Electrons Atomic Structure
• Energy Levels, they contain • Protons – Nucleus – Positive
electrons Neutrons – Nucleus – None
• 2,8 Electrons – Shells – Negative
• 2,6 • The number of protons and
neutrons in the atom
Covalent Bonding Ionic Bonding
• They are shared • Electrostatic forces
• 4 • Equal Numbers of sodium and
chlorine
• CaF2
Chemistry Chemistry
• In regular patterns on top of each • Appearance, Strength, Resistance
other to corrosion and hardness.
• The electrons in the metallic • Because they are mixtures not
bonds form a ‘sea of electrons’ compounds.
• The delocalised electrons from the
• Because they can remember their
outer shell attract the ions. original shape – ‘’shape memory
alloys’’
Chemistry
Structures + Bonding
Answers
Chemical Bonding
• Elements with stable electronic
structure, like noble gasses.
• Two non-metals
Chemistry
• A metal that is found pure, not in an ore,
e.g. gold.
• Zinc, iron, copper, lead, tin
• Aluminium, magnesium, potassium
• Reduction is the removal of oxygen in a
compound
• Iron (III) oxide, coke, 4% impurities
(makes it hard and brittle, only used for
cast iron but produces steels)
 Chemistry
• CnH2n+n
• Saturated Hydrocarbons are hydrogen
and carbon only and they contain as much
hydrogen as possible on each molecule.
Alkanes are saturated, Alkenes are
unsaturated (they contain one or more
double bond).(
Chemistry
• Because the substances in it burn
in different conditions.
• Fractional distillation
• Compounds containing only
carbon and hydrogen.
• Molecular formula and structural
formula
Chemistry
• They stop the suns heat escaping the
earth atmosphere causing global warming.
• Global dimming is particulates of carbon
and hydrocarbons reflecting the suns rays.
• We can reduce the amount of sulphur in
the fuels or in the exhaust gasses after
they are burnt.
Chemistry
• The oil is vaporised, and sent into a
fractional distillation column. Here they’re
separated by gasses with different boiling
points condensing at different levels,
lowest boiling points (small carbon chains)
at the top (gas) and highest at the bottom
(for making roads – long carbon chains).
These are more difficult to burn.
Chemistry
• Incomplete combustion takes place in
places with little air supply (like engines).
It can produce carbon particles and
carbon monoxide. Also fuels that contain
sulphur can produce sulphur dioxide.
• Sulphur dioxide causes acid rain,
Carbon particles cause global dimming
and carbon dioxide causes global
warming.