EE 6352 ELECTRICAL ENGG.

& INSTRUMNTATION (ECE III SEMESTER)

UNIT III INDUCTION MACHINES AND SPECIAL MACHINES
2 MARKS QUESTION & ANSWERS
1. Des!"#e $%e &'"( )'!$s *+ ' s"(,-e )%'se "(./$"*( &*$*!.
The single phase induction motor has two main parts. They are
the stator and the rotor. The stator is made up of laminated sheets and
has slots on the inner periphery to carry the stator winding or the main
winding. The main winding is excited by a single phase ac supply. The
rotor is of squirrel cage type which has number of conducting bars short
circuited at the two ends using end rings.
2. W%'$ "s s0(%!*(*/s s)ee.1
The speed at which the rotating magnetic feld rotates is called
the synchronous speed, which is given by,
P
f
N
s
120
=
rpm
where f is the frequency of ac supply and P is the number of poles on
stator.
3. W%'$ "s s-") *+ '( "(./$"*( &*$*!1 G"2e "$s "&)*!$'(e.
The ratio of the diference between the synchronous speed and
the normal running speed of the induction motor to the synchronous
speed is called the slip of an induction motor.
s
s
N
N N
s

=
4. S$'$e .*/#-e 3e-. !e2*-2"(, $%e*!0.
The double feld revolving theory states that, any alternating
quantity can be resolved into two rotating components, which rotate in
opposite directions and each having a magnitude as half of the maximum
magnitude of the alternating quantity.
5. W%'$ "s $%e ."!e$"*( "( 4%"% $%e !*$*! *+ s"(,-e )%'se
"(./$"*( &*$*! !*$'$es1 G"2e !e's*(.
The rotor of a single phase induction motor rotates in the
direction of the rotating magnetic feld.
The cause producing the rotation in the rotor is the relative
speed between the rotating magnetic feld and the rotor. According to
en!"s law the rotor rotation will oppose the cause, hence it rotates in the
same direction as the rotating magnetic feld so that the relative speed
can be reduced. #ut the rotor can never rotate at synchronous speed
because if the rotor rotates at synchronous speed the relative speed
which is the cause producing the rotation will become !ero and the motor
will come to halt.
6. W%'$ "s $%e (eess'!0 *(."$"*( $* *#$'"( ' !*$'$"(, &',(e$"
3e-.1
To obtain the rotating magnetic feld there should be at$least two
alternating %uxes present. The resultant of two or more alternating %uxes
will be a rotating magnetic feld.

7. H*4 '( 4e *#$'"( !*$'$"(, &',(e$" 3e-. "( ' s"(,-e )%'se
"(./$"*( &*$*!1
&e can obtain rotating magnetic feld in a single phase induction
motor by introducing an auxiliary winding called the starting winding
which produces additional alternating %ux at some phase angle along with
main winding.
8. W%0 "s $%e s"(,-e )%'se "(./$"*( &*$*! (*$ se-+ s$'!$"(,1
The single phase induction motor is not self starting because of
the absence of a rotating magnetic feld. 'ince it is operated on single
phase, there exists only one %ux which is alternating in nature. #ut for
the motor to start there should be a rotating magnetic feld.
9. W%'$ '!e $%e $0)es *+ s"(,-e )%'se "(./$"*( &*$*!s1
There are four main types of single phase induction motors.
They are,
a) 'plit phase induction motor
b) (apacitor start induction motor
c) (apacitor start capacitor run induction motor
d) 'haded pole induction motor
10. W%0 "s $%e s$'!$"(, $*!5/e *+ ' ')'"$*! s$'!$ "(./$"*( &*$*!
%",%6 4%e( *&)'!e. $* $%'$ *+ ' s)-"$ )%'se "(./$"*( &*$*!1
The starting torque of the single phase induction motor is directly
proportional to the phase angle between the currents carried by the two
windings, namely the main winding and the starting winding. 'plit phase
induction motor uses a highly resistive starting coil, which gives the phase
angle nearly )*. #ut in capacitor start induction motor, the phase angle
obtained is greater than )*. +ence the starting torque is still higher in
this type.
77.W%'$ '!e $0)es *+ 38)%'se "(./$"*( &*$*!1
i.'quirrel cage induction motor
ii.'lip ring induction motor
72.W%0 $%e !*$*! s-*$s *+ ' 38)%'se "(./$"*( &*$*! '!e s9e4e.1
The rotor slots of a three$phase induction motor are s,ewed
i.to ma,e the motor run quietly by reducing the magnetic hum
ii.to reduce the loc,ing tendency of the rotor
73.W%0 $%e "(./$"*( &*$*! "s '--e. 's0(%!*(*/s &*$*!1
'ince the induction motor runs always at a speed lesser than synchronous
speed, it is called
asynchronous motor.
7:.W%'$ '!e s-") !"(,s1
The slip rings are made of copper alloys and are fxed around the shaft
insulating
it. Through these slip rings and brushes the rotor winding can be
connected to external circuits.
75.W%'$ '!e $%e 2'!"*/s &e$%*.s '2'"-'#-e +*! &'9"(, ' s"(,-e8
)%'se &*$*! se-+8s$'!$"(,1
-. #y splitting the single phase into . phases
ii. #y providing shading coil in the poles.
76. W%'$ "s $%e +/($"*( *+ ')'"$*! "( ' s"(,-e8)%'se "(./$"*(
&*$*!1
-. To ma,e more phase diference between the starting and running
winding.
ii. To improve the power factor and to get more torque.
7;. G"2e $%e ('&es *+ $%!ee ."<e!e($ $0)es *+ s"(,-e8)%'se &*$*!.
-. 'plit phase motor
ii. 'haded pole motor.
iii. 'ingle phase series motor.
iv. /epulsion motor.
7=. W%'$ "s $%e /se *+ s%'."(, !"(, "( ' )*-e &*$*!1
The shading coil causes the %ux in the shaded portion to lag behind the
%ux in unshaded portionof pole. This gives in efect a rotation of %ux
across the pole face and under the in%uence of thismoving %ux a stating
torque is developed.
7>. S$'$e '(0 +*/! /se *+ s"(,-e8)%'se "(./$"*( &*$*!.
0ans, &et grinders, 1acuum cleaners, small pumps, compressors, drills
2?.I( 4%"% ."!e$"*( ' s%'.e. )*-e &*$*! !/(s1
The rotor starts rotation in the direction from unshaded part to the shaded
part.
27. W%0 s"(,-e )%'se "(./$"*( &*$*! %'2e -*4 P@1
The current through the running winding lags behind the supply voltage
by large angle
so only single phase induction motor have low P0.
22. D"<e!e($"'$e #e$4ee( A')'"$*! s$'!$B & AC')'"$*! s$'!$
')'"$*! !/(B s"(,-e )%'se
"(./$"*( &*$*!1
-n capacitor start capacitor is connected series with starting winding, but
it will be disconnected from supply when motor pic, up its speed.
(apacitor start capacitor run -2
capacitor will not be disconnected from supply even though motor pic,up
its speed
23.W%0 '( "(./$"*( &*$*! (e2e! !/(s '$ "$s s0(%!*(*/s s)ee.1
-f it runs at sy.speed then there would be no relative speed between the
two, hence no rotor emf, so no rotor current, then no rotor torque to
maintain rotation.
2:.W%'$ "s $%e /se *+ s%'."(, *"- "( $%e s%'.e. )*-e &*$*!1
-n shaded pole motors the necessary phase3splitting is produced by
induction. These
motors have salient poles on stator and a squirrel cage type rotor. The
poles are shaded ie each pole carries a copper band one of its unequally
divided part is called shading band. &hen singlephase ac supply is given
to the stator winding due to shading provided to the poles a
rotatingmagnetic feld is generated.
25. W%0 ')'"$*!s$'!$ "(./$"*( &*$*!s "s '.2'($',e*/s1
-n capacitor start induction motors capacitor is connected in series with
the auxiliary
winding. &hen speed of the motor approaches to 45 to6*7of the
synchronous speed the starting winding gets disconnected due to the
operation of the centrifugal switch. The capacitor remains in the circuit
only at start. The starting torque is proportional to phase angle and
hence such motors produce very high starting torque.
26. L"s$ */$ : '))-"'$"*(s *+ s%'.e. )*-e "(./$"*( &*$*!1
'haded pole motors have very low
starting torque, low power factor and low e8ciency.
The motors are commonly used for small fans, toy motors, advertising
displays, flm pro9ectors,record players, gramophones, hair dryers ,
photocopying machines etc
2;.W%0 ' 38)%'se s0(%!*(*/s &*$*! 4"-- '-4'0s !/( '$
s0(%!*(*/s s)ee.1
#ecause of the magnetic coupling between the stator poles and rotor
poles the motor runs
exactly at synchronous speed.
2=. W%'$ '!e $%e $4* -'ss"3'$"*( s0(%!*(*/s &'%"(es1
The classifcation synchronous machines are:
i.(ylindrical rotor type
ii.'alient pole rotor type
2>. W%'$ '!e $%e esse($"'- +e'$/!es *+ s0(%!*(*/s &'%"(e1
i.The rotor speed is synchronous with stator rotating feld.
ii.1arying its feld current can easily vary the speed.
iii.-t is used for constant speed operation.
3?.Me($"*( $%e &e$%*.s *+s$'!$"(, *+ 3 )%'se s0(%!*(*/s
&*$*!.
a. A ;.( motor coupled to the synchronous motor shaft.
b. A small induction motor coupled to its shaft.<pony method=
c.>sing damper windings3started as a squirrel cage induction motor.
37.W%'$ '!e $%e )!"(")'- '.2'($',es *+ !*$'$"(, 3e-. s0s$e&
$0)e *+ *(s$!/$"*( *+ s0(%!*(*/s&'%"(es1
0orm 'tationary connection between external circuit and system of
conditions enable
the machine to handle large amount of volt$ampere as high as 5**
21A.
The relatively small amount of power required for feld system can be
easily supplied
to the rotating feld system via slip rings and brushes.
2ore space is available in the stator part of the machine for providing
more
insulation to the system of co
nductors.
-nsulation to stationary system of conductors is not sub9ected to
mechanical stresses
due to centrifugal action.
'tationary system of conductors can easily be braced to prevent
deformation.
-t is easy to provide cooling arrangement.
32.W%'$ '!e $%e '.2'($',es *+ s'-"e($ )*-e $0)e *+ *(s$!/$"*(
/se. +*! s0(%!*(*/s &'%"(es1

They allow betterventilation.

The pole faces are so shaped radial air gap length increases from the
pole center to the
pole tips so that %ux distribution in the air gap is sinusoidal in shape
which will help to
generate sinusoidal emf.
;ue the variable reluctance, the machine develops additional
reluctance
power, which is independent of excitation.
33.W%0 .* 0-"(.!"'- !*$*! '-$e!('$*!s *)e!'$e 4"$% s$e'&
$/!#"(es1
'team turbines are found to operate at fairly good e8ciency only at high
speeds. The
high$speed operation of rotor tends to increase mechanical losses, so the
rotors should have smooth external surface. +ence smooth cylindrical
type rotors with less diameter and large axial length are used for
synchronous generators driven by steam turbines w
ith either . or ? poles.
3:.De3(e $%e $e!& 2*-$',e !e,/-'$"*( *+ '-$e!('$*!.
-t is defned as the change in terminal voltage from no load$to$load
condition expressed
as a function or terminal voltage at load condition, the speed and
excitation conditions remaining same.
7 /egulation @ <A$1=B1 x C**
23. W%'$ "s $%e (eess"$0 +*! )!e.e$e!&"('$"*( *+ 2*-$',e
!e,/-'$"*(1
2ost of the alternators are manufactured with large power rating and
large voltage
ratings. (onduction load test is not possible for such alternators. +ence
other indirect methods of testing are used and the performance can be
predetermined at any desired load currents and power factors.
.?.W%0 "s $%e s0(%!*(*/s "&)e.'(e &e$%*. *+ es$"&'$"(,
2*-$',e !e,/-
'$"*( "s *(s".e!e. 's)ess"&"s$" &e$%*.1
(ompared to other methods, the value of voltage regulation obtained by
this method is
always higher than the actual value and therefore is called pessimistic
method.
.5.W%0 "s $%e MM@ &e$%*. *+ es$"&'$"(, $%e 2*-$',e !e,/-'$"*( "s
*(s".e!e. 's $%e
*)$"&"C'$"*( &e$%*.1
(ompared to A20 method, 220 method involves more number of
complex calculation
steps. 0urther the D(( is referred twice and '(( is referred once while
predetermining the
voltage regulation for eac
h load condition. /eference of D(( ta,es core saturation efect. As this
method requires more efort, the fnal result is very close to the actual
value. +ence this method is
called the optimistic method.
26.W%'$ .*es %/($"(, *+ s0(%!*(*/s &*$*! &e'(1
&hen the load applied to the synchronous motor is suddenly increased or
decreased,
the rotor oscillates about its synchronous position with respect to the
stator feld. This action is called hunting.
2;.W%'$ */-. #e $%e !e's*(s "+ ' 38)%'se s0(%!*(*/s &*$*!
+'"-s $* s$'!$1
-t is usually due to the following reasons
a. 1oltage may be too low.
b. Too much starting load.
c. Dpen circuit in one phase or short circuit.
d. 0ield excitation may be excessive
2=. W%'$ "s s0(%!*(*/s *(.e(se!1
An over$excited synchronous motor under no load ,used for the
improvement of
power factor is called as synchronous condenser because, li,e a capacitor
it ta,es a leading
current.
2>. W!"$e $%e '))-"'$"*(s *+ s0(%!*(*/s &*$*!.
a. >sed for power factor improvement in sub$stations and in industries.
b. >sed in industries for power applications.
c. >sed for constant speed drives such as motor$generator set, pumps and
compressors.
3?. W%'$ "s '( "(2e!$e. DED /!2e1
0or a constant load, if the power factor is plotted against various values of
feld exciting
current, the curve formed is inverted 1 'hape and called as inverted E1E
curve.
Also draw draw the graph.
37. A s0(%!*(*/s &*$*! s$'!$s 's /s/'- #/$ +'"-s $* .e2e-*) "$s
+/-- $*!5/e. W%'$ */-. "$ #e ./e $*1
a. Axciter voltage may be too low.
b. 0ield spool may be reversed.
c. There may be either open$circuit or short$circuit in the feld.
32.W%'$ "s $%e /se *+ s%'."(, !"(, "( ' )*-e &*$*!1
The shading coil causes the %ux in the shaded portion to lag behind the
%ux in unshaded portion of pole. This gives in efect a rotation of %ux
across the pole face and under the in%uence of this moving %ux a stating
torque is developed.
.De2e-*) $%e e5/"2'-e($ "!/"$ +*! 3
8
)%'se "(./$"*( &*
$*!.