Relativity and Spin in Quantum

Mechanics
The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the
Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave!article
"uality and the electron#s spin also, building the $ridge between the %lassical
and &uantu' Theories(
The !lanc) "istribution *aw o+ the electro'agnetic oscillators explains the
electron,proton 'ass rate and the Wea) and Strong -nteractions by the
di++raction patterns( The Wea) -nteraction changes the di++raction patterns by
'oving the electric charge +ro' one side to the other side o+ the di++raction
pattern, which violates the %! and Ti'e reversal sy''etry(
Contents
Preface ................................................................................................................................... 2
The Bridge and the Spin ........................................................................................................... 2
Accelerating charges ............................................................................................................ 2
Relativistic effect ................................................................................................................. 2
Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation ............................................................................................... 3
Wave Particle !ality ............................................................................................................ 3
Ato"ic "odel ......................................................................................................................... 3
The Relativistic Bridge .............................................................................................................. 3
The #"portance of the Spin ...................................................................................................... $
%er"ions& spin ......................................................................................................................... $
The 'ea( interaction ............................................................................................................... $
The )eneral Wea( #nteraction ............................................................................................... *
%er"ions and Bosons ............................................................................................................... +
,an er Waals force ................................................................................................................ +
-lectro"agnetic inertia and "ass .............................................................................................. +
-lectro"agnetic #nd!ction .................................................................................................... +
Relativistic change of "ass .................................................................................................... +
The fre.!ency dependence of "ass ....................................................................................... +
-lectron Proton "ass rate .................................................................................................. +
)ravity fro" the point of vie' of .!ant!" physics ..................................................................... /
The )ravitational force ......................................................................................................... /
The Higgs boson ...................................................................................................................... /
Higgs "echanis" and 0!ant!" )ravity ..................................................................................... 1
What is the Spin2 ................................................................................................................. 1
The )raviton ....................................................................................................................... 1
3oncl!sions ............................................................................................................................ 4
References ............................................................................................................................. 4

A!thor5 )eorge Ra6na
Preface
# thin( that 'e have a si"ple bridge bet'een the classical and .!ant!" "echanics by !nderstanding
the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relations7 #t "a(es clear that the particles are not point li(e b!t have a
d8 and dp !ncertainty7

The Bridge and the Spin
The accelerating electrons e8plain not only the 9a8'ell -.!ations and the Special Relativity: b!t the
Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation: the 'ave particle d!ality and the electron;s spin also: b!ilding the
bridge bet'een the 3lassical and 0!ant!" Theories7 <=>

Accelerating charges
The "oving charges are self "aintain the electro"agnetic field locally: ca!sing their "ove"ent and
this is the res!lt of their acceleration !nder the force of this field7 #n the classical physics the charges
'ill distrib!ted along the electric c!rrent so that the electric potential lo'ering along the c!rrent: by
linearly increasing the 'ay they ta(e every ne8t ti"e period beca!se this accelerated "otion7
The sa"e thing happens on the ato"ic scale giving a dp i"p!lse difference and a d8 'ay difference
bet'een the different part of the not point li(e particles7
Relativistic effect
Another bridge bet'een the classical and .!ant!" "echanics in the real" of relativity is that the
charge distrib!tion is lo'ering in the reference fra"e of the accelerating charges linearly5 ds?dt @ at
Ati"e coordinateB: b!t in the reference fra"e of the c!rrent it is parabolic5 s @ a?2 t
2
Ageo"etric
coordinateB7

Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation
#n the ato"ic scale the Heisenberg !ncertainty relation gives the sa"e res!lt: since the "oving
electron in the ato" accelerating in the electric field of the proton: ca!sing a charge distrib!tion on
delta 8 position difference and 'ith a delta p "o"ent!" difference s!ch a 'ay that they prod!ct is
abo!t the half Planc( red!ced constant7 %or the proton this delta 8 "!ch less in the n!cleon: than in
the orbit of the electron in the ato": the delta p is "!ch higher beca!se of the greater proton "ass7
This "eans that the electron and proton are not point li(e particles: b!t has a real charge
distrib!tion7
Wave Particle Dality
The accelerating electrons e8plains the 'ave particle d!ality of the electrons and photons: since
the ele"entary charges are distrib!ted on delta 8 position 'ith delta p i"p!lse and creating a 'ave
pac(et of the electron7 The photon gives the electro"agnetic particle of the "ediating force of the
electrons electro"agnetic field 'ith the sa"e distrib!tion of 'avelengths7
Ato!ic !odel
The constantly accelerating electron in the Hydrogen ato" is "oving on the e.!ipotential line of the
proton and it&s (inetic and potential energy 'ill be constant7 #ts energy 'ill change only 'hen it is
changing its 'ay to another e.!ipotential line 'ith another val!e of potential energy or getting free
'ith eno!gh (inetic energy7 This "eans that the R!therfordCBohr ato"ic "odel is right and only that
changing acceleration of the electric charge ca!ses radiation: not the steady acceleration7 The steady
acceleration of the charges only creates a centric parabolic steady electric field aro!nd the charge:
the "agnetic field7 This gives the "agnetic "o"ent of the ato"s: s!""ing !p the proton and
electron "agnetic "o"ents ca!sed by their circ!lar "otions and spins7

The Relativistic Bridge
3o""only accepted idea that the relativistic effect on the particle physics it is the fer"ions& spin C
another !nresolved proble" in the classical concepts7 #f the electric charges can "ove only 'ith
accelerated "otions in the self "aintaining electro"agnetic field: once !pon a ti"e they 'o!ld
reach the velocity of the electro"agnetic field7 The resol!tion of this proble" is the spinning
particle: constantly accelerating and not reaching the velocity of light beca!se the acceleration is
radial7 Dne origin of the 0!ant!" Physics is the Planc( istrib!tion Ea' of the electro"agnetic
oscillators: giving e.!al intensity for 2 different 'avelengths on any te"perat!re7 Any of these t'o
'avelengths 'ill give e.!al intensity diffraction patterns: b!ilding different asy""etric
constr!ctions: for e8a"ple proton C electron str!ct!res Aato"sB: "olec!les: etc7 Since the particles
are centers of diffraction patterns they also have particle 'ave d!ality as the electro"agnetic
'aves have7 <2>
The "!portance of the Spin
The accelerating charges are "aintaining the electric force ca!sing their acceleration7 <=> #n order to
not e8ceed the velocity of the electro"agnetic 'aves: they need a spinning "ove"ent: "aintaining
a radial acceleration and a constant velocity by changing only its direction7
#er!ions$ spin
The "oving charges are accelerating: since only this 'ay can self "aintain the electric field ca!sing
their acceleration7 The electric charge is not point li(eF This constant acceleration possible if there is
a rotating "ove"ent changing the direction of the velocity7 This 'ay it can accelerate forever
'itho!t increasing the absol!te val!e of the velocity in the di"ension of the ti"e and not reaching
the velocity of the light7
The Heisenberg !ncertainty relation says that the "ini"!" !ncertainty is the val!e of the spin5 1/2
h = dx dp or 1/2 h = dt dE: that is the val!e of the basic energy stat!s: conse.!ently related to the
"
o
inertial "ass of the fer"ions7
The photon&s = spin val!e and the electric charges =?2 spin gives !s the idea: that the electric charge
and the electro"agnetic 'ave t'o sides of the sa"e thing: =?2 AC=?2B @ =7

The %ea& interaction
The 'ea( interaction transfor"s an electric charge in the diffraction pattern fro" one side to the
other side: ca!sing an electric dipole "o"ent!" change: 'hich violates the 3P and ti"e reversal
sy""etry7 The -lectro'ea( #nteraction sho's that the Wea( #nteraction is basically electro"agnetic
in nat!re7 The arro' of ti"e sho's the entropy gro's by changing the te"perat!re dependent
diffraction patterns of the electro"agnetic oscillators7
Another i"portant iss!e of the .!ar( "odel is 'hen one .!ar( changes its flavor s!ch that a linear
oscillation transfor"s into plane oscillation or vice versa: changing the charge val!e 'ith = or C=7 This
(ind of change in the oscillation "ode re.!ires not only parity change: b!t also charge and ti"e
changes A3PT sy""etryB res!lting a right handed antiCne!trino or a left handed ne!trino7
The right handed antiCne!trino and the left handed ne!trino e8ist only beca!se changing bac( the
.!ar( flavor co!ld happen only in reverse: beca!se they are different geo"etrical constr!ctions: the
! is 2 di"ensional and positively charged and the d is = di"ensional and negatively charged7 #t needs
also a ti"e reversal: beca!se anti particle Aanti ne!trinoB is involved7
The ne!trino is a =?2spin creator particle to "a(e e.!al the spins of the 'ea( interaction: for
e8a"ple ne!tron decay to 2 fer"ions: every particle is fer"ions 'ith G spin7 The 'ea( interaction
changes the entropy since "ore or less particles 'ill give "ore or less freedo" of "ove"ent7 The
entropy change is a res!lt of te"perat!re change and brea(s the e.!ality of oscillator diffraction
intensity of the 9a8'ellBoltH"ann statistics7 This 'ay it changes the ti"e coordinate "eas!re and
"a(es possible a different ti"e dilation as of the special relativity7
The li"it of the velocity of particles as the speed of light appropriate only for electrical charged
particles: since the accelerated charges are self "aintaining locally the accelerating electric force7
The ne!trinos are 3P sy""etry brea(ing particles co"pensated by ti"e in the 3PT sy""etry: that is
the ti"e coordinate not 'or(s as in the electro"agnetic interactions: conse.!ently the speed of
ne!trinos is not li"ited by the speed of light7
The 'ea( interaction TCasy""etry is in con6!nction 'ith the TCasy""etry of the second la' of
ther"odyna"ics: "eaning that locally lo'ering entropy Aon e8tre"ely high te"perat!reB ca!ses the
'ea( interaction: for e8a"ple the Hydrogen f!sion7
Probably beca!se it is a spin creating "ove"ent changing linear oscillation to 2 di"ensional
oscillation by changing d to ! .!ar( and creating anti ne!trino going bac( in ti"e relative to the
proton and electron created fro" the ne!tron: it see"s that the anti ne!trino fastest then the
velocity of the photons created also in this 'ea( interaction2


A .!ar( flavor changing sho's that it is a reflection changes "ove"ent and the 3PC and TC sy""etry
brea(ingFFF This flavor changing oscillation co!ld prove that it co!ld be also on higher level s!ch as
ato"s: "olec!les: probably big biological significant "olec!les and responsible on the aging of the
life7

#"portant to "ention that the 'ea( interaction is al'ays contains particles and antiparticles: 'here
the ne!trinos Aantine!trinosB present the opposite side7 #t "eans by %eyn"an;s interpretation that
these particles present the bac('ard ti"e and probably beca!se this they see" to "ove faster than
the speed of light in the reference fra"e of the other side7

%inally since the 'ea( interaction is an electric dipole change 'ith G spin creatingI it is li"ited by the
velocity of the electro"agnetic 'ave: so the ne!trino;s velocity cannot e8ceed the velocity of light7

The 'eneral Wea& "nteraction
The Wea( #nteractions TCasy""etry is in con6!nction 'ith the TCasy""etry of the Second Ea' of
Ther"odyna"ics: "eaning that locally lo'ering entropy Aon e8tre"ely high te"perat!reB ca!ses for
e8a"ple the Hydrogen f!sion7 The arro' of ti"e by the Second Ea' of Ther"odyna"ics sho's the
increasing entropy and decreasing infor"ation by the Wea( #nteraction: changing the te"perat!re
dependent diffraction patterns7 A good e8a"ple of this is the ne!tron decay: creating "ore particles
'ith less (no'n infor"ation abo!t the"7
The ne!trino oscillation of the Wea( #nteraction sho's that it is a general electric dipole change and
it is possible to any other te"perat!re dependent entropy and infor"ation changing diffraction
pattern of ato"s: "olec!les and even co"plicated biological living str!ct!res7
We can generaliHe the 'ea( interaction on all of the decaying "atter constr!ctions: even on the
biological too7 This gives the li"ited lifeti"e for the biological constr!ctions also by the arro' of
ti"e7 There sho!ld be a ne' research space of the 0!ant!" #nfor"ation Science the &general
ne!trino oscillation& for the greater then s!bato"ic "atter str!ct!res as an electric dipole change7
There is also connection bet'een statistical physics and evol!tionary biology: since the arro' of
ti"e is 'or(ing in the biological evol!tion also7
The %l!ct!ation Theore" says that there is a probability that entropy 'ill flo' in a direction opposite
to that dictated by the Second Ea' of Ther"odyna"ics7 #n this case the #nfor"ation is gro'ing that
is the "atter for"!las are e"erging fro" the chaos7 So the Wea( #nteraction has t'o directions:
sa"ples for one direction is the Je!tron decay: and Hydrogen f!sion is the opposite direction7

#er!ions and Bosons
The fer"ions are the diffraction patterns of the bosons s!ch a 'ay that they are both sides of the
sa"e thing7
(an Der Waals force
Ja"ed after the !tch scientist Kohannes ideri( van der Waals 'ho first proposed it in =1/3 to
e8plain the behavio!r of gases it is a very 'ea( force that only beco"es relevant 'hen ato"s and
"olec!les are very close together7 %l!ct!ations in the electronic clo!d of an ato" "ean that it 'ill
have an instantaneo!s dipole "o"ent7 This can ind!ce a dipole "o"ent in a nearby ato": the
res!lt being an attractive dipoledipole interaction7
)lectro!agnetic inertia and !ass
)lectro!agnetic "ndction
Since the "agnetic ind!ction creates a negative electric field as a res!lt of the changing acceleration:
it 'or(s as an electro"agnetic inertia: ca!sing an electro"agnetic "ass7 <=>
Relativistic change of !ass
The increasing "ass of the electric charges the res!lt of the increasing ind!ctive electric force acting
against the accelerating force7 The decreasing "ass of the decreasing acceleration is the res!lt of the
ind!ctive electric force acting against the decreasing force7 This is the relativistic "ass change
e8planation: especially i"portantly e8plaining the "ass red!ction in case of velocity decrease7
The fre*ency dependence of !ass
Since E = h and E = mc
2
: m = h /c
2
that is the m depends only on the fre.!ency7 #t "eans that the
"ass of the proton and electron are electro"agnetic and the res!lt of the electro"agnetic
ind!ction: ca!sed by the changing acceleration of the spinning and "oving chargeF #t co!ld be that
the m
o
inertial "ass is the res!lt of the spin: since this is the only accelerating "otion of the electric
charge7 Since the accelerating "otion has different fre.!ency for the electron in the ato" and the
proton: they "asses are different: also as the 'avelengths on both sides of the diffraction pattern:
giving e.!al intensity of radiation7
)lectron Proton !ass rate
The Planc( distrib!tion la' e8plains the different fre.!encies of the proton and electron: giving
e.!al intensity to different la"bda 'avelengthsF Also since the particles are diffraction patterns
they have so"e closeness to each other can be seen as a gravitational force7 <2>
There is an asy""etry bet'een the "ass of the electric charges: for e8a"ple proton and electron:
can !nderstood by the asy""etrical Planc( istrib!tion Ea'7 This te"perat!re dependent energy
distrib!tion is asy""etric aro!nd the "a8i"!" intensity: 'here the annihilation of "atter and
anti"atter is a high probability event7 The asy""etric sides are creating different fre.!encies of
electro"agnetic radiations being in the sa"e intensity level and co"pensating each other7 Dne of
these co"pensating ratios is the electron proton "ass ratio7 The lo'er energy side has no
co"pensating intensity level: it is the dar( energy and the corresponding "atter is the dar( "atter7

'ravity fro! the point of vie% of *ant! physics
The 'ravitational force
The gravitational attractive force is basically a "agnetic force7
The sa"e electric charges can attract one another by the "agnetic force if they are "oving parallel
in the sa"e direction7 Since the electrically ne!tral "atter is co"posed of negative and positive
charges they need 2 photons to "ediate this attractive force: one per charges7 The Bing Bang ca!sed
parallel "oving of the "atter gives this "agnetic force: e8perienced as gravitational force7
Since graviton is a tensor field: it has spin @ 2: co!ld be 2 photons 'ith spin @ = together7
Lo! can thin( abo!t photons as virt!al electron positron pairs: obtaining the necessary virt!al
"ass for gravity7
The "ass as seen before a res!lt of the diffraction: for e8a"ple the proton electron "ass rate
9p@=1$M 9e7 #n order to "ove one of these diffraction "a8i"!" Aelectron or protonB 'e need to
intervene into the diffraction pattern 'ith a force appropriate to the intensity of this diffraction
"a8i"!": "eans its intensity or "ass7

The Big Bang ca!sed acceleration created radial c!rrents of the "atter: and since the "atter is
co"posed of negative and positive charges: these c!rrents are creating "agnetic field and attracting
forces bet'een the parallel "oving electric c!rrents7 This is the gravitational force e8perienced by
the "atter: and also the "ass is res!lt of the electro"agnetic forces bet'een the charged particles7
The positive and negative charged c!rrents attracts each other or by the "agnetic forces or by the
"!ch stronger electrostatic forcesF2

The gravitational force attracting the "atter: ca!sing concentration of the "atter in a s"all space
and leaving "!ch space 'ith lo' "atter concentration5 dar( "atter and energy7
There is an asy""etry bet'een the "ass of the electric charges: for e8a"ple proton and electron:
can !nderstood by the asy""etrical Planc( istrib!tion Ea'7 This te"perat!re dependent energy
distrib!tion is asy""etric aro!nd the "a8i"!" intensity: 'here the annihilation of "atter and
anti"atter is a high probability event7 The asy""etric sides are creating different fre.!encies of
electro"agnetic radiations being in the sa"e intensity level and co"pensating each other7 Dne of
these co"pensating ratios is the electron proton "ass ratio7 The lo'er energy side has no
co"pensating intensity level: it is the dar( energy and the corresponding "atter is the dar( "atter7


The Higgs boson
By 9arch 2M=3: the particle had been proven to behave: interact and decay in "any of the e8pected
'ays predicted by the Standard 9odel: and 'as also tentatively confir"ed to have N parity and Hero
spin: t'o f!nda"ental criteria of a Higgs boson: "a(ing it also the first (no'n scalar particle to be
discovered in nat!re: altho!gh a n!"ber of other properties 'ere not f!lly proven and so"e partial
res!lts do not yet precisely "atch those e8pectedI in so"e cases data is also still a'aited or being
analyHed7
Since the Higgs boson is necessary to the W and O bosons: the dipole change of the Wea( interaction
and the change in the "agnetic effect ca!sed gravitation "!st be cond!cted7 The Wien la' is also
i"portant to e8plain the Wea( interaction: since it describes the T
"a8
change and the diffraction
patterns change7 <2>
Higgs !echanis! and +ant! 'ravity
The "agnetic ind!ction creates a negative electric field: ca!sing an electro"agnetic inertia7 Probably
it is the "ysterio!s Higgs field giving "ass to the charged particles2 We can thin( abo!t the photon
as an electronCpositron pair: they have "ass7 The ne!tral particles are b!ilt fro" negative and
positive charges: for e8a"ple the ne!tron: decaying to proton and electron7 The 'ave particle
d!ality "a(es s!re that the particles are oscillating and creating "agnetic ind!ction as an inertial
"ass: e8plaining also the relativistic "ass change7 Higher fre.!ency creates stronger "agnetic
ind!ction: s"aller fre.!ency res!lts lesser "agnetic ind!ction7 #t see"s to "e that the "agnetic
ind!ction is the secret of the Higgs field7
#n particle physics: the Higgs "echanis" is a (ind of "ass generation "echanis": a process that
gives "ass to ele"entary particles7 According to this theory: particles gain "ass by interacting 'ith
the Higgs field that per"eates all space7 9ore precisely: the Higgs "echanis" endo's ga!ge bosons
in a ga!ge theory 'ith "ass thro!gh absorption of Ja"b!)oldstone bosons arising in spontaneo!s
sy""etry brea(ing7
The si"plest i"ple"entation of the "echanis" adds an e8tra Higgs field to the ga!ge theory7 The
spontaneo!s sy""etry brea(ing of the !nderlying local sy""etry triggers conversion of
co"ponents of this Higgs field to )oldstone bosons 'hich interact 'ith Aat least so"e ofB the other
fields in the theory: so as to prod!ce "ass ter"s for Aat least so"e ofB the ga!ge bosons7 This
"echanis" "ay also leave behind ele"entary scalar AspinCMB particles: (no'n as Higgs bosons7
#n the Standard 9odel: the phrase PHiggs "echanis"P refers specifically to the generation of "asses
for the W
Q
: and O 'ea( ga!ge bosons thro!gh electro'ea( sy""etry brea(ing7 The Earge Hadron
3ollider at 3-RJ anno!nced res!lts consistent 'ith the Higgs particle on K!ly $: 2M=2 b!t stressed
that f!rther testing is needed to confir" the Standard 9odel7
What is the Spin,
So 'e (no' already that the ne' particle has spin Hero or spin t'o and 'e co!ld tell 'hich one if 'e
co!ld detect the polariHations of the photons prod!ced7 Unfort!nately this is diffic!lt and neither
ATEAS nor 39S are able to "eas!re polariHations7 The only direct and s!re 'ay to confir" that the
particle is indeed a scalar is to plot the ang!lar distrib!tion of the photons in the rest fra"e of the
centre of "ass7 A spin Hero particles li(e the Higgs carries no directional infor"ation a'ay fro" the
original collision so the distrib!tion 'ill be even in all directions7 This test 'ill be possible 'hen a
"!ch larger n!"ber of events have been observed7 #n the "ean ti"e 'e can settle for less certain
indirect indicators7
The 'raviton
#n physics: the graviton is a hypothetical ele"entary particle that "ediates the force of gravitation in
the fra"e'or( of .!ant!" field theory7 #f it e8ists: the graviton is e8pected to be "assless Abeca!se
the gravitational force appears to have !nli"ited rangeB and "!st be a spinC2 boson7 The spin
follo's fro" the fact that the so!rce of gravitation is the stressCenergy tensor: a secondCran( tensor
Aco"pared to electro"agnetis"&s spinC= photon: the so!rce of 'hich is the fo!rCc!rrent: a firstCran(
tensorB7 Additionally: it can be sho'n that any "assless spinC2 field 'o!ld give rise to a force
indisting!ishable fro" gravitation: beca!se a "assless spinC2 field "!st co!ple to Ainteract 'ithB the
stressCenergy tensor in the sa"e 'ay that the gravitational field does7 This res!lt s!ggests that: if a
"assless spinC2 particle is discovered: it "!st be the graviton: so that the only e8peri"ental
verification needed for the graviton "ay si"ply be the discovery of a "assless spinC2 particle7 <3>
Conclsions
Dne of the "ost i"portant concl!sions is that the electric charges are "oving in an accelerated 'ay
and even if their velocity is constant: they have an intrinsic acceleration any'ay: the so called spin:
since they need at least an intrinsic acceleration to "a(e possible they "ove"ent 7
The bridge bet'een the classical and .!ant!" theory is based on this intrinsic acceleration of the
spin: e8plaining also the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle7 The particle 'ave d!ality of the electric
charges and the photon "a(es certain that they are both sides of the sa"e thing7 Since graviton is a
tensor field: it has spin @ 2: co!ld be 2 photons 'ith spin @ = together7
Basing the gravitational force on the accelerating Universe ca!sed "agnetic force and the Planc(
istrib!tion Ea' of the electro"agnetic 'aves ca!sed diffraction gives !s the basis to b!ild a Unified
Theory of the physical interactions7
References
<=> The 9agnetic field of the -lectric c!rrent and the 9agnetic ind!ction
http5??acade"ia7ed!?313333*?TheR9agneticRfieldRofRtheR-lectricRc!rrent
<2> 3 i"ensional String Theory
http5??acade"ia7ed!?313$$*$?3Ri"ensionalRStringRTheory
<3> )raviton Prod!ction By T'o Photon and -lectronCPhoton Processes #n Sal!HaCSlein Theories With
Earge -8tra i"ensions
http5??ar8iv7org?abs?hepCph?44M4342