International Journal of Emerging Trends in Signal Processing( IJETSP )

ISSN(2319-9784) , Volume 2 , Issue 1 February 2014

1

A Questionnaire Investigation of Emotion Pictures
and Films in Computer Science Students with
Internet Addiction
Dai-Ling Hsieh
1
, Tzu-Chien Hsiao
2,3

1
Institute of Computer Science and Engineering,
2
Department of Computer Science,
3
Institute of Biomedical Engineering
National Chiao Tung University
No. 1001, University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
1
dlhsieh@cs.nctu.edu.tw
2
labview@cs.nctu.edu.tw


Abstract This study proposed that emotion plays an important
role in Computer Science students with internet addiction. Total
sixty-eight subjects participated in the emotion-eliciting
experiment. Six emotions were elicited through twenty-four
emotional pictures (International Affective Picture System) and
five emotional films (Taiwan corpora of Chinese emotions and
relevant psychophysiological data). The questionnaires and
physiological signals, including in thoracoabdominal movement,
electrocardiography, and facial expression, were collected during
the experiment. The statistical results showed that the reliability
test for both Chen Internet Addiction Scale and emotion
questionnaire were acceptable. The positive emotional stimulus
could elicit the target emotion; however, negative emotional
stimuli elicited multiple negative emotions. In emotional picture
trail, the high-risk IA group replied higher target emotion
intensity of happiness, anger, and sadness. As well in emotional
film trail, only sadness was rated higher. It can be inferred that
high-risk IA abusers have stronger response to happiness, anger,
and sadness pictures, and sadness film than low-risk IA abusers.
In future, the physiological signals as more objective evidence
will be processed and analysed. The results could contribute to
assist to internet addiction therapy.

Keywords emotions, internet addiction, human and computer
interaction, cyberpsychonetic, questionnaire
INTRODUCTION
Computers and the Internet (CompNet) have been used
worldwide in recent decades. On college campuses, CompNet
not only helps students for study or research as a tool, but also
gradually plays a significant role in campus life. Because
CompNet is easy to be accessed, some students life styles,
including in living, communication, study, and even physical
and mental states have been influenced [1-2]. For example,
students retrieve course materials online for academic use
everywhere and anytime [3]. Students play computer games or
take online game design courses instead of doing real word
activities or exercises. Again, CompNet frequently affects
students social activities [4], especially of those who strongly
interact with computers. Lots of college students of Computer
Science (CS) spend much time to use computer for kinds of
purposes. They are definitely trained to be familiar with
computer and fulfill almost every task through computer.
They regard CompNet as a learning tool and contact CompNet
frequently than non CS student. However, some of they seem
to be dependent on CompNet. For example, Students manage
relationships with classmates and friends through text and
social networking sites instead of phone or face-to-face
talking [4]. Even in daily life, they decide what types of food
for lunch having with nearby classmates through LINE APP is
a typical behaviour. The social networking sites or
communication apps are not limited behind convenience;
actually, this is a sign that CompNet becomes one necessary
part of campus life [5]. Sometimes, when invited classmates
dont reply through LINE APP, student who sending
invitation message would feel negative emotions, such as
sadness or frustrate. College students, especially CS students,
are encouraged to be familiar with CompNet indirectly. They
use CompNet for hours every day, including for academic
tasks, interpersonal relationship, entertainment (e.g. social
networking sites, online game [6]), communication, etc.
However, once they cannot access CompNet, they will feel
anxiety, and do not live well. They are potential Internet
addiction (IA) abuser [1-2].
IA (or called pathological Internet use) is excessive
computers or Internet use that results in impairment or distress.
Usually, IA can be considered psychological disorder that
causes damage to mental functions and regular life. Several
researches investigated the interaction or relationship between
human and computer, such as human computer interaction [7],
human computer interface [8], cyberpsychology and
behaviour [9], etc. In 2010, Hsieh et al. proposed a novel
viewpoint with the combination of engineering and
psychology to explorer the interactive flow within human and
computer [10]. The schematic inference presented that
computer should have its own psychological characters, called
cyberpsychonetic, and interact with human. Lu et al., in 2010,
studied the anatomic nervous responses of high-risk IA abuser
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International Journal of Emerging Trends in Signal Processing( IJETSP )
ISSN(2319-9784) , Volume 2 , Issue 1 February 2014

2

[11] and showed that the sympathetic nervous system was
heavily activated of high-risk IA abusers, but skin
conductance activates parasympathetic responses of the high-
risk IA abusers. The evaluation of psychophysiological
damages and the effects of computer on daily life are also
been studied in various fields [12-14]; however, little attention
has been paid to the psychophysiological interaction between
human and computer.
Different types of computer applications and computer
styles could be considered as stimuli. When using those
applications and devices, people received such stimuli, and the
reacted to them. One type of the reactions is emotional
reactions, including in cognition processing, body movement,
physiological responses, etc. Some studies of
psychophysiological responses of emotions investigated
thoracoabdominal movement (TAM), electrocardiogram
(ECG), galvanic skin response (GSR), skin temperature [15].
It was believed that people who relied on computers will show
the interaction reactions and emotional responses [16]. In
order to observe those reactions and emotional responses, its
necessary to take the intimacy with computer into account.
Hence, in this study, we focus on the psychophysiological
reactions when people received different emotional pictures
and films stimulus, especially on CS students. The statistical
comparisons of high-risk IA abusers and general users are also
presented. Before understanding of physiological mechanism
concerning autonomic nervous system of IA abusers, the
relationship between emotional stimulation and subjective
emotions reports was established first here.
METHOD
An experiment was conducted to elicit subjects emotions
by emotional pictures and emotional films; meanwhile, the
information of facial expression, TAM, and ECG were
gathered. TAM is easy to be measured by a non-invasive way,
and can be analysed without phase loose [17]; furthermore,
the time information, such as time difference, can be
considered. The subjects were divided into two groups and
were elicited by emotional picture and emotional film
respectively. Also the subjects were required to complete
questionnaires to evaluate six emotional states.
Statistical analysis was mainly adopted. It was expected to
establish the relationship between emotional stimulation and
subjective emotions reports
A. Subject
The Net generation subjects [18] were selected. Sixty-eight
subjects between the ages of 20 and 29 years (21.31.8 year
old) from department of computer science in Taiwan
participated in this study. The history of using computer and
internet are 12.72.6 years and 11.22.7 years respectively.
Half of them were examined high-risk IA by Chen Internet
Addiction Scale (CIAS) [19].
B. Physiological signal
Emotion can be expressed by psychological responses and
physiological reactions. Some researches indicated that facial
expression [20], ECG [21], skin conductance [22], and so on,
can express physiological characters of emotions. So that this
study collected facial expression, respiration, and ECG in
order to observe the dynamic changes of the physiological
responses of emotions.
C. Questionnaire
Several questionnaires were used to obtain the personal
information, basic clinical history, and evaluation of internet
addiction [19]. CIAS contains 26 items and can be categorized
into two categories of Core Symptoms of Internet Addiction
(IA-Sym) and Related Problems of Internet Addiction (IA-RP)
[19]. In addition to previous questionnaires, subjects were
asked to rate the six emotions intensity questionnaire from
low to high (0 to 8) when they finished each emotion-eliciting
experiment.
D. Emotion-eliciting material
This study utilized emotional pictures from International
Affective Picture System (IAPS) [23] and emotional films
from Taiwan corpora of Chinese emotions and relevant
psychophysiological data [24].
Six emotions, happiness, sadness, disgust, surprise, fear,
and anger, were observed. Those emotions can be regard as
basic emotions and were important for human in daily
emotion expression.
E. Experimental procedure
The procedure was shown in Fig. 1. First, in phase 0, all
subjects filled out the informed consent form, and understood
the experiment purpose and content. Second, in phase one, the
physiological baseline of subjects was measured for 3 minutes
[25], including facial expression, TAM, and ECG. Third, in
phase 2, emotion-eliciting experiment was conducted.
Subjects were assigned to two groups and were elicited by
emotional pictures and emotional films respectively. In
emotional picture trail, the procedure cycle started in 30
seconds for psychophysiological baseline, and then 12
seconds for picture display, and final 30 seconds for emotion
recovery. In emotional film trail, the procedure cycle started
in 1 minute for distraction task, and 3 minutes for
psychological baseline, and then around 3 minutes for film
display, and final 3 minutes for emotion recovery.
1) Emotional picture trail: Before emotional pictures were
displayed, subjects had to keep themselves stable as emotion
and psychophysiological baseline for 30 seconds. In
experiment, subjects randomly saw six emotional pictures
each for 12 seconds and totally saw 24 pictures. After
emotional stimulation finished each time, subjects filled out
an emotion questionnaire to evaluate their emotions intensity.
And then they cool down their emotions for 30 seconds.
2) Emotional film trail: First, subjects do distraction task
for 1 minute, and then kept themselves stable as emotion and
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International Journal of Emerging Trends in Signal Processing( IJETSP )
ISSN(2319-9784) , Volume 2 , Issue 1 February 2014

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psychophysiological baseline for 3 minutes. In experiment,
subjects randomly watched five emotion pictures each for
around 3 minutes and totally watched 5 films. After emotional
stimulation finished each time, subjects filled out an emotion
questionnaire to evaluate their emotions intensity. Then they
do distraction task for 1 minute, and then cool down their
emotions for 3 minutes.

Fig. 1 Experiment procedure
RESULT
The questionnaires were statistically analysed as main
results here.
The diversity of emotion level or intensity of high-risk IA
subjects should be larger than low-risk IA subjects.
Furthermore, facial expression was used to assist to validate
emotions, and those results may apply to part of monitor
system and can be bio-feedback for treatment.
A. Internet addiction scale
The literature of CIAS indicated that the cut off score is 64.
The CIAS scores of 68 subjects were showed in Fig. 2. Thirty-
four subjects got CIAS scores over 64, and were examined
high-risk IA abusers. The black dots and grey dots represented
CIAS scores of high-risk IA group and low-risk IA group,
respectively. The x axis was CIAS scores and the y axis was
cronbachs alpha values. The CIAS scores of two groups
crossed at 63-64 which closed to the cut off score of the
literature.


Fig. 2 Scores distribution of CIAS from 68 subjects, and the cut off scores is
64.
The consistency of CIAS scoring between subjects was
tested by reliability test. The cronbachs alpha value was
0.856 of all 68 subjects. For high and low-risk IA abusers, the
cronbachs alpha values were 0.602 and 0.597 respectively.
Those alpha values were acceptable (>0.5).
B. Emotion questionnaire for emotional picture trail
Before analysed the emotion questionnaire, we examined
the consistency between subjects by reliability test, and the
results were shown in Table 1. The cronbachs alpha values of
happiness picture were high consistency. Some alpha values
of anger, sadness, and disgust pictures were medium
consistency (e.g. alpha value of disgust picture to sadness
emotion was 0.527). Some alpha values of surprise, and fear
pictures were low consistency (e.g. alpha value of surprise
picture to anger emotion was 0.384 and fear picture to anger
emotion was 0.332). The mean alpha values of six emotions
shown in table 1 were acceptable values (>0.5).
The reliability test results of high-risk and low-risk IA
group were shown in Table 2. For high-risk IA group, the
cronbachs alpha values of happiness, anger, sadness, surprise,
and fear pictures were high consistency (>0.7). Alpha values
of disgust picture were medium consistency (0.6~0.7). For
low-risk IA group, the alpha values of disgust and fear
pictures were high consistency. Alpha values of anger,
sadness, and surprise were media consistency. Last, Alpha
value of happiness picture was unacceptable (<0.5).The mean
alpha values of six emotions of high-risk and low-risk IA
groups were acceptable values except happiness picture of
low-risk IA group.

TABLE 1
RELIABILITY TEST RESULTS OF 34 SUBJECTS OF EMOTIONAL PICTURE TRAIL
GROUP. (CRONBACHS ALPHA VALUE >0.5: ACCEPTABLE) (HAP: HAPPINESS,
ANG: ANGER, SAD: SADNESS, DIS: DISGUST, SUR: SURPRISE, FEA: FEAR)
Emotion
Picture
HAP ANG SAD DIS SUR FEA
HAP 0.885 0.759 0.721 0.875 0.757 0.803
ANG 0.801 0.801 0.642 0.807 0.384 0.332
SAD 0.883 0.565 0.775 0.527 0.735 0.806
DIS 0.881 0.723 0.864 0.879 0.755 0.846
SUR 0.858 0.583 0.603 0.764 0.911 0.715
FEA 0.854 0.726 0.575 0.797 0.851 0.764
Mean 0.860 0.693 0.697 0.775 0.732 0.711
TABLE 2
RELIABILITY TEST OF HIGH-RISK AND LOW-RISK IA GROUPS OF EMOTIONAL
PICTURE TRAIL. (CRONBACHS ALPHA VALUE >0.5: ACCEPTABLE)
Emotion IA
Picture
HAP ANG SAD DIS SUR FEA
HAP
high 0.860 0.901 0.644 0.233 0.679 0.838
low 0.764 0.744 0.189 0.348 0.624 0.786
ANG
high 0.906 0.870 0.636 0.747 0.772 0.879
low 0.039 0.700 0.945 0.719 0.576 0.854
SAD
high 0.966 0.853 0.839 0.765 0.623 0.911
low 0.524 0.700 0.863 0.762 0.541 0.832
DIS high 0.886 0.743 0.523 0.634 0.934 0.877
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International Journal of Emerging Trends in Signal Processing( IJETSP )
ISSN(2319-9784) , Volume 2 , Issue 1 February 2014

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low 0.359 0.348 0.780 0.882 0.460 0.893
SUR
high 0.917 0.832 0.878 0.919 0.802 0.869
low 0.457 0.910 0.634 0.772 0.893 0.901
FEA
high 0.874 0.914 0.866 0.833 0.712 0.907
low 0.714 0.793 0.681 0.786 0.725 0.872
Mean
high 0.902 0.852 0.731 0.689 0.754 0.880
low 0.476 0.699 0.682 0.712 0.636 0.856

In order to reduce the effect of different standard between
subjects [26], the emotion intensity scores were normalized by
subjects maximum value and were rescaled to the original
scale. Normalized emotion intensity scores were shown in
Table 3, which contains mean and standard deviation values
of 34 subjects. Subjects reported that the target emotional
picture could successfully elicit the corresponding emotion by
highest scoring. However, subjects considered that anger
picture would elicit emotions of surprise and fear but anger.
The difference between the mean scores of anger and mean
scores of surprise was 1.10; the t-test statistic was -2.198, with
66 degrees of freedom and an associated p-value of 0.031
(significant difference). And the difference between the mean
scores of anger and mean scores of fear was 1.19; the t-test
statistic was -2.399, with 66 degrees of freedom and an
associated p-value of 0.019 (significant difference). Besides,
in fear picture trail, subjects both had fear and surprise
emotions. The difference between the mean scores of surprise
and fear showed no significant difference by t-test (p-
value=0.946)

TABLE 3
NORMALIZED VALUES OF MEAN STANDARD DEVIATION OF EMOTION
INTENSITY SCORES
Emotion
Picture
HAP ANG SAD DIS SUR FEA
HAP 5.592.66 0.441.00 0.511.30 0.150.75 1.712.56 0.641.33
ANG 0.371.08 3.192.90 1.101.99 2.082.64 0.671.43 1.522.46
SAD 0.501.39 1.992.59 5.822.28 2.272.83 0.861.86 0.771.74
DIS 0.401.24 1.262.27 0.641.57 6.442.12 0.311.02 3.23.170
SUR 1.272.13 4.292.68 1.412.13 3.362.85 4.173.14 4.482.91
FEA 0.471.39 4.382.72 1.342.17 2.762.92 3.223.00 4.522.87

Furthermore, emotion intensity scores of high-risk and low-
risk IA groups were shown in Table 4. First, for all six
emotions intensity assessments, the high-risk IA group replied
higher emotion intensity than the other group around 61%. For
target emotion assessment, the high-risk IA group replied
higher emotion intensity of happiness, anger, and sadness. The
low-risk IA group replied higher emotion intensity of disgust,
surprise, and fear. However, the scores of two groups showed
no significant difference by t-test. Both groups rated the target
emotional picture highest scores except anger picture and fear
picture. Anger picture elicited anger, surprise and fear
emotions at the same time. Fear picture elicited both fear and
surprise emotions.

TABLE 4
NORMALIZED VALUES OF MEAN STANDARD DEVIATION OF EMOTION
INTENSITY SCORES OF HIGH-RISK AND LOW-RISK IA GROUPS
Emotion IA
Picture
HAP ANG SAD DIS SUR FEA
HAP
high 5.812.51 0.470.96 0.621.39 0.100.31 1.612.48 0.420.91
low 5.432.74 0.421.02 0.431.23 0.190.95 1.782.60 0.791.55
ANG
high 0.471.11 3.432.99 0.821.55 2.042.45 0.571.11 1.382.07
low 0.311.05 3.022.83 1.302.22 2.102.77 0.751.62 1.622.70
SAD
high 0.591.20 2.492.65 5.882.40 2.602.88 1.102.14 0.671.36
low 0.441.51 1.642.49 5.772.20 2.032.77 0.691.61 0.841.95
DIS
high 0.511.09 1.712.39 0.641.34 6.292.16 0.431.23 3.453.09
low 0.331.33 0.952.13 0.641.70 6.542.09 0.220.83 3.033.22
SUR
high 1.522.24 4.802.75 1.482.21 3.512.76 3.933.16 4.462.91
low 1.092.02 3.932.57 1.362.06 3.262.91 4.343.12 4.492.91
FEA
high 0.581.23 4.723.11 1.452.16 2.862.76 3.713.22 4.533.01
low 0.391.48 4.142.39 1.262.16 2.693.02 2.872.79 4.512.78
C. Emotion questionnaire for emotional film trail
In order to examine the consistency between subjects,
reliability test was adopted. However, emotional film trail
differed from emotional picture trail in each emotion
stimulation cycle. Emotional picture trail utilized four cycles
(pictures) to elicit same emotion, but emotional film trail
utilized only one cycle (film) to elicit one emotion. So that we
computed the cronbachs alpha values of six emotion scores to
one emotional film. The results were shown in Table 5 and
suggested that the scoring were acceptable (>0.5).

TABLE 5
RELIABILITY TEST RESULTS OF 34 SUBJECTS OF EMOTIONAL FILM TRAIL
GROUP. (CRONBACHS ALPHA VALUE >0.5: ACCEPTABLE) (SIX EMOTIONS:
HAPPINESS, ANGER, SADNESS, SURPRISE, FEAR)
Emotion
Film
HAP ANG SAD SUR FEA
Six
emotions
0.717 0.549 0.733 0.685 0.557

The normalized emotion intensity scores were shown in
Table 6. Table, which contains mean and standard deviation
values of 34 subjects. Subjects reported that the target
emotional picture could successfully elicit the corresponding
emotion by highest scoring. However, subjects considered that
surprise film would elicit emotions of surprise and happiness
at the same time.
TABLE 6
NORMALIZED VALUES OF MEAN STANDARD DEVIATION OF EMOTION
INTENSITY SCORES
Emotion
Film
HAP ANG SAD SUR FEA
HAP 7.182.33 0.781.64 1.232.27 5.632.63 1.112.19
ANG 0.661.79 7.171.82 0.981.76 0.501.40 1.321.75
SAD 0.691.79 5.152.76 7.222.29 0.461.34 1.051.92
DIS 0.451.44 0.972.06 0.751.46 0.852.15 3.312.27
SUR 1.882.46 3.703.20 1.011.66 6.782.20 4.632.81
FEA 0.501.33 0.761.46 1.371.81 0.571.52 7.401.56

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International Journal of Emerging Trends in Signal Processing( IJETSP )
ISSN(2319-9784) , Volume 2 , Issue 1 February 2014

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Emotion intensity scores of high-risk and low-risk IA
groups were shown in Table 7. First, the high-risk IA group
almost replied lower emotion intensity but bigger variation
than low-risk IA group. The anger emotion elicited by anger
film showed significant difference between two groups by t-
test (p-value=0.023), but other emotions elicited by other four
films were no significant difference between two groups. Both
groups rated the target emotion highest scores. In low-risk IA
group, some scores were 0 but high-risk IA group did not rate
0.
TABLE 7
NORMALIZED VALUES OF MEAN STANDARD DEVIATION OF EMOTION
INTENSITY SCORES OF HIGH-RISK AND LOW-RISK IA GROUPS
Emotion IA
Film
HAP ANG SAD SUR FEA
HAP
high 6.952.54 1.322.01 2.202.67 5.532.63 1.402.56
low 7.472.00 0.110.40 0.000.00 5.762.61 0.751.53
ANG
high 1.082.27 6.582.25 0.931.63 0.901.78 1.341.72
low 0.130.50 7.910.33 1.051.91 0.000.00 1.291.79
SAD
high 1.242.24 4.972.72 7.441.85 0.821.71 1.131.95
low 0.000.00 5.382.80 6.932.72 0.000.00 0.941.89
DIS
high 0.801.86 1.552.56 1.071.71 1.422.72 3.952.11
low 0.000.00 0.230.62 0.360.91 0.130.50 2.502.21
SUR
high 2.392.89 3.873.02 1.311.65 6.552.19 5.212.36
low 1.241.57 3.483.40 0.621.60 7.072.17 3.903.13
FEA
high 0.901.67 0.961.74 1.421.79 0.661.53 7.011.97
low 0.000.00 0.510.93 1.321.84 0.471.50 7.890.40

DISCUSSION
The main purpose of this research was to investigate the
emotion reaction of IA abusers. The target subjects were
college students of Computer Science. They were assumed to
be familiar with computer and strongly connected with
computer and internet. They were very possible to addict to
computer and internet and were examined by CIAS. Half of
them were high-risk IA abusers.
From the preliminary results, high-risk and low-risk IA
groups rated the target emotion highest scores except anger
picture trails and fear picture trails. Anger picture elicited
anger, surprise and fear emotions at the same time. Fear
picture elicited both fear and surprise emotions and such result
consisted with the literature. It proposed that fear can overlap
with anger. For example, if someone has harmed you or is
about to harm you, you react with a mixture of anger and fear
[26]. The selected emotional pictures of anger and fear might
also let subjects feel other emotions, but the selected
emotional film can much clearly elicit only one emotion.
The emotion intensity and variation were different from
high-risk and low-risk IA groups. In emotional picture trail,
the high-risk IA group replied higher target emotion intensity
of happiness, anger, and sadness. And in emotional film trail,
only target emotion intensity of sadness was rated higher. It
can be inferred that high-risk IA abusers have stronger
response to happiness, anger, and sadness pictures than low-
risk IA abusers. The reasons could be stimulation type
dependency and emotion-eliciting time interval. We explained
more in the following paragraph.
In emotional film trails, all subjects rated higher scores on
five basic emotions than emotional picture trials. Emotional
films almost elicited single target emotion, but some
emotional pictures elicited multiple emotions simultaneously.
The stimulation type and time interval might cause such
difference. Emotional picture were displayed 12 seconds
continually and thus subjects received total one stimulus for
12 seconds. But emotional films were displayed around 180
seconds, and each second contains 30 frames. It means that
subjects received each stimulus for very short time, one-thirty
second, and total around 5400 stimuli. Because of the
different stimulation type, people have different emotion
reactions which observed by emotion questionnaire. In future,
we will process the physiological signals on time and
frequency domain to verify the proposed hypothesis.
In this research, we examined six basic emotions. Those
basic emotions played different and important roles [26], and
should be discussed one by one. In our results, we found that
positive emotional stimulus could elicit the target emotion as
Fig. 3. However, negative emotional stimulus could usually
elicit multiple negative emotions as Fig. 4. The causes might
be culture difference [27] or inherent characters of human
beings. In facial expression recognition field, some negative
facial expression were also difficult to be recognized correctly
sometimes [28].
In future, the physiological signals, such as TAM signals,
will be analysed to gain more objective evidence to
understand the emotion reaction of IA abusers.


Fig. 3 Six emotions scores of happiness picture among high and low-
risk IA group. Happiness emotion was the highest score and can be
recognized easily in both groups.
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
m
e
a
n

s
c
o
r
e
s

a
n
d

S
D

six emotions
Happiness picture
high-risk IA
low-risk IA
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Signal Processing( IJETSP )
ISSN(2319-9784) , Volume 2 , Issue 1 February 2014

6


Fig. 4 Six emotions scores of anger picture among high and low-risk
IA group. There are multiple emotions were elicited in both gropus.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, the psychophysiological relationships
between emotion and internet addiction were aimed to be
established. It was believed that emotion plays an important
role in internet addition. Computer Science students were
considered potential IA abusers and were recruited for
experiment. Through the statistical analysis results, some
differences were observed between high-risk and low-risk IA
groups.
In future, the TAM and ECG signals will be processed and
analysed to obtain the objective proof. Furthermore, the TAM
can be a biofeedback way to assist internet addiction therapy.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the Taiwan National
Science Council under grant numbers NSC-102-2220-E-009-
023 and NSC-102-2627-E-010-001. This work was also
supported in part by the UST-UCSD International Center of
Excellence in Advanced Bioengineering sponsored by the
Taiwan National Science Council I-RiCE Program under
grant number NSC-101-2911-I-009-101. This study received
approval by the Institution Review Board of the National
Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch (Hsinchu,
Taiwan) under the research project "A study of interactions
between cognition, emotion and physiology. (Contract No:
1001RB-32)

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six emotions
Anger picture
high-risk IA
low-risk IA
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International Journal of Emerging Trends in Signal Processing( IJETSP )
ISSN(2319-9784) , Volume 2 , Issue 1 February 2014

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