Year 10 PD/H/PE NOTES

ADOLESCENCE AND RESPONSIBILITY

Adolescence- period of first time experiences, emotional highs and lows and risk taking.
Goal Setting
Provides focus, direction and helps us realise our aspirations. Positive behaviour involves responsibility,
good leadership skills.
Goals to be effective must be:
1. Measureable
2. Challenging
3. Appropriate
4. Adjustable
Decision making model
Step 1. State the problem
Step 2. Gather the information
Step 3. Examine the choices
Step 4.Consider the consequences
Step 5. Decide and evaluate

Risky situations
Risk - probability of facing harm.
Consequences- results of undertaking an action
Having a criminal record has many consequences
Employment is affected
Overseas travel- reject visa
Family may look at you differently
Community may shame you

How do we get into risky situations?
Peer pressure, maturity, curiosity, image

3 possible responses to risky situations
1. Be assertive NO!
2. Persuasive (Reasons why)
3. Evasive (Give a vague answer)

DRUGS
Drug- any substance which when taken into the body, alters its function physically or psychologically.

Grouping drugs
Medicinal e.g. medication
Legal e.g. alcohol/ tobacco
Illegal e.g. heroin/ marijuana

Classification of drugs according to effects on body
Depressants - makes person relaxed
Lose consciousness of surroundings
Heart and breathing rate slows down
Alcohol, analgesics (painkillers), marijuana
Stimulants- increases mental process
More energetic and alert
Heart rate and breathing rate increased
Caffeine, nicotine, ecstasy, amphetamines
Hallucinogens alters sense and perceptions
See, hears, and feels things that are not there
LSD, magic mushrooms, large doses of marijuana
Amphetamines and ecstasy
o Man-made mixed with other substances
o Once only available for prescription and obesity
o Currently prescribed for narcolepsy (sleep problems) and hyperkinetic brain damage in children
o Ecstasy originally developed for therapists to help people explore their feelings
o Death can occur through overheating and dehydration
o Suggested to drink 600mL/hour to flush out the drug and improves body temp. Avoids dehydration
o Penalties if person is in possession or supplying- range from $5,000 and/or 3 years prison for
possession and $250,000 and/or 25 years of imprisonment for trafficking
o Against the law to drive under influence of drugs
o If a person drove in a vehicle under the influence of ecstasy or amphetamines they are unable to
judge speed and distance, and coordination is reduced. Increase confidence = greater risk.
o Effects of these drugs
Amphetamines only Amphetamines and Ecstasy Ecstasy only

Psychosis
HIV
Malnutrition
Stomach aches
Need to take other drugs
Increased blood
pressure, body temp,
heart beat
Dehydration
Anxiety
Nausea
Loss of coordination
Heart damage
Hallucinations
Sensations of floating
Paranoid feelings
Hangover effect
Drug related deaths refers to deaths from tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs. 1 in 5 deaths in Australia has a
drug related cause.
Of these drug related deaths
Biggest killer is tobacco with 80% of deaths (18,000-20,000 people per year)
Alcohol with approximately 15% and
Illicit drugs comprising approx. 5% of overall drug related deaths
Statistics of the 15-34 years of age group
Alcohol biggest killer with approximately 50% of the deaths. Drink driving significant cause
Illicit drug deaths mainly affects 25-34 year age group
o Accounts for 35% of deaths
12% of deaths are from tobacco use
o Takes time to have major ill-health effects on body

Stimulants
Speed and Ecstasy
Club drugs e.g. speed, ecstasy, ice, cocaine stimulate body and may cause hallucinations.

Speed (methamphetamine) results in speed psychosis where person may result in paranoia, delusions
Psychosis can occur just after first use of speed. Users become malnourished and fatigue

Ice- crystal form of methamphetamine. 80-90% pure.
Ecstasy (MDMA) works on the serotonin (hormone) transmitters.
Alters functioning even after use is discontinued

How it is made
Anhydrous fuel, ephedrine, red phosphorous, lithium, lantern fuel

Stages
Rush (20-40mins)
High (3 days)
Binge
Crash
Stays in body for approx. 5 days

Short term effects
0 Anxious and nervous
0 Excessive talking
0 False sense of confidence
0 Repetitive behaviour e.g. picking skin
0 Sleep disturbance
Long term effects
0 Severe depression
0 Dry mouth with sores
0 Weight loss
0 Aggression
0 Loss of interest in activities
Medical complications
0 Rapid heart rate,
0 Increased blood pressure
0 Damaged blood vessels
0 Acute lead poisoning
0 50% dopamine producing cells in the brain damaged

Why people use club drugs Why people DONT use club drugs
Music sounds better
Dared
Celebration
Forget about problems
Date rape
Loss of coordination
The law
Body failure

Wrestling with drugs and the law worksheet
Teenagers are at most risk with being involved with drugs
Reasons teenagers turn to drugs= domestic problems, peer pressure, low self-esteem failure
Turn to prostitution= financial problems, support their drug habits
Drug users are not criminals, more like victims who need help to fight their addiction
Resolving drug addiction- change social network, self-awareness, rehabilitation
The law adds to their problems because they feel rebellious and alive when they break the law.

Drugs and penalty implications
Drug Misuse Act 2000 states that drugs including speed, ice, cocaine, LSD and more are illegal for people to
possess. Some of these drugs can be legally prescribed as a medication of problems or research but a doctor
must approve.

NSW Drug Misuse and Trafficking Regulation 1985- most drug offences set out in the Act
Heroin + Cocaine 1g = 2 years + $10 000
Commercial quantity: 250g = 20 years + $350,000
Cannabis 30g = 2years + $10 000
25kg = 15 years + $350000

If supplied to a child
Small quantity: supplied to person under 16years, 2 years = 2yrs and 6 months
Commercial quantity to person under 26years = 25years + $420 000
Large commercial quantity to person under 16years, penalty increases by 1/5

Decriminalisation- brings the drug problem out of the scope of penal criminal law. Realising that law
enforcement is an ineffective method of controlling cannabis use in ACT and SA.

Maximum penalty of self, administering, possessing an illegal drug= $2,200 + 2 years
Maximum penalty of supplying an illegal drug= $220,000 - $500,000 and/or 10years to life in jail

ALCOHOL

Most widely used mood changing drug in Australia.
Alcohol is NOT a stimulant, as people believe it. It is actually a DEPRESSANT because it reduces
inhibitions and makes a person feel more relaxed. Slows down a persons system
Inhibits brain functions making judgement, coordination and balance difficult and slow reflexes.

Binge drinking
Binge drinking- excessive drinking in a short period of time
Reasons for binge drinking
Parents drink
Australian culture
Peer pressure
Curiosity
Image
Risks with binge drinking
Lack of inhibition
Intoxication
Fights
Unwanted attention
Short term effects of alcohol
Loss of inhibition
Increased risk taking
Long term effects
Decrease function of every body function
Breakdown in relationships
Weaker brain function
Clash between work/school/friends
How the body gets rid of alcohol
Alcohol passes through the digestive system to the small intestine where alcohol is absorbed into the
bloodstream.
Lungs breath: 2-4%
Skin sweat: 2-6%
Liver energy: 90%
Kidneys urine: 2-4%

The liver works at a slow fixed rate which cannot be sped up. Approximately 1 standard drink/hour= 10mg
alcohol. Myths of cold showers, exercise, vomiting and drinking coffee does not get alcohol out of the
bloodstream. The only remedy is time!

Physical effects of alcohol
Pathway:
Mouthstomachbloodstreamheartbrainmusclesliverpancreaskidneys

Stomach:
NOT digested
Goes directly through stomach wall into bloodstream
Irritate stomach lining, causing ulcer
Blood circulation and heart:
20% ingested alcohol absorbed immediately into blood and carried to brain
Affects all organs through blood
Increased heart rate
Brain:
Depresses learned behaviour e.g. self-control, loss of memory
Too much alcohol results in coma or death
Muscle reflexes:
Impaired in proportion to alcohol consumed
Muscle co-ordination depressed
Strange awkward movements and slurred speech may resort
Liver:
Cirrhosis, Functions impaired
Many alcoholics die of this disease
Pancreas:
Regulates sugar metabolism
Alcohol upsets its functioning
May cause diabetes
Kidneys:
Irritates kidneys
Works overtime to rid the alcohol
May need to urinate more

Active drug in all alcoholic drinks is ethanol.
Produced through fermentation converts carbohydrates (sugars) into ethyl alcohol
Pure alcohol has no taste & colourless liquid.
Alcoholic drinks vary in appearance and taste due to the other ingredients contained within them and as a
result of the method by which they are manufactured
3 processes that make alcohol-
Fermentation = water and yeast act on the sugars of various fruits e.g. wine from grapes, vegetables or
grains e.g. beer from barley.
Distillation = fermented liquid is boiled producing distilled beverages with more concentrated alcohol
content e.g. bourbon and vodka.
Fortification = combines both fermented and distilled alcohol e.g. Sherry or port

The percentage of alcohol in common drinks varies and depends upon which process is used to make the
drink

Alcoholic
drink
Process % of alcohol Approx. quantity of standard
drink
Beer Fermentation 3-7% 285mL middy
Wine Fermentation 7-15% 100mL
Sherry/ port Fortification 18-20% 60mL
Spirits Distillation 35-45% 30mL

What is a standard drink?
By law, in Australia, alcoholic drinks must be labelled with the percentage of alcohol and the number of
standard drinks per bottle.
A standard drink is the measure of alcohol used to work out safe drinking levels= 10 grams of alcohol.
Drinks are different sizes because some are stronger (have more alcohol) than others.
Build-up of alcohol in the bloodstream if more than 1 standard drink per hour, will lead to a person
becoming drunk.

The degree of the effect of alcohol on the body depends on several factors, including:
The alcoholic strength of the drink
How much alcohol is drunk
Different personal reaction to the drug
The size of the drinker
The gender of the drinker

Fat does not absorb alcohol to any significant degree.
People with a higher proportion of fat tissue tend to get higher BAC (blood alcohol content) than muscular
people.

Similarly, a woman will usually attain a higher BAC than a man of the same height and weight is they drink
the same amount. <<This is because women have a greater proportion of their body weight as fat. >>

A smaller person will also tend to reach a higher BAC level than a larger person because the larger body has
a greater area in which the alcohol can be absorbed and expelled.





ROAD SAFETY

What is a young driver?
17-25 years old
Young drivers hold 15% of licenses
Involved in 31% of all car accidents
Due to inexperience, drink driving, speeding and fatigue

3 stages of driving
1. Skill: 3-6 months. Learn to manipulate a car
2. Anticipation: 1-2 years. Can look ahead and around us and recognise a hazard
3. Judgement: takes up to 7 years. Understand traffic conditions and judge speed and distance

Major factors contributing to motor vehicle crashes
Human error- 95%
Inexperience
Speeding
Drink driving
Fatigue
Road and environment 19%
Poor design- keep at least 3 second gap (4s in wet conditions)
Road damage
Obstacles
Vehicle problems 6%
Brake, tyre, steering failure
Other mechanical failure
76% human factors as major contributions
3% have vehicle factors alone
2% have environment factors alone
95% have human as well as another factor contributing in combination

A 0 level applies to Learner drivers and provisional license driver. To stay under 0 you are not allowed to
consume any alcohol.
Unrestricted license (silver) are allowed 0.05 BAC. To stay under:

Men must have no more than 2 standard drinks in the first hour, women 1 standard drinks in the first hour
and 1 standard drink for every hour after that.

Alcohol effects and crash risk
BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVEL EFFECTS ON DRIVING FATAL CRASH RISK
Below 0.5 Increased confidence
Poorer judgement
Harder at multiskilling
Eyes take longer to
recover from glare
Less alert
Increased risk for 16-19 year
olds
0.05- 0.08 Plus poorer side vision
Slower reactions
9x higher for 16-19years than
the average sober driver
Above 0.08 Emotions effected
Loss of coordination
- Sleepiness
Risks for 16-19year olds at .10 is
40x
Older drivers is 9x greater
Young drivers and drink driving
There are almost 3x more males than females killed or injured. Males are more likely to take risks than
females and tend to respond more to peer pressure.
Make up 36% of all drink drivers involved in casualty crashes

Strategies to avoid drink-driving situations
Use public transport
Designated driver that is sober
Walk home
Count your drinks

Driver fatigue
Causes- busy lifestyle, working late, playing heavy sports
Symptoms- getting tired eyes, rubbing eyes, feeling drowsy, yawning, snappy, feeling bored, spaced out
Strategies- drinking caffeine, ask someone to pick you up, public transport, stay over at a friends house

SEXUAL RESPONSIBILITY
Breast cancer most common cause of cancer related death in women in Australia. About 1 in 11 women
diagnosed before age of 75. Cause of breast cancer unknown
Check breasts regularly for changes. Signs to look for include:
Lump
Breast pain
Nipple discharge
Dimpling in breast
Breast cancer risks include:
Being a woman
Growing older (age 20-29- 1 in 2500 chance) (70-79- 1 in 38 chance)
Age at first pregnancy
Age at first menstrual period
Family genetics- mother or sister
Myths and misconceptions:
Has to be in the family
Smokers at great risk
Women on the pill
Feel sick if you had breast cancer

Women over 50 years of age should have a regular mammogram (every 2 years)
Approx. 400,000 visit a year to doctors regarding breast lumps. 95% not serious
Only 1 in 10 lumps are found to be cancerous

Three types of benign (non-cancerous) lumps
Hormonal- most common, come and go with periods
Cysts- fluid in ducts later drained
Solid lumps/ breast mouse- may need to be removed
Treatment of non-cancerous lumps
Ultrasound
If not hormonal then fine needle biopsy

If lump is malignant (cancerous), the options:
- Mastectomy (removal of all breast tissue)
- Conservative treatment (radioactive removal of lump; radiotherapy)
Treatment depends on:
- Type of cancer
- Grade (aggressive or slow)
- Size of cancer
- Whether it is confined or has spread
- Individual womans choice

Metastases- cancer cells spreading throughout the body

Cervical cancer
Cervix located at the lower end of the uterus extends into the vagina. exposed
Epithelium (covering of the cervix) produce mucus and squamous cells
Extends larger at puberty and during pregnancy and is more exposed to infection
Human papilloma virus (HPV) associated
More common in women who- have had several pregnancies
- Multiple sex partners
- Sexual intercourse at an early age
To reduce the risk of cervical cancer
- Reduce the number of sexual partners
- Condoms
- Avoid sex during teenage years
Treatment
PAP smears
- Cryotherapy
- Laser treatment or cone biopsy where a section is removed

PAP smear
What is a PAP smear?
A test done to look for changes in the cell of the cervix
Gently scraping the cervix with a spatula, slight discomfort
Cells are placed on a slide and stained with special fluid before examination under a microscope

Why have pap smears?
Allows pre-cancerous changes to be detected at a very early stage, treatment and cure
Each year 6 out of every 100,000 women die.

Signs and symptoms
Early cancer signs can only be detected through Pap smear. See practitioner if you have
- Irregular bleeding between periods
- Bleeding after menopause
- Bleeding after intercourse

Prostate cancer
most common cancer diagnosed in Australia
second greatest cause of deaths in men

What are the symptoms?
May be no symptoms
Need to urinate frequently
Difficulty in urine flow
Pain in urinating or blood/semen


How is it diagnosed?
Digital rectal examination (DRE) doctor inserts finger into the rectum to feel prostate gland. Hard
lumps may be detected
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) blood test. Measures amount of PSA

Who should be tested?
Annually from 50 years of age, or 40 if family has a history

Prostate cancer
Leading cause of death of all gynaecological cancers strikes without warning
When detected and treated early, 80-100% survive beyond 5 years compared to 20-30% when
diagnosed at late stage

What is ovarian cancer?
Malignant tumour of the ovary. Role of ovaries is to produce eggs and hormones. White cells grow
abnormally and form a growth or a tumour.

What are the symptoms?
Vague and non-specific
Include abdominal pain, bloating, low backache,

How is it diagnosed?
No simple or effective screening test
Physical examination: internal pelvic examination
Blood test: measure of the blood protein CA125
Imaging tests: chest and abdominal x-rays and an ultrasound scan of the lower abdomen is done
Biopsy: sample of tissue sent to lab to be looked at under microscope to confirm diagnosis

HI V/AI DS
HIV is the virus that infects the white cells of the body and eventually renders the immune system deficient
AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) subset of illnesses, may occur after infection with HIV as a
result of the immune system being deficient

HIV can only be transmitted through blood, semen, and vaginal fluid. (NOT saliva- as HIV lives in large
quantities of fluid) The transmission from one person to another occurs through 4 modes.

Drug cocktails dramatically reduce the growth of the virus. Side effect: nerve damage, dont work, liver.
Approximately 16000 people per day infected with HIV.


MENTAL HEALTH
1 in 5 people in Australia are affected by a mental illness.
1 in 4 people will have a mental health problem.
Mental illness refers to a group of illness caused by a physical dysfunction of the brain. Separated into
psychotic and non-psychotic

Psychotic illnesses
Caused by group of illness affecting the brain causing changes in thinking
Including schizophrenia and some types of depression

Non-psychotic illnesses
Experiences strong feelings of depression, sadness, tension or fear
Includes phobias, anxiety, eating disorder, some forms of depression
Effectively treated usually with a combination of medication

Myths, misunderstandings and facts about mental illness

Form of intellectual disability or brain damage
No, they are illnesses like any other.
Mental illnesses are incurable and lifelong
Anyone cant develop a mental illness
People born with a mental illness

Out of the blue DVD notes DEPRESSION

Depression- common illness of extended period of sadness over a period of time
Teens: 1 in 4 females, 1 in 6 males
Symptoms
- Lonely
- Low self esteem
- Exhausted
- Lazy
- crying/moody
- loss of appetite
- insomnia
- loss of focus
- self-blame
- weight loss
Causes
- emotional trauma
- loss of a relationship
- Biochemistry chemical imbalance
- Changing location- school
- Head injury
Myths
- People change their feeling and feel instantly better
- Should avoid moody people
Treatment
Confrontation and looking for a GP
Expression in other ways
Organisation such as reach out, beyond blue and lifeline
Internet

Schizophrenia- interferes with the mental functioning of a person, may change a persons personality

Anxiety disorder- discomfort, panic attacks interfere with daily life

Depression- feeling of sadness over a prolonged period of time

Eating disorder- anorexia and bulimia nervosa are the two most serious eating disorders
Preoccupation with control over body weight, eating and food


Bipolar mood disorder- extreme mood swings highs and lows




CROSS COUNTRY
The warm up is needed because:
- It prepares the muscles for action
- It prepares the cardiovascular system
- It prepares us psychologically
- It increases blood supply to the muscles and warms them
- Stretching reduces risk of injury during the run
During the run
- Run at a pace comfortable for you. It should cause heavy breathing but not cause gasping for breath.
- Run through a stitch by pushing your fingers into the area, stretch it and exhale forcibly.
- Pace yourself so that you can jog or run for the whole time. Do not take off too fast and then not
have energy to keep going.
- Your technique for the run will vary. For most of the time you will run with a low leg lift and arms
moving across the body (paddle action) and relaxed shoulders. When intensity changes, eg running
up the hills, you may need a higher knee lift and use the arms to drive forward as you would in a
sprint.
Cool Down
- When you finish your run, continue to walk until your heart rate returns to normal, then stretch, and
then have a small drink of water.
- Do not stop suddenly as this causes blood to pool in the veins in the large muscles in the legs and
you will feel faint and dizzy.
- Walking allows the blood to return to the rest of the body and also allows oxygen to be redistributed
around the body.
- Stretching will reduce soreness and stiffness in your muscles as it helps remove the lactic acid that
has built up.
Fluids and Food intake
- Running causes loss of fluid through sweating. The distance you run in PE does not deplete fluid
supplies significantly. However, it is best to make sure you have had some water before running and
some water after you have finished. Water is the best source of fluid.
- You should not run on a full stomach, as the body will need to send blood to the stomach for
digestion. (This takes the blood from where it is needed in the muscles).