8/22/2014 Minor oil crops - Individual monographs (Macadamia nuts-Mango seed)

http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5043e/x5043E09.htm 6/8
PRINCEN, L.H. MUKNERJEE, X.D. American Oil Chemists Society, 1981.
MAALANE, N. HARRIS, R.V. "Extraction of Macadamia Oil Using a Small Expeller", Tropical 8cience,
Vol 23, 3, pp. 205-215, 1986.
MEULEN, T. van der, "The Coconut Stink Bug Gets Out of Hand", Information Bulletin, Citrus and
Subtropical Fruit Research Institute South Africa, 202, 1989.
PAQUIN, D,G, LAING, T. "Sweeping Efficiencies of a Macadamia Nut Harvester on Difficult Orchard
Surfaces", Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 45, 2, pp. 8999, 1990.
PEGG, K.G. "Macadamia Trunk Canker Disease", Queensland Agricultural Journal, 99, 11, pp. 595-596,
1973.
QUEENSLAND DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES ENTONOMY BRANCH, "Macadamia
Summary of Insect Control Recommendations", Queensland Agricultural Journal, 101, 3, pp.286-290, 1978.
ROSENGARTEN, F. "The Book of Edible Nuts", Walker and Co New York, 1984.
SARIG, Y. GROSZ, F. RASIS, S. "The Development of a Mechanical nut Cracker for Macadamia Nuts",
Journal of Agricultural research, 25, 4, pp. 367-374, 1980.
TANG, G.P. "Flash Drying Macadamia Nuts for Improved Kernel Extraction", Transactions of the A.S.A.E.
(American Society of Agricultural Engineers), 25, 6, pp. 1733-1736, 1982.
TREVERROW, N. "Monolepta Beetle", Agfacts, No 42, Agricultural Research Centre Wollongbar, New
South wales Australia, 1986.
WOODROOF, J.G. "Tree Nuts, Production, Processing, Products, Vol 1.", pp.313-337, AVI Publications
Company, 1967.
WYSOKI, M. "New Records of Lepidopterus Pests of Macadamia in , Israel", Phytoparesitica, 14,2, 1986.
Mango seed
I. GENERAL
COMMON NAME OF THE OIL
Mango Kernel Oil
BOTANICAL NAME
Mangifera indica
FAMILY
Anacardiacae
OTHER NAMES HABITAT
Tropical
8/22/2014 Minor oil crops - Individual monographs (Macadamia nuts-Mango seed)
http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5043e/x5043E09.htm 7/8
MAJOR PRODUCING COUNTRIES
India
YIELD AND DESCRIPTION
While considerable variations occur depending on variety on average the dry stone makes up some 10% of
the fruit weight. The -kernel makes up 75% of the seed weight and contains, on average, 10% oil (Bring)).
It has been estimated that in India alone some 30,000 tons of oil could be extracted from 4 million tons of the
total annual harvest of 7 million tons (Bring)). Some mango kernel oil has been commercially extracted in
India with 150 tons being exported in 1976 rising to 850 tons in 1978 (Bring)).
MAIN USES
The main use of mango is as a fresh fruit and as an ingredient in a wide range of fruit products. The kernels
are edible, have a protein content of about 9% and are eaten, particularly in times of food scarcity. Oil is
commercially extracted from the kernels in India and finds use as a cocoa butter substitute. The cake
remaining after oil extraction is used in animal feed.
The mango tree yields a gum, a tannin and a yellow dye. The bark, leaves and seeds are used to prepare a
range of traditional medicines (Narasiahachar).

II. AGRICULTURAL ASPECTS
CULTIVATION
See standard agricultural texts
HARVESTING PERIOD
In India, April to September.
HARVESTING METHODS
The fruit is generally harvested by picking from the trees. The major constraint to mango kernel oil production
lies in the procurement of stones. These are to be collected by hand for income in a similar way to waste
paper etc.

III. POST HARVEST PRE-TREATMENT, PROCESSING, STORAGE
PRE-TREATMENT
Mango stones have to be dried, usually in the sun, so reducing the kernel moisture content from about 48% to
13%. In India the collection period coincides with the monsoon making drying a problem. Good drying is
essential to prevent the growth of the fungus Aspergilla niger and to avoid the development of FFA rancidity.
FFA levels in raw stones can rise from 2% to 7% after 20 days and to 46% after 120 days (Bring)).
After drying the stones are decorticated, usually by hand. A continuous mango stone decorticator has been
8/22/2014 Minor oil crops - Individual monographs (Macadamia nuts-Mango seed)
http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5043e/x5043E09.htm 8/8
designed (Narasiahachar).

IV. PROCESSING
OIL EXTRACTION
The following system has been used in India. Prior to oil extraction the mango kernels are sieved to remove
foreign matter and broken in a hammer mill. The broken kernels are further reduced in size by use of a roller
breaker. The material is heated to soften it and finally feed to flaking rollers. The final flakes, which should be
very thin and have a moisture content of 10-12% are solvent extracted with hexane (Bring)).
MAJOR FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF OIL
Mango kernel oil is pale yellow in colour. The fatty acid composition varies with both variety and climatic
conditions. Typical values are:
Palmitic acid 5.1-8.0%
Stearic acid 42-48%
Oleic acid 35-42%
(Bring)
EQUIPMENT
Driers, decorticators, hammer mills, roller mills, solvent extraction plant.
There is a lack of identifiable information on methods of oil extraction, particularly pressing and expelling are
required.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
BRINGI, N.V. "Non-Traditional Oilseeds and Oils in India", Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. Ltd.. New
Delhi, India pp 73-95.
NARASIMHACHAR, B.L., et al., J.Oil Technol. Assn. India, 94, 1979
3. ABBIW.D.K.," Useful Plants of Ghana."
Go To Next Page
Contents - Previous - Next