Notes in Structural Analysis II Glenn M.

Pintor / De La Salle University

Loadings

! Clarify Owners requirements (construction timetable, function, occupancy type, material
finishes) in order to consultant to establish the corresponding design criteria

Types of Loads

! Dead load self weight and other immovable loads (constant in magnitude) that are
permanently attached to the structure
o refer to tabulated material densities & design dead loads for building components
(walls, frame partitions, floor fills, ceiling)

! Live loads loads that vary in position
o Movable can be moved from one position to another
o Moving loads moves under their own power (vehicles, train)

ASCE Provision for Live load reduction
o allows live load reduction on members having influence area of 37.2 sq m or more
o note the following conditions for provision to apply:
- reduced live load ! 50% of unreduced design live load for members supporting 1
floor
- reduced live load ! 40% of unreduced design live load for members supporting
more than 1 floor
- no reduction is allowed for loads exceeding 4.79 kN/m
2


! Highway bridge/Railroad bridge loads primary live loads on bridge spans due to traffic and
heaviest vehicle loading

! Wind loads design structure to resist wind effects (due to conversion of the winds kinetic
energy to potential energy of pressure) which is dependent on the following factors:
o Density & velocity of air (obtained from Wind Maps)
o Relative importance of the structure (potential to cause damage loss to property & lives)
o Exposure category
- Ground level, wind force is low
- Hills & escarpments, wind force/pressure increases as wind is forced up an
incline
o Terrain factors (presence of obstructions and building height)
- Class B: closely spaced obstructions, lower wind effects
- Class C: open terrain, scattered obstructions
- Class D: flat unobstructed, greater wind effects

o Shape and stiffness of the structure
o Roughness of its surface

! Earthquake loads caused ground motion & lateral resistance of the structure,
o depends on the following factors:
- amount & type of ground accelerations
- mass & stiffness of structures

Notes in Structural Analysis II Glenn M. Pintor / De La Salle University
Structural design

! FACTOR OF SAFETY
o Consider uncertainties in the material arising from:
- Variability in material properties
- Residual stresses in materials (e.g. uneven cooling of welding joints)
- Tolerances: Inability to fabricate to exact dimensions
- Material corrosion or decay
o Consider uncertainties in the loads
- Accidental loadings/change in occupancy

! LOAD COMBINATIONS - Consider occurrence of different basic loads on a structure at the
same
o Working stress design
- Dead load
- 0.6 Dead load + Wind load
- 0.6 Dead load + 0.7 Earthquake load

o Strength design
- 1.4 Dead load
- 1.2 Deal load + 0.5 Live load + 1.5 Earthquake load

Tributary loadings
! Establishes how loads on surfaces is transmitted to the structural elements (used for their
supports)
! Depends on:
1. geometry of the structural system
2. materials from which it is made
3. method of construction

One-way slab system
! delivers load to supporting members by one-way action (e.g. RC slab reinforced in 1 direction)
! general rule:
o If L
2
! L
1
& span ratio L
2
/ L
1
! 2, the slabs behave as 1-way slab




Notes in Structural Analysis II Glenn M. Pintor / De La Salle University




Two-way slab system

! If L
2
/ L
1
< 2, assume load to be delivered to the beams/girder in 2 directions



Notes in Structural Analysis II Glenn M. Pintor / De La Salle University


Note: Consider dead load contribution of lightweight concrete approximately 1.52 kN / m
2
(or 31.9 lb /ft
2
)


Principle of superposition
! To determine total displacement / internal loadings (stresses) at a point in a structure subjected
to several loadings, add together the respective displacement and component stresses caused by
each external load acting separately

Stability
! Consider necessary conditions to ensure equilibrium of structure
o Must satisfy equations of equilibrium
o Must be properly be held / constrained by the supports

! Review of Static Concepts, Equilibrium equations

Force and moment equations of equilibrium express the necessary condition for equilibrium
that the combined resultant effect of system of forces shall neither be a force nor a couple

Types of instability
o Partial constraints have fewer reactions that equations of equilibrium
o Improper constraints even when R = 3N condition is satisfied, check for instability
due to improper constraining of supports

Determinacy

! Equilibrium equations provide the necessary & sufficient conditions for equilibrium
! When all reactions can be determined from these equations, structure is deemed statically
determinate

! For coplanar structures with at most 3 equilibrium equation for each part, check for
determinacy using the ff:

o r = 3n , statically determinate
o r > 3n, statically indeterminate
Notes in Structural Analysis II Glenn M. Pintor / De La Salle University

where r number of force and moment reactions, n number of parts

Notes in Structural Analysis II Glenn M. Pintor / De La Salle University




Notes in Structural Analysis II Glenn M. Pintor / De La Salle University








Notes in Structural Analysis II Glenn M. Pintor / De La Salle University