the mass, of nitroglycerine detonated
Moles of nitroglycerine

Mass of nitroglycerine

(7)
(b) A second sample of nitroglycerine was placed in a strong sealed container and
detonated. The volume of this container was 1.00 10

. The resulting decomposition produced

a total of 0.!" mol of gaseous products at a temperature of 1100 #.
-tate the ideal gas e"uation and use it to calculate the pressure in the container after
detonation
$!he gas constant R . /3' 0 1
2'
mol
2'
%
Ideal gas equation
Pressure

(4)
(Total 11 marks)
2. -odium chlorate$3%, NaClO
3
, contains ('+4 by mass of sodium, 3334 by mass of chlorine
and #5'4 by mass of oxygen
$a% 5se the above data to show that the empirical formula of sodium chlorate$3% is
NaClO
3

$b% -odium chlorate$3% may be prepared by passing chlorine into hot a"ueous sodium
hydroxide 6alance the e"uation for this reaction below
77 Cl
(
) 77 NaOH & 77 NaCl ) NaClO
3
) 3H
(
O
()
(Total marks)
3. $otassium nitrate% #&'

% decomposes on strong heating% forming o(ygen and solid Y as

the only products.
$a% , '** g sample of 1NO
3
$M
r
. '*''% was heated strongly until fully decomposed
into !
$i% Calculate the number of moles of 1NO
3
in the '** g sample

$ii% ,t (9/ 1 and '** 89a, the oxygen gas produced in this decomposition occupied a
volume of '(( : '*
2#
m
3

-tate the ideal gas e"uation and use it to calculate the number of moles of oxygen
produced in this decomposition
$!he gas constant R . /3' 0 1
2'
mol
2'
%
Ideal gas equation
Moles of oxygen

(")
$b% Compound ! contains #594 of potassium and '+54 of nitrogen by mass, the remainder
being oxygen
$i% -tate what is meant by the term empirical formula

$ii% 5se the data above to calculate the empirical formula of !

(4)
$c% ;educe an e"uation for the decomposition of 1NO
3
into ! and oxygen

(1)
(Total 1# marks)
).
The e*uation for the reaction between magnesium hydro(ide and hydrochloric acid is
shown below
<g$OH%
(
$s% ) (HCl$a"% & <gCl
(
$a"% ) (H
(
O$l%
Calculate the volume, in cm
3
, of '** mol dm
23
hydrochloric acid re"uired to react
completely with '** g of magnesium hydroxide

(4)
(Total 4 marks)
". =hen aluminium is added to an a"ueous solution of copper$>>% chloride, CuCl
(
, copper
metal and aluminium chloride, ,lCl
3
, are formed =rite an e"uation to represent this
reaction

(1)
(Total 1 mark)
$. $a% ?ead$>>% nitrate may be produced by the reaction between nitric acid and lead$>>% oxide as
shown by the e"uation below
9bO ) (HNO
3
9b$NO
3
%
(
) H
(
O
,n excess of lead$>>% oxide was allowed to react with '@5 cm
3
of '5* mol dm
23
nitric
acid Calculate the maximum mass of lead$>>% nitrate which could be obtained from this
reaction

(4)
(b) An e*uation representing the thermal decomposition of lead(++) nitrate is shown below.
(9b$NO
3
%
(
$s% & (9bO$s% ) #NO
(
$g% ) O
(
$g%
, sample of lead$>>% nitrate was heated until the decomposition was complete ,t a
temperature of 5** 1 and a pressure of '** 89a, the total volume of the gaseous mixture
produced was found to be '5* : '*
2#
m
3

$i% -tate the ideal gas e"uation and use it to calculate the total number of moles of gas
produced in this decomposition
$!he gas constant R . /3' 0 1
2'
mol
2'
%
Ideal gas equation .........................................................................................
Total number of moles of gas

$ii% ;educe the number of moles, and the mass, of NO

(
present in this gaseous mixture
$>f you have been unable to calculate the total number of moles of gas in part $b%$i%,
you should assume this to be ((3 : '*
23
mol !his is not the correct answer%
Number of moles of NO
(

Mass of NO
(

(7)
(Total 11 marks)
7. $a% ,mmonia, NH
3
, reacts with sodium to form sodium amide, NaNH
(
, and hydrogen
=rite an e"uation for the reaction between ammonia and sodium
7
(1)
(b) A salt% X% contains 1,.-. by mass of magnesium% 1!./. by mass of nitrogen and ,)./.
by mass of o(ygen.
$i% -tate what is meant by the term empirical formula
7
7
$ii% ;etermine the empirical formula of X
7
7
7
7
()
(Total 4 marks)
8. (a) Ammonium sulphate reacts with a*ueous sodium hydro(ide as shown by
the e*uation below.
$NH
#
%
(
-O
#
) (NaOH (NH
3
) Na
(
-O
#
) (H
(
O
, sample of ammonium sulphate was heated with '** cm
3
of *5** mol dm
23

a"ueous sodium hydroxide !o ensure that all the ammonium sulphate reacted, an excess
of sodium hydroxide was used
Heating was continued until all of the ammonia had been driven off as a gas
!he unreacted sodium hydroxide remaining in the solution re"uired (@3 cm
3
of
*+** mol dm
23
hydrochloric acid for neutralisation
$i% Calculate the original number of moles of NaOH in '** cm
3
of *5** mol dm
23

a"ueous sodium hydroxide
7
7
$ii% Calculate the number of moles of HCl in (@3 cm
3
of *+** mol dm
23

hydrochloric acid
7
7
$iii% ;educe the number of moles of the unreacted NaOH neutralised by the
hydrochloric acid
7
$iv% 5se your answers from parts $a% $i% and $a% $iii% to calculate the number of moles of
NaOH which reacted with the ammonium sulphate
7
7
$v% 5se your answer in part $a% $iv% to calculate the number of moles and the mass of
ammonium sulphate in the sample
$>f you have been unable to obtain an answer to part $a% $iv%, you may assume that
the number of moles of NaOH which reacted with ammonium sulphate e"uals
(@/ : '*
2(
mol !his is not the correct answer%
Moles of ammonium sulphate
7
Mass of ammonium sulphate 7
7
(7)
(b) A 0.1)g gaseous sample of ammonia occupied a volume of -.!, 10
)
m

at a
temperature T and a pressure of 100 0$a.
-tate the ideal gas e"uation, calculate the number of moles of ammonia present and
deduce the value of the temperature T
$!he gas constant R . /3' 0 1
2'
mol
2'
%
Ideal gas equation
Moles of ammonia
7777
Value of T
7777
7777
7777
7777
(4)
(Total 11 marks)
%. Compound A is an oxide of sulphur ,t #'5 1, a gaseous sample of A, of mass *3*# g,
occupied a volume of '(@ cm
3
at a pressure of '*3 89a
-tate the ideal gas e"uation and use it to calculate the number of moles of A in the sample, and
hence calculate the relative molecular mass of A
$!he gas constant R . /3' 0 1
2'
mol
2'
%
Ideal gas equation
alculation

(Total " marks)

10. A hydrocarbon% W, contains /-.. carbon by mass. The relative molecular
mass of W is "!.0
$a% Calculate the empirical formula of &
........
........
........
........
$b% Calculate the molecular formula of &
........
........
(4)
(Total 4 marks)
11. $a% One isotope of sodium has a relative mass of (3
Calculate the mass, in grams, of a single atom of this isotope of sodium
$!he ,vogadro constant, !, is +*(3 : '*(3 mol
2'
%

(2)
(Total 2 marks)
12. $a% -tate what is meant by the term empirical formula.

$b% , chromium compound contains (/#4 of sodium and 3('4 of chromium by

mass, the remainder being oxygen
Calculate the empirical formula of this compound

(4)
(Total 4 marks)
13. (a) Titanium(+1) chloride reacted with water as shown in the following
e*uation.
!iCl
#
$l% ) (H
(
O$l% #HCl$a"% ) !iO
(
$s%
!he reaction produced (** cm
3
of a '(*< solution of hydrochloric acid
Calculate the number of moles of HCl in the solution and use your answer to
find the original mass of !iCl
#
Moles of "l.
.....................................................................................................................................
Mass of Til
#
..............................................................................................................

(4)
$b% Calculate the volume of ''* < sodium hydroxide solution which would be re"uired to
neutralise a '** cm
3
portion of the '(* < solution of hydrochloric acid

()
$c% ,n excess of magnesium metal was added to a '** cm
3
portion of the '(* < solution of
hydrochloric acid Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas produced at 9/ 89a and (*AC
<g$s% ) (HCl$a"% # <gCl
(
$a"% ) H
(
$g%

(4)
(Total 11 marks)
14.
$a% Calculate the maximum mass of sodium sulphide that can be obtained from '** g
of sulphur
(2)
$b% Calculate the minimum volume of hydrogen, in cm
3
, at (9/ 1 and '*'3 89a, that
is needed to form 5** g of hydrogen sulphide
()
(Total " marks)
1". =hen a sample of li"uid, X' of mass *#*+ g was vaporised, the vapour was found to occupy a
volume of (3# : '*
2#
m
3
at a pressure of ''* 89a and a temperature of #@3 1
$a% Bive the name of the e"uation pV . nRT.

(1)
$b% 5se the e"uation pV $ nRT to calculate the number of moles of X in the sample and
hence deduce the relative molecular mass of X.
$!he gas constant R . /3' 0 1
2'
mol
2'
%
Moles of X

Relati%e molecular mass of X

(4)
(c) 2ompound X, which contains carbon% hydrogen and o(ygen only% has !.". carbon and
/.,!. hydrogen by mass. 2alculate the empirical formula of X.

()
$d% 5sing your answers to parts $b% and $c% above, deduce the molecular formula of X

(1)
(Total % makrs)
1$. $a% Calculate the concentration, in mol dm
23
, of the solution formed when '9+ g of hydrogen
chloride, HCl, are dissolved in water and the volume made up to (5* cm
3

()
(b) The carbonate of metal M has the formula 3
-
2'

. The e*uation for the reaction of this

carbonate with hydrochloric acid is given below.
<
(
CO
3
) (HCl (<Cl ) CO
(
) H
(
O
, sample of <
(
CO
3
, of mass *39# g, re"uired the addition of ('@ cm
3
of a
*(+3 mol dm
23
solution of hydrochloric acid for complete reaction
$i% Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid used

$ii% Calculate the number of moles of <

(
CO
3
in *39# g

$iii% Calculate the relative molecular mass of <

(
CO
3

$iv% ;educe the relative atomic mass of M and hence suggest its identity
Relati%e atomic mass of M

Identity of M
($)
(Total % marks)
17. $a% !he mass of one mole of
'
H atoms is '**@/ g and that of one
'
H atom is
'+@3# : '*
2(#
g
5se these data to calculate a value for the ,vogadro constant accurate to five significant
figures -how your wor8ing

(2)
$b% How does the number of atoms in one mole of argon compare with the number of
molecules in one mole of ammoniaC

(1)
(c) A sample of ammonia gas occupied a volume of 0.04- m

at -/! # and /!.0 0$a.

2alculate the number of moles of ammonia in the sample.
(The gas constant R 5 !.1 6 #
1
mol
1
)

()
$d% , solution containing *@3( mol of ammonia was made up to (5* cm
3
in a volumetric
flas8 by adding water Calculate the concentration of ammonia in this final solution and
state the appropriate units

(2)
$e% , different solution of ammonia was reacted with sulphuric acid as shown in the e"uation
below
(NH
3
$a"% ) H
(
-O
#
$a"% $NH
#
%
(
-O
#
$a"%
>n a titration, (5* cm
3
of a '(# mol dm
23
solution of sulphuric acid re"uired 3*/ cm
3
of
this ammonia solution for complete reaction
$i% Calculate the concentration of ammonia in this solution

$ii% Calculate the mass of ammonium sulphate in the solution at the end of this
titration

($)
(f) The reaction of magnesium nitride% 3g

&
-
% with water produces ammonia and
magnesium hydro(ide. 7rite an e*uation for this reaction.

(2)
(Total 1$ marks)
1(. $a% ;efine the term relati%e molecular mass

(2)
$b% Bive the meaning of the term empirical formula

(1)
$c% Compound X contains 3(9% by mass of carbon and '#*4 by mass of hydrogenD the
remainder is oxygen
$i% Calculate the empirical formula of X.

$ii% !he relative molecular mass of X is '#+ ;educe its molecular formula

(4)
(d) A 1.0 0g sample of methane was burned in air. +t reacted as follows8
CH
#
$g% ) (O
(
$g% CO
(
$g% ) (H
(
O$g%
$i% Calculate the number of moles in '* 8g of methane

$ii% Calculate the volume of oxygen gas, measured at (9/ 1 and '** 89a, which would
be re"uired for the complete combustion of '* 8g of methane

($)
(Total 1 marks)
1%. Bive the meaning of the term mole as used in the phrase Eone mole of moleculesE

(1)
(Total 1 mark)
2#. $a% =hat is the name given to the number of molecules in one mole of carbon dioxideC

(1)
(b) (i) 9tate the ideal gas e*uation.

$ii% Calculate the volume of '** mol of carbon dioxide gas at (9/ 1 and '** 89a
$!he gas constant R . /3' 0 mol
2'
1
2'
%

$iii% Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide gas at (@3 1 and 5** 89a contained in a
cylinder of volume ***5** m
3

(7)
$c% Hydrogen can be made by the reaction of hydrochloric acid with magnesium according to
the e"uation
(HCl ) <g <gCl
(

)
H
(
=hat mass of hydrogen is formed when '**cm
3
of hydrochloric acid of concentration 5*
mol dm
23
reacts with an excess of magnesiumC

()
(d) A compound of iron contains !./. by mass of iron and 1,.". by mass of carbon% the
remainder being o(ygen.
$i% ;etermine the empirical formula of the iron compound

$ii% =hen one mole of this iron compound is heated, it decomposes to give one mole of
iron$>>% oxide, FeO, one mole of carbon dioxide and one mole of another gas
>dentify this other gas $!he molecular formula of the iron compound is the same as
its empirical formula%

(4)
(Total 1" marks)
21. ,mmonium nitrate can be prepared by the reaction between ammonia and nitric acidG
NH
3
) HNO
3
NH
#
NO
3

$a% !he concentration of a nitric acid solution is (** mol dm
23
Calculate the volume of this
solution which would be re"uired to react with exactly (** g of ammonia

(4)
(b) A sample of ammonium nitrate decomposed on heating as shown in the e*uation below.
NH
#
NO
3
(H
(
O ) N
(
) HO
(
On cooling the resulting gases to (9/ 1, the volume of nitrogen and oxygen together was
found to be **5** m
3
at a pressure of 95* 89a
$i% -tate the ideal gas e"uation and use it to calculate the total number of moles of
nitrogen and oxygen formed $!he gas constant R . /3' 0 mol
2'
1
2'
%

$ii% 5sing your answer to part $b%$i%, deduce the number of moles of ammonium nitrate
decomposed and hence calculate the mass of ammonium nitrate in the sample
Moles of ammonium nitrate
Mass of ammonium nitrate

($)
(Total 1# marks)
22. !he mass of one atom of
'(
C is '99 : '*
2(3
g 5se this information to calculate a value
for the ,vogadro constant -how your wor8ing

(2)
(Total 2 marks)
23. The e*uation below represents the thermal decomposition of #2l'

.
(1ClO
3
$s% (1Cl$s% ) 3O
(
$g%
$a% Calculate the mass of oxygen which could be produced by the complete
decomposition of '#@ g of 1ClO
3

(2)
$b% Calculate the mass of 1ClO
3
re"uired to produce '** dm
3
$at (* AC and '*'3
89a% of oxygen
()
(Total " marks)
24. $a% =hat experimental data are re"uired in order to calculate the empirical formula of a
compoundC

(1)
$b% Bive the meaning of the term molecular formula.

(1)
(c) 7hen barium nitrate is heated it decomposes as follows8
6a$NO
3
%
(
$s% 6aO$s% ) (NO
(
$g% ) H O
(
$g%
$i% Calculate the total volume, measured at (9/ 1 and '** 89a, of gas which is
produced by decomposing 5** g of barium nitrate

$ii% Calculate the volume of '(* < hydrochloric acid which is re"uired to neutralise
exactly the barium oxide formed by decomposition of 5** g of barium nitrate
6arium oxide reacts with hydrochloric acid as follows
6aO$s% ) (HCl$a"% 6aCl
(
$a"% ) H
(
O$l%

(7)
(Total % marks)
2". !he mass spectrum of a compound has a molecular ion pea8 at mI& . '+/
Jlemental analysis shows it to contain #(94 carbon, (#4 hydrogen and '+@4 nitrogen by
mass !he remainder is oxygen
Calculate the empirical and molecular formulae of this compound
(4)
(Total 4 marks)
26. 2ompound X contains only boron and hydrogen. The percentage by mass of
boron in X is !1.-.. +n the mass spectrum of X the pea0 at the largest value of m/z occurs at 4).
$a% 5se the percentage by mass data to calculate the empirical formula of X

$b% ;educe the molecular formula of X

(4)
(Total 4 marks)
27. $a% ;efine the term relati%e molecular mass

(2)
$b% !he mass of one atom of
'(
C is '993 : '*
2(3
g 5se this mass to calculate a value
for the ,vogadro constant $!% showing your wor8ing

(1)
(Total marks)
2(. =hen iodine reacts directly with fluorine, a compound containing 5@(4 by mass of
iodine is formed
$a% ;etermine the empirical formula of this compound

$b% !he empirical formula of this compound is the same as the molecular formula
=rite a balanced e"uation for the formation of this compound

(4)
(Total 4 marks)
29. 2ompound A (3
r
5 -14.!) contains --.-). carbon% ."1. hydrogen and
").04. bromine by mass. 9how that the molecular formula of A is 2
)
:
!
;r
-
.
()
(Total marks)