Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
6
KNOWN: Diameter and initial temperature of steel balls cooling in air.
FIND: Time required to cool to a prescribed temperature.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible radiation effects, (2) Constant properties.
ANALYSIS: Applying Eq. 5.10 to a sphere (L
c
= r
o
/3),
( ) ( )
2
o
c
h r / 3 20 W/m K 0.002m
hL
Bi 0.001.
k k 40 W/m K
= = = =
Hence, the temperature of the steel remains approximately uniform during the cooling
process, and the lumped capacitance method may be used. From Eqs. 5.4 and 5.5,
( )
3
p
p
i i
2
s
D / 6 c
Vc
T T T T
t ln ln
hA T T T T
h D
t
t
= =
( )
3
2
7800kg/m 0.012m 600J/kg K
1150 325
t ln
400 325
6 20 W/m K
=
t 1122 s 0.312h = = <
COMMENTS: Due to the large value of T
i
, radiation effects are likely to be significant
during the early portion of the transient. The effect is to shorten the cooling time.
PROBLEM5.12
KNOWN: Diameter, density, specific heat and thermal conductivity of aluminum spheres used in
packed bed thermal energy storage system. Convection coefficient and inlet gas temperature.
FIND: Time required for sphere to acquire 90% of maximum possible thermal energy and the
corresponding center temperature. Potential advantage of using copper in lieu of aluminum.
SCHEMATIC:
Aluminum sphere
D = 75 mm, T = 25 C
i
o
Gas
T C
g,i
o
= 300
h = 75 W/m -K
2
= 2700 kg/m
3
k = 240 W/m-K
c = 950 J/kg-K
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible heat transfer to or from a sphere by radiation or conduction due to
contact with other spheres, (2) Constant properties.
ANALYSIS: To determine whether a lumped capacitance analysis can be used, first compute Bi =
h(r
o
/3)/k = 75 W/m
2
K (0.025m)/150 W/mK = 0.013 < 0.1. Hence, the lumped capacitance
approximation may be made, and a uniform temperature may be assumed to exist in the sphere at any
time. From Eq. 5.8a, achievement of 90% of the maximum possible thermal energy storage
corresponds to
( )
t
i
Q
0.90 1 exp t /
cV
t
u
= =
where
3 2
t s
Vc / hA Dc / 6h 2700 kg / m 0.075m 950 J / kg K / 6 75 W / m K 427s. t = = = = Hence,
( )
t
t ln 0.1 427s 2.30 984s t = = = <
From Eq. (5.6), the corresponding temperature at any location in the sphere is
( )
( )
( )
g,i i g,i
T 984s T T T exp 6ht / Dc = +
( )
( )
2 3
T 984s 300 C 275 C exp 6 75 W / m K 984s / 2700kg / m 0.075m 950J / kg K =
( ) T 984 s 272.5 C = <
Obtaining the density and specific heat of copper from Table A-1, we see that (c)
Cu
~ 8900 kg/m
3
(
= = = = =
(
where, for Bi = hr
o
/k = 1.316, C
1
= 1.2486 and
1
, = 1.3643 from Table 5.1.
( ) Fo n 0.0341 /1.86 1.82 = =
( )
2 2 6
f o
t For / 1.82 0.05m / 4.40 10 1031s 17min
= = = = o <
From Eqs. 5.47 and 5.54, the energy extracted from a single rod is
( ) ( )
o
i 1 1
1
2
Q cV T T 1 J
u
,
,
-
(
= (
(
With J
1
(1.3643) = 0.535 from Table B.4,
( )
2 3 7
0.0852 0.535
Q 7900kg / m 546J / kg K 0.05m 1m 470K 1 1.54 10 J
1.3643
(
(
= =
(
(
t
The nominal cooling load is
7
5
f
NQ 10 1.54 10 J
q 1.49 10 W 149 kW
t 1031s
= = = = <
COMMENTS: For a centerline temperature of 50C, Eq. 5.52b yields a surface temperature of
( ) ( ) ( )
o i o o 1
T r , t T T T J 30 C 470 C 0.0426 0.586 41.7 C
-
= + = + = u ,
PROBLEM 4.41
KNOWN: Boundary conditions that change from specified heat flux to convection.
FIND: The finite difference equation for the node at the point where the boundary condition changes.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Two dimensional, steady-state conduction with no generation, (2) Constant
properties.
ANALYSIS: Performing an energy balance on the control volume x y/2,
in out
E - E = 0
& &
q
1
+ q
2
+ q
3
+ q
4
+ q
5
= 0
Expressing q
1
in terms of the specified heat flux, q
2
in terms of the known heat transfer coefficient and
environment temperature, and the remaining heat rates using the conduction rate equation,
1 s
x
q = q 1
2
2 m,n
x
q = h(T - T ) 1
2
m - 1,n m,n
3
k(T - T )
y
q = 1
x 2
m + 1,n m,n
4
k(T - T )
y
q = 1
x 2
m ,n - 1 m,n
5
k(T - T )
q = x 1
y
Letting x = y, substituting these expressions into the energy balance, and rearranging yields
s
m - 1,n m + 1,n m,n - 1 m,n
q x hx hx
T + T + 2T - 4 + T + T + = 0
k k k
<
m,n m +1,n m -1,n
y
q
1
q
2
q
4
q
5
q
3
h, T
x
y/2
x
m, n-1
s
q
m,n m +1,n m -1,n
y
q
1
q
2
q
4
q
5
q
3
h, T
x
y/2
x
m, n-1
m,n m +1,n m -1,n
y
q
1
q
2
q
4
q
5
q
3
h, T
x
y/2
x
m, n-1
s
q
PROBLEM 4.49
KNOWN: One-dimensional fin of uniform cross section insulated at one end with prescribed base
temperature, convection process on surface, and thermal conductivity.
FIND: Finite-difference equation for these nodes: (a) Interior node, m and (b) Node at end of fin, n,
where x =L.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional conduction.
ANALYSIS: (a) The control volume about node m is shown in the schematic; the node spacing and
control volume length in the x direction are both x. The uniform cross-sectional area and fin
perimeter are A
c
and P, respectively. The heat transfer process on the control surfaces, q
1
and q
2
,
represent conduction while q
c
is the convection heat transfer rate between the fin and ambient fluid.
Performing an energy balance, find
( )
in out 1 2 c
m-1 m m+1 m
c c m
E E 0 q q q 0
T T T T
kA kA hP x T T 0.
x x
= + + =
+ + =
& &
Multiply the expression by x/kA
c
and regroup to obtain
2 2
m-1 m+1 m
c c
hP hP
T T x T 2 x T 0 1<m<n
kA kA
+ + + =
<
Considering now the special node m =1, then the m-1 node is T
b
, the base temperature. The finite-
difference equation would be
2 2
b 2 1
c c
hP hP
T T x T 2 x T 0 m=1
kA kA
+ + + =
<
(b) The control volume of length x/2 about node n is shown in the schematic. Performing an energy
balance,
( )
in out 3 4 c
n-1 n
c n
E E 0 q q q 0
T T x
kA 0 hP T T 0.
x 2
= + + =
+ + =
& &
Note that q
4
=0 since the end (x =L) is insulated. Multiplying by x/kA
c
and regrouping,
2 2
n-1 n
c c
hP x hP x
T T 1 T 0.
kA 2 kA 2
+ + =
<
COMMENTS: The value of x will be determined by the selection of n; that is, x =L/n. Note that
the grouping, hP/kA
c
, appears in the finite-difference and differential forms of the energy balance.