Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Khoa in t Vin thng

Thng tin di ng
Mobile Communications
TS. Trng Tun
B mn K thut thng tin
H Ni, 10-2010
2
Mng khng dy Wi-Fi , WiMAX
( Wireless Networks)
3
Overview
What is Wireless?
The term wireless refers to
telecommunication technology,
in which radio waves, infrared
waves and microwaves, instead
of cables or wires, are used to
carry a signal to connect
communication devices.
These devices include pagers,
cell phones, portable PCs,
computer networks, location
devices, satellite systems and
handheld digital assistants.
4
Wireless Landscape
Wireless
Technology
Transmission
Distance
Speed
Bluetooth PAN :: 1- 10 m 1 Mbps
WLAN 802.11b WLAN :: n*10 100 m 11 Mbps
WLAN 802.11a, g WLAN :: n*10 100 m 54/128 Mbps
WiMax 802.16 WMAN :: n n*10 miles 75 Mbps
2G digital cellular WWAN - Nationwide 14 Kbps
2.5G digital cellular WWAN - Nationwide 384 Kbps
3G digital cellular WWAN - Nationwide 2-10 Mbps
WiMAX as a last-mile alternative for remote areas not currently served by DSL or cable
5
Wireless Technologies
PAN
(Personal Area
Network)
PAN
(Personal Area
Network)
LAN
(Local Area Network)
LAN
(Local Area Network)
WAN
(Wide Area Network)
WAN
(Wide Area Network)
MAN
(Metropolitan Area Network)
MAN
(Metropolitan Area Network)
PAN PAN LAN LAN MAN MAN WAN WAN
Bluetooth Bluetooth
Peer-to-Peer
Device-to-Device
Peer-to-Peer
Device-to-Device
Short Short
< 1 Mbps < 1 Mbps
802.11a, 11b, 11g
HiperLAN2
802.11a, 11b, 11g
HiperLAN2
Family, Office,
and Enterprise
Family, Office,
and Enterprise
Medium Medium
2 - 54 Mbps 2 - 54 Mbps
802.11
MMDS, LMDS
802.11
MMDS, LMDS
Last
Mile Access
Last
Mile Access
MediumLong MediumLong
75 Mbps 75 Mbps
GSM, GPRS,
CDMA, 2.53G
GSM, GPRS,
CDMA, 2.53G
PDAs, Mobile
Phones, Cellular
Access
PDAs, Mobile
Phones, Cellular
Access
Long Long
9,6 Kbps 2Mbps 9,6 Kbps 2Mbps
Standards Standards
Speed Speed
Range Range
Applications Applications
6
Mng khng dy Wi Mng khng dy Wi--Fi Fi
IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.11
7
Wi-Fi and IEEE 802.11 Standards
802.11a: 5GHz, 54Mbps
802.11b: 2.4GHz, 11Mbps
802.11d: Multiple regulatory domains
802.11e: Quality of Service (QoS)
802.11f: Inter-Access Point Protocol (IAPP)
802.11g: 2.4GHz, 54Mbps
802.11h: Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) and Transmit Power
Control (TPC)
802.11i: Security
802.11j: Japan 5GHz Channels (4.9-5.1 GHz)
802.11k: Measurement
IEEE 802.11n : adding multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
8
Wi-Fi and IEEE 802.11 Standards
9
Unlicenced Frequency Bands
Defined cable-free local area network with either fixed or mobile locations that
transmit at either 1 or 2 Mbps which was insufficient for most network applications
A new standard was developed for sending packetsized data traffic over radio waves
in the unlicensed 2.4 Ghz band.
Unlicensed, means it does not have to be certified by the FCC, and devices could
possible share the bandwidth with other devices such as cordless phones, oven etc.
ISM : Industrial, Scientific and Medical
U-NII : Unlicenced National
Information Infrastructure
10
Frequency Bands
11
Standard Selection
12
The Laws of Radio Dynamics:
Higher Data Rates = Shorter Transmission Range
Higher Power Output = Increased Range, but Lower Battery Life
Higher Frequency Radios = Higher Data Rates Shorter Ranges
802.11b
802.11a
802.11g
2.4 GHz 5 GHz 2.4 GHz
Worldwide US/AP Worldwide
11 Mbps 54 Mbps 54 Mbps
Frequency
Band
Availability
Maximum
Data rate
Other
Services
(Interference)
Cordless Phones
Microwave Ovens
Wireless Video
Bluetooth Devices
Cordless Phones
Microwave Ovens
Wireless Video
Bluetooth Devices
HyperLAN
Devices
Standard Selection
13
Ad Hoc Topology
Peer-to-Peer (Ad Hoc) Topology
Can consist of 2 or more PCs
with wireless network adapters.
Sometimes called an
Independent BSS (IBSS).
Limited range.
No AP is needed !
Cu hnh ty bin (khng ph thuc) IBSS
14
Ad Hoc Topology
15
Infrastructure Topology
Cu hnh ph thuc - BSS
AP is needed !
16
Infrastructure Topology
17
Radio Signal Interference
Since the frequency is unlicensed, any
device operating in the 2.4 GHz
spectrum may cause network
interference with a 802.11b wireless
device. Some devices that may prove
troublesome include 2.4 GHz cordless
phones, microwave ovens, adjacent
public hotspots, and neighboring
802.11b wireless LANs.
18
WLAN Devices
AP : im truy nhp
Access Points
In-building Infrastructure
Bridge, Repeater
19
WLAN Devices
Antenna
2.4GHz
5 GHz Antennas
Clients
2.4 GHz client adapter (802.11b,g)
5 GHz client adapter (802.11a)
PCI card for Desktop
PCMCIA card for Laptop
(Personal Computer Memory Card
International Association )
USB card for Desktop & Laptop
Optional 2.4GHz Antennas for Long Range
13.5 dBi Yagi
Distances over
7.3 miles @ 2 Mbps
11.7 Km @ 2 Mbps
3.6 miles @ 11 Mbps
5.8 Km @ 11 Mbps
21 dBi Solid Dish
For distances up to
25+ miles @ 2 Mbps
40+ Km @ 2 Mbps
20.5 miles @ 11 Mbps
33 Km @ 11 Mbps
Note: Distances include 50 feet of low loss cable and 10 dB fade margin
WLAN Devices
21
IEEE 802.11 channels
5 MHz
22
IEEE 802.11 Protocols Architecture
octet
CRC-32
Media Access Control
DCF: Distributied Coordination Functions
-> Contention Access
PCF: Point Coordination Functions
-> Contention - Free Access ( polling )
23
Hidden terminal problem
A
B
C
Hidden terminal problem
B, A hear each other
B, C hear each other
A, C can not hear each other
means A, C unaware of their
interference at B
A B
C
As signal
strength
space
Cs signal
strength
Signal fading:
B, A hear each other
B, C hear each other
A, C can not hear each other
interfering at B
Hidden Node
24
MAC::CSMA/CA
CarrierSense Multiple Access / Collision Avoidance
Tham s cp pht ti nguyn mng
NAV: Network Alocation Vector
Bt u
Kim tra
ng truyn
N
NAV=0
?
ng
truyn ri
N
Y
Y
ACK ?
Truyn khung
N Y
Truyn
thnh cng
Quay lui
ngu nhin
25
IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol: CSMA/CA
802.11 sender
1 if sense channel idle for DIFS then
transmit entire frame (no CD)
2 if sense channel busy then
start random backoff time
timer counts down while channel idle
transmit when timer expires
3 if no ACK, increase random backoff interval, repeat 2
802.11 receiver
- if frame received OK
return ACK after SIFS (ACK needed due to hidden
terminal problem)
sender receiver
DIFS
data
SIFS
ACK
SIFS : Short Inter-Frame Space
DIFS : DCF Inter-Frame Space
26
SIFS
DIFS
data
ACK
t
other
stations
receiver
sender
data
DIFS
defer access
contention
RTS
CTS
SIFS
SIFS
NAV (RTS)
NAV (CTS)
Station can send RTS with reservation parameter after waiting for DIFS (reservation
determines amount of time the data packet needs the medium and the ACK related to it).
Every node receiving this RTS now has to set its NAV (Network Allocation Vector - it
specifies the earliest point at which the node can try to access the medium again.
Acknowledgement via CTS after SIFS by receiver (if ready to receive)
Sender can now send data and receive acknowledgement via ACK if data is received
without error.
IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol: CSMA/CA
27
1 2
3
4
RTS2 RTS2 CTS1 CTS1
MEDIUM BUSY
RTS2
DIFS
SIFS
CTS1
SIFS
DATA
SIFS
ACK
NAV(RTS)
NAV(CTS)
Node 1 has to communicate with
Node 2
3 and 4 have to remain silent till 1
finishes transmission to 2
Channel Access in 802.11
28
frame
control
duration
address
1
address
2
address
4
address
3
payload CRC
2 2 6 6 6 2
6
0 - 2312
4
seq
control
IEEE 802.11 frame: addressing
Address 2: MAC address
of wireless host or AP
transmitting this frame
Address 1: MAC address
of wireless host or AP
to receive this frame
Address 3: MAC address
of router interface to
which AP is attached
Address 3: used only
in ad hoc mode
29
Internet
router
AP
H1
R1
AP MAC addr H1 MAC addr R1 MAC addr
address 1 address 2 address 3
802.11 frame
R1 MAC addr AP MAC addr
dest. address source address
802.3 frame
IEEE 802.11 frame: addressing
30
frame
control
duration
address
1
address
2
address
4
address
3
payload CRC
2 2 6 6 6 2
6
0 - 2312
4
seq
control
Type
From
AP
Subtype
To
AP
More
frag
WEP
More
data
Power
mgt
Retry Rsvd
Protocol
version
2
2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
duration of reserved
transmission time (RTS/CTS)
frame seq #
(for reliable ARQ)
frame type
(RTS, CTS, ACK, data)
IEEE 802.11 frame: more
31
System Architecture of an infrastructure network
Station (STA)
terminal with access mechanisms to
the wireless medium and radio
contact to the access point
Basic Service Set (BSS)
group of stations using the same
radio frequency
Access Point
station integrated into the wireless
LAN and the distribution system
Portal
bridge to other (wired) networks
Distribution System
interconnection network to form one
logical network (EES: Extended
Service Set) based on several BSS
Distribution System
Portal
802.x LAN
Access
Point
802.11 LAN
BSS
2
802.11 LAN
BSS
1
Access
Point
STA
1
STA
2
STA
3
ESS
32
WLAN network architecture
33
Mng khng dy WiMAX Mng khng dy WiMAX
IEEE 802.16 IEEE 802.16
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
34
35
WiMAX: History
2001:802.16 (interest : 10-66GHz, line of sight, point to
point applications)
2003: 802.16a standard (interest: 2-11GHz, NLOS point to
multi-point applications, upto 75MHz)
2004: 802.16d ( upgrade of 802.16a, modifications and
interoperability )
2005: 802.16e ( offers mobility at vehicular speed)
36
Some Technical Specs on WiMax
37
38
WIMAX TOWER WIMAX RECEIVER
39
WiMax
40
WiMAX network architecture
41
802.16 Protocol Architecture
IEEE 802.16 Protocol Architecture has 4 layers: Convergence, MAC,
Transmission and physical, which can be mapped to two OSI
lowest layers: physical and data link.
42
802.16 Protocols Architecture
43
4 types of Scheduling Service
Unsolicited Grant Service (UGS)
Real-time, periodic fixed size packets (e.g. T1 or VoIP)
Restrictions on bw requests
Real-Time Polling Service (rtPS)
Real-time, periodic variable sizes packets (e.g MPEG)
BS issues periodic unicast polls.
Non-Real-Time Polling Service (nrtPS)
Variable sized packets with loose delay requirements (e.g. FTP)
BS issues unicast polls regularly.
Best Effort Service
Never polled individually
44
Connections
802.16/WiMAX is connection oriented
For each direction, a connection identified with a 16 bit CID
Each CID is associated with a Service Flow ID (SFID) that determines
the QoS parameters for that CID
45
QoS
Mechanism
46
WiMAX & Wi-Fi
Urban Rural Suburbs Urban
WiMAX
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
WiMAX
Wi-Fi

WiMAX
47
Intel WiMAX Vision
Broadband
Access
for Enterprise
Broadband
Access @ Home
complementary
to DSL & Cable
Broadband Access
for Public hotspots
Wi Wi--Fi Fi
Wi Wi--Fi Fi
WiFi
802.16-2004
802.16-2004
802.16-2004
*Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.
Nomadic
Broadband
complementary to
3G, EDGE & WiFi
802.16-e
48
FUTURE OF WiMAX
WiMax will be deployed in three stages:
In the first phase WiMaX technology (based on IEEE 802.16-
2004) provides fixed wireless connections
In the second phase WiMaX will be available as a cheap and
self-installing Subscriber Terminal (ST), linked to PC and to
antenna
The third phase enables portability, thus WiMAX (based on
IEEE 802.16e) will be integrated into commercial laptops
49
Sub-Urban Rural Urban
MACRO MICRO
PICO
IP Based Convergence
Wi-Fi
802.11
Wi-Max
802.16e
Wi-Max
802.16d
IP Core
Backhaul
Access
Cellular Mobility
GSM (EDGE) & UMTS (HSDPA)
IS-95, CDMA2000
In-Building
Hotspots
Mobile Broadband Technology map
Key technologies are evolving to meet the Wireless
Broadband Requirements
802.11n
(smart antennas)
802.11
Mesh extns.
L
o
c
a
l

A
r
e
a
F
i
x
e
d
W
i
d
e

A
r
e
a
M
o
b
i
l
e
C
o
v
e
r
a
g
e
/
M
o
b
i
l
i
t
y
M
e
t
r
o

A
r
e
a
N
o
m
a
d
i
c
802.16
(Fixed LOS)
802.16a/d
(Fixed NLOS)
802.11b/a/g
Mobile Industry
Fixed Wireless Industry
4G Air Interfaces
Data Rates (kbps)
100,000 +
3GPP2
CDMA
2000-1X
HRPDA
1x
EVDO
1x EVDV
Rel. C
1x EVDV
Rel. D
GSM UMTS HSPA GPRS EDGE LTE
3GPP
MOBILE
BROADBAND
DSL Experience
Dial Up
Higher Data Rate / Lower Cost per Bit
802.16e
(Mobile WIMAX)
Radio Access Network
+ OFDMA Technology
+ Downlink 100Mbps+
+ Uplink 20-50Mbps+
+ User <10msec latency
+ Flexible spectrum
1.25-20MHz
+ FDD and TDD
+ VoIP ~3x time
UMTS capacity
+ MIMO/Beamforming
+ E2E QOS
Packet Core
+ New all IP collapsed
architecture
+ Centralized mobility
and application layer
(IMS based)
+ E2E QOS
+ Access technology
agnostic
+ Connect to legacy
GSM/UMTS core (LTE)
WMAX/LTE Specifications
Motorola Confidential Proprietary, LTE CxO Overview, Rev 1
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2007
HSDPA vs. WiMAX Air Interface Performance
Attribute HSDPA
Spectrum Occupancy
10 MHz
(5 DL+ 5 UL) 10 MHz 5 MHz
Duplexing FDD
TDD, 70% DL (data)
TDD, 50% DL (voice)
TDD, 70% DL (data)
TDD, 50% DL (voice)
Frequency Reuse
1 site, 1 sector reuse
3 sectors per site
1 site, 1 sector reuse
3 sectors per site
1 site, 1 sector reuse
3 sectors per site
BS Configuration
"Macro" BTS/Node B
20W output
"BS2.2" w/o TxAA
2W output
"BS2.2" w/o TxAA
2W output
System Configuration
2.8km Intersite distance
30 km per hour
1.2km Intersite distance
30 km per hour
1.2km Intersite distance
30 km per hour
Sector Throughput (F/L)
Web Browsing with TCP/IP (kbps)
1400 3200 1376
Sector Throughput (F/L)
Full buffer Traffic (kbps)
3000 6000 2580
Sector Throughput (R/L)
Full buffer Traffic (kbps)
1100 1500 645
Voice Capacity (F/L) (Erlangs) 120 150 75 (est.)
Voice Capacity (R/L) (Erlangs) 80 120 60 (est.)
F/L Data Spectral Efficiency
web browsing
(bps/Hz)
0.28 0.46 0.40
F/L Data Spectral Efficiency
full buffer (bps/Hz)
0.60 0.86 0.74
R/L Data Spectral Efficiency (bps/Hz) 0.22 0.50 0.43
Voice Spectral Efficiency (E/MHz)
Per Site
24 36 36 (est.)
802.16e
+ True high-speed mobile data
+ Full-motion HD video anywhere
+ Stream any content
+ Mobile peer2peer & Web 2.0
+ Quadruple play
+ Faster email access
+ Instantaneous web pages
EDGE
EVDO-A
HSDPA
LTE/Wimax
Fiber
ADSL-2+
ADSL
Mbps
40-100Mbps
Fiber like speed on mobile
Faster
30-10msec
latency
Highly Responsive Multimedia
+ Improved user experience
+ Fast VoIP call set-up
+ Instantaneous web pages
+ Streaming fast buffering
+ Online mobile gaming
EDGE
EVDO-A
HSDPA
LTE/WIMAX
Fiber
ADSL-2+
ADSL
msec
More Responsive
+ Spectral efficiency
Better utilization of spectrum available
+ Low frequency, Advanced
Receivers and Smart Antenna
For improved coverage and reduced
cost of ownership
+ Increased Capacity
Much higher user and sector throughput
for lower individual cost service delivery
+ Simpler RAN, IP Core &
Centralized service delivery
Fewer nodes & interfaces (Node-
B/RNC/Gateway)
One Network & IMS for all access
technologies
+ Connect to legacy cores
Existing network asset investment protection
+ 3GPP/2 Market traction
Economy of scale
LTE/WIMAX VoIP cost*
UMTS rel.99 voice call
cost
$
10%
3GPP subscribers
85% market share
Predicted LTE VoIP voice call cost* - Sound Partners Limited Research
Lower Cost
Ch.1
Ch.2 Ch.3 Ch.4 Ch.5 Ch.6 Ch.7 Ch.8 Ch.9 Ch.10
Ch.3 Ch.5 Ch.7 Ch.9
Ch.2 Ch.4 Ch.6 Ch.8 Ch.10
Ch.1
Conventional multicarrier techniques
Orthogonal multicarrier techniques OFDM
50% bandwidth saving
frequency
frequency
A
B
Traditional FDM Signal and OFDM
All Sub carrier need to Orthogonal
OFDM
Sub-carrier
CDMA
Signal
Channel Transfer Function
Frequency
S(f)
CDMA & OFDM in Frequency-selective Channel
LTE (Long Term Evaluation)
Supply Bandwidths from 1.25-20 MHz
Subcarriers spacing 15kHz.
Bit rate up to 100Mbps, and by using MIMO the
speed should reach 350Mbps !

SC-FDMA for U.L. & OFDM for D.L.

20 MHz 15 MHz 10 MHz 5 MHz 2.5 MHz 1.25 MHz
Transmission
BW
0.5 ms
Sub-frame
duration
15 kHz
Sub-carrier
spacing
30.72
MHz
8 3.84
MHz
23.04 MHz
6 3.84
MHz
15.36 MHz
4 3.84
MHz
7.68
MHz
2 3.84
MHz
3.84
MHz
1.92 MHz
1/2 3.84
MHz
Sampling
frequency
2048 1536 1024 512 256 128 FFT size
4.69 4.69 4.69 4.69 4.69 4.69
Sho
rt
CP
Length
(s)
16.67 16.67 16.67 16.67 16.67 16.67
Lo
ng
LTE modulation Specification
3G/HSDPA vs. WIMAX/LTE Network Architecture
Traditional Cellular Architecture
Base Stations
Carrier Access Point (CAP) Architecture
=
Operators
IP Network
MSS SGSN
GGSN Media
Gateway
CAP
Controller
VoIP
Gateway
or IMS
Data
Gateway
or IMS
Internet PSTN
Internet
PSTN
Base Station
Controllers
Access Points
Lower Cost!
Any off-the-shelf
IP network with
Mobile IP support
=
Wireless Industry Forecast
16.5
10.1
7.4
2.0
38.5
39.7
37.3
34.7
31.8
29.1
25.8
22.2
19.0
15.2
11.9
14.2
18.8
22.2
24.9
26.6
27.1
11.6
26.4
24.0
20.4
15.5
1.5
3.2
5.9
20.6
3.8
5.6
12.5
11.5
11.1
10.9
10.5
9.9
9.4
2.5
4.1
6.7
7.9
5.4
1.2 1.4
0.8
1.1
2.4
3.7
5.7
8.1
10.8 14.0
17.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
WCDMA/HSDPA
LTE (3GPP)
CDMA
(IS95-A / 1XRTT / EV-DO)
UMB/LTE (3GPP2)
iDEN
WiMAXMobile (802.16e)
Source: H&N, Strategy & Technology ,
September 2007
Declining growth expected
for traditional cellular
infrastructure (2006-2010)
2009-10 growth driven by
WiMAX 802.16e + LTE
W-CDMA spending continues
in Western Europe, North
America and Japan
GSM remains strong in LAC,
MEA, China and India
WW TAM by Technology $ (in billions)
World Total
76.4
75.7 75.0
64.0
66.6
68.2
69.4
70.6
72.2
74.0 74.3
60
70
80
1.
0%
0.
9%
0.
9%
0.
4%
2.
5%
2.
3%
1.
8%
1.
7%
2.
4%
4.
1%
Thank you !