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United S ta tes Pa tent 1 1 9 1 1 1 1 1 v 4 , 0 2 1 , 7 0 3

G a r y et a l . [ 4 5 ] Ma y 3 , 1 9 7 7
[ 5 4 ] PHAS E IMBALANCE DETECTION CIRCUIT 3 , 5 7 5 , 6 3 7 4 / 1 9 7 1 K r ieg er et a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 7 / 4 6 X
. 3 , 6 3 6 , 5 4 1 1 1 9 7 2 G ' t t l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 0 2 4 8 B
1 7 5 ] Inv ento r s w a r del l c a r ? c l en" k - Ta y h l ' s b o th 3 , 84 6 , 6 9 2 1 1 i1 9 7 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ 3 0 7 / 2 3 / 5 A x
o f Bea v er ; Do na l d S . K im m el ,
Mo nr o ev il l e, a l l o f Pa , Pr im a r y Exa m iner - J D l v l il l er
[ 7 3 ] As s ig nee: W es ting h o u s e El ec tr ic Co r p o r a tio n, Z ; a e, : tl n( e) ; ; g : : I; l _ CIl : / 1 Rj 5 5 1 1 3 ; "
Pitts b u r g h , Pa . ' '
[ 2 2 ] F il ed: J u ne 2 , 1 9 7 5 [ 5 7 ] ABS TRACT
_ A p h a s e im b a l a nc e l o g ic m o du l e f o r a s o l id s ta te m o to r
[ 2 1 ] Ap p l . No . . 5 83 , 2 1 9 p r o tec tio n s y s tem f o r a th r ee- p h a s e m o to r . Th r ee
[ 5 2 ] US . Cl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 1 / 85 ; 3 4 0 / 2 4 8 B; p h a s e l ine c u r r ents a r e c o nv er ted to c o r r es p o nding
3 2 8/ 1 5 1 ; 3 6 1 / 7 6 ; 3 6 1 / 88 v o l ta g es a nd r ec ti? ed. Th e r es u l ta nt o u tp u t v o l ta g e is a
[ 5 1 ] l nt. Cl . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H0 2 1 1 3 / 1 2 p o o r l y r eg u l a ted DC v o l ta g e h a v ing a r ip p l e o f a p p r o xi
[ 5 8] F iel d o f S ea r c h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 7 / 4 6 , 4 7 , 4 8, 3 1 ; m a tel y 4 % du r ing no r m a l o p er a ting c o nditio ns . In th e
3 4 0 / 2 4 8 B; 3 0 7 / 2 3 5 A; 3 2 4 / 82 , 1 0 3 P; ev ent o f a p h a s e f a il u r e, ev en if no t to ta l , th e c o r r e
3 2 8/ 1 5 1 s p o nding r ip p l e p er c enta g e inc r ea s es . Th e p h a s e im b a l
. a nc e l o g ic netw o r k s ens es r ip p l e a nd p r o v ides a n o u t
[ 5 6 ] Ref er enc es Cited p u t s ig na l to tr ip a p r o tec tiv e c ir c u it b r ea k er if th e
UNITED S TATES PATENTS c o m p o nent o f r ip p l e b ec o m es s ig ni? c a ntl y l a r g e.
3 , 1 2 3 , 81 3 3 / 1 9 6 4 Ba u de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 7 / 4 7 X
3 , 3 0 0 , 6 5 0 H1 9 6 7 Da ien' , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 7 / 4 6 X 1 8 Cl a im s , 5 Dr a w ing F ig u r es
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PHAS E IMBALANCE DETECTION - CIRCUIT
CROS S REF ERENCE TO RELATED
APPLICATIONS
Cer ta in inv entio ns r el a ted to th o s e dis c l o s ed in th e
p r es ent inv entio n a r e dis c l o s ed a nd c l a im ed in th e c o
p ending a p p l ic a tio ns S er . No . 5 0 4 , 4 0 5 , ? l ed S ep t. 9 ,
1 9 7 4 b y D. S . K im m el , W . G a r y a nd G . R. Ta y l o r a nd
S er . No . 5 0 4 , 4 0 4 , ? l ed o n S ep t. 9 , 1 7 9 7 4 b y W . G a r y
a nd G . R. Ta y l o r , a nd a p p l ic a tio n S er . No . 5 83 , 3 2 3
? l ed c o nc u r r entl y h er ew ith o n v J u ne 2 , 1 9 7 5 b y W .
G a r y a nd G . R. Ta y l o r , a l l o f w h ic h a r e a s s ig ned to th e
s a m e a s s ig nee a s th e p r es ent a p p l ic a tio n. -
BACK G ROUND OF THE INVENTION
1 . F iel d o f th e Inv entio n
Th e s u b j ec t m a tter o f th is inv entio n is r el a ted g ener
a l l y to s o l id s ta te dev ic es f o r detec ting p h a s e im b a l a nc e
in a th r ee- p h a s e l o a d a nd is r el a ted s p ec if ic a l l y to a DC
r ip p l e detec ting dev ic e f o r a c c o m p l is h ing th is p u r p o s e.
2 . Des c r ip tio n o f th e Pr io r Ar t
_ It is k no w n in th e p r io r a r t to p r o v ide p h a s e im b a l
a nc e l o g ic c ir c u its w h ic h m a y b e u til iz ed to tr ip a c ir
c u it b r ea k er to p r o tec t a th r ee- p h a s e l o a d, s u c h a s a
m o to r if o ne o f th e p h a s es c o m p l etel y dr o p s o u t. It
w o u l d b e a dv a nta g eo u s if m ea ns w er e p r o v ided f o r
s ens ing c u r r ent im b a l a nc e in o ne o r m o r e p h a s es in a
th r ee- p h a s e l o a d w h er e th e c u r r ent im b a l a nc e is no t
nec es s a r il y c o m p l ete, th a t' j s , w h er e th e c u r r ent do es
no t nec es s a r il y c o m p l etel y ' g o to z er o , ~ b u t r a th er is
m a inta ined a t s o m e inter m edia te v a l u e b etw een z er o
a nd th e b a l a nc ed v a l u e o r ev en a t s o m e h ig h er v a l u e
th a n th e b a l a nc ed v a l u e. In a dditio n, it w o u l d b e a dv a n
ta g eo u s o f a DC r ip p l e detec ting dev ic e c o u l d b e p r o
v ided w h ic h s o m eh o w r ef er enc ed th e r ip p l e v o l ta g e
a g a ins t v o l ta g e p ea k r a th er th a n z er o . Th is w o u l d g iv e
g r ea ter s ens itiv ity in th e r ip p l e m ea s u r ing o p er a tio n.
F u r th er , it w o u l d b e in k eep ing w ith th e c o nc ep t th a t
r ip p l e is g ener a l l y m ea s u r ed a s s o m e p er c ent o f f u l l
s c a l e, o r r a ted v o l ta g e.
S UMMARY OF THE INVENTION '
In a c c o r da nc e w ith th e inv entio n, a DC r ip p l e detec t
ing dev ic e c a p a b l e o f b eing u til iz ed o n a th r ee- p h a s e
c ir c u it is ta u g h t. Th e dev ic e m ea s u r es r ip p l e a s a f u nc
tio n o f p ea k c u r r ent v a l u e in a g iv en inc r em ent o f tim e.
Th e b a s ic r ip p l e detec ting dev ic e c o m p r is es a c a p a c i
tiv e el em ent c o nnec ted in s er ies w ith a dio de, b o th o f
w h ic h a r e c o nnec ted a c r o s s th e o u tp u t ter m ina l s o f th e
p o w er s o u r c e b eing m o nito r ed. Th e c a p a c itiv e dev ic e
h a s th e c a p a b il ity o f s to r ing th e p ea k v a l u e o f th e v o l t
. a g e o f th e p o w er s u p p l y f o r a r el a tiv el y l o ng p er io d o f
tim e. A v o l ta g e div ider dev ic e is c o nnec ted a c r o s s th e
c a p a c itiv e dev ic e to p r o v ide- a t o ne p o int th er eo f a
v o l ta g e w h ic h is p r o p o r tio na l to a p er c enta g e o f th e
p ea k v o l ta g e b eing s to r ed b y th e c a p a c itiv e dev ic e.
Th er e is p r o v ided a s w itc h m ea ns h a v ing ? r s t a nd s ec
o nd ter m ina l s a nd a g a te ter m ina l . Th e s w itc h m ea ns
m a y b e a tr a ns is to r . Th e ? r s t ter m ina l is c o nnec ted in
c ir c u it r el a tio ns h ip w ith th e p l u s s ide o f th e p o w er
s o u r c e b eing m o nito r ed a nd th e neg a tiv e o r s ec o nd
ter m ina l is c o nnec ted in c ir c u it r el a tio ns h ip w ith th e
m inu s s ide o f th e p o w er s o u r c e b eing m o nito r ed. Th e
g a te o f th e s w itc h dev ic e o r tr a ns is to r b a s e is c o nnec ted
in c ir c u it r el a tio ns h ip w ith th e v o l ta g e div ider ter m ina l
o f th e v o l ta g e div iding netw o r k . Th e l o w s ide o f th e
v o l ta g e div iding netw o r k a nd th e l o w s ide o f th e c a p a c i
5
0
2 5
3 0
4 5
5 0
5 5
2
to r a r e c o nnec ted th r o u g h th e dio de to th e l o w s ide o f
th e tr a ns is to r o r s w itc h m ea ns a nd to th e m inu s ter m i
na l . Th e ? r s t a nd s ec o nd ter m ina l s o f th e s w itc h m ea ns ,
w h ic h m a y b e th e c o l l ec to r a nd em itter , r es p ec tiv el y , o f
th e tr a ns is to r , h a v e g ener a l l y im p r es s ed th er ea c r o s s th e
ins ta nta neo u s v a l u e o f th e v o l ta g e f r o m th e p o w er s u p
p l y . Ho w ev er , th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent h a s im p r es s ed
th er ea c r o s s o nl y th e m o s t r ec ent p ea k v a l u e o f th e
p o w er s o u r c e- v o l ta g e. S inc eth e h ig h s ide o f th e c a p a c i- ,
tiv e el em ent a nd th e h ig h s ide o f th e tr a ns is to r el em ent
a r e c o nnec ted to g eth er in c ir c u it r el a tio ns h ip , o nl y th e
l o w s ide o f th e tr a ns is to r el em ent o r th e em itter in th e
c a s e o f a n NPN tr a ns is to r c a n tr a c k th e ins ta nta neo u s
v a l u e o f th e p o w er s o u r c e v o l ta g e. If th e p o w er s o u r c e
v o l ta g e b ec o m es s m a l l , s u c h a s w h en th e v a l l ey o f a
r ip p l e is b eing m o nito r ed, th e em itter h a s a tendenc y to
b ec o m e m o r e p o s itiv e th a n th e l o w s ide o f th e c a p a c i
to r to c o ns eq u entl y r ev er s e b ia s th e p r ev io u s l y de
s c r ib ed dio de. If th e r ip p l e is extr em el y h ig h , s u c h a s to
c a u s e a r el a tiv el y l o w v a l l ey v o l ta g e v a l u e, th e em itter
c a n b ec o m e h ig h er in v o l ta g e v a l u e th a n th e v o l ta g e o n
th e b a s e a s c o ntr o l l ed b y th e v o l ta g e div ider netw o r k .
Th is h a s a tendenc y to tu r n a n ON tr a ns is to r o r s w itc h
m ea ns OF F . Th e c h a ng e o f s ta te o f th e s w itc h m ea ns
c a n b e u til iz ed to p r o v ide a n indic a tio n o f h ig h r ip p l e
c o ntent in- th e m o nito r ed DC v o l ta g e, w h ic h in tu r n,
c a n b e s h o w n to b e r el a ted to p h a s e dr o p - o u t o r r edu c
tio n. Th e l a tter c h a ng e o f s ta te c a n b e u s ed to tr ip a
c ir c u it b r ea k er . In o ne em b o dim ent o f th e inv entio n,
th e s eq u entia l tu r ning ON a nd OF F o f th e tr a ns is to r o r
g a ted s w itc h a s p ea k s a nd v a l l ey s o f th e DC p o w er
s o u r c e v o l ta g e a r e m o nito r ed c a u s es th e g ener a tio n o f
a s er ies o f p u l s es . Th e p u l s es a r e s to r ed in a p u l s e a c c u
m u l a to r netw o r k . W h en a s u f f ic ient nu m b er o f p u l s es
h a v e b een s to r ed, a tr ip p ing a nd/ o r indic a ting o p er a
tio n m a y ta k e p l a c e to c a u s e th e tr ip p ing o f a c ir c u it
b r ea k er a nd/ o r th e indic a tio n o f p h a s e im b a l a nc e.
BRIEF DES CRIPTION OF THE DRAW ING S
F o r a b etter u nder s ta nding o f th e inv entio n, r ef er
r enc e m a y b e h a d to th e p r ef er r ed em b o dim ents exem
p l a r y o f th e inv entio n s h o w n in th e a c c o m p a ny ing
dr a w ing s , in w h ic h :
F IG . 1 s h o w s a th r ee- p h a s e c u r r ent s ens itiv e c ir c u it
p r o tec tio n s y s tem u til iz ing a p h a s e im b a l a nc e l o g ic
m o du l e;
F IG . 2 s h o w s a s ing l e p h a s e c u r r ent s ens itiv e c ir c u it
p r o tec tiv e s y s tem u til iz ing a DC r ip p l e detec to r ;
F IG . 3 s h o w s a s c h em a tic dia g r a m o f th e p h a s e im
b a l a nc e l o g ic m o du l e o f F IG . 1 a nd th e DC r ip p l e de
tec to r s y s tem o f F IG . 2 ;
F IG . 3 A s h o w s a r ip p l e detec to r netw o r k f o r th e
c ir c u it o f F IG . 3 w h er e a PNP tr a ns is to r is u til iz ed
r a th er th a n th e NPN tr a ns is to r o f F IG . 3 ; a nd
I F IG . 4 s h o w s a c ir c u it p r o tec tiv e s y s tem s im il a r to th e
. o ne s h o w n in F IG . 1 w h er e a v o l ta g e s ens itiv e inter c o n
6 0
6 5
nec tio n netw o r k is p r o v ided r a th er th a n a c u r r ent s ens i
tiv e inter c o nnec tio n netw o r k .
DES CRIPTION OF THE PREF ERRED
EMBODIMENT
Ref er r ing no w to th e dr a w ing s , a nd F IG . 1 in p a r tic u
l a r , a c u r r ent s ens itiv e s o l id s ta te m u l ti- el em ent c ir c u it
p r o tec tiv e s y s tem f o r a th r ee- p h a s e l o a d is s h o w n. A
deta il ed des c r ip tio n o f th e o p er a tio n o f a s y s tem s im il a r
to th e o ne s h o w n in F IG . 1 m a y b e f o u nd in th e p r ev i
o u s l y des c r ib ed c o p ending a p p l ic a tio n S er . No .
5 0 4 , 4 0 5 . In th e p r es ent inv entio n, a deta il ed des c r ip
4 , 0 2 1 , 7 0 3
3
tio n o f th e p h a s e im b a l a nc e l o g ic m o du l e 3 0 ' is p r o
v ided h er eina f ter . W ith r eg a r d to th e a p p a r a tu s o f F IG .
1 , th er e a r e th r ee l ines L1 , L2 a nd L3 w h ic h a r e_ s u p - >
p l ied b y a th r ee- p h a s e s o u r c e' th r o u g h a c ir c u it b r ea k er
4 5 a nd c u r r ent s ens o r s 1 2 to a th r ee- p h a s e l o a d. A
c u r r ent IL m a y f l o w in a ny o r a l l o f th e l ines . Th e o u t
p u t o f th e c u r r ent s ens o r s a t l ines 1 4 a nd 1 6 is a v o l ta g e
w h ic h is g ener a l l y p r o p o r tio na l to th e c u r r ent IL. In v a
p r ef er r ed o p er a ting s itu a tiq L, a l l th r ee l ines h a v e ? o w
ing th er ein b a l a nc ed c u r r ents IL, a nd ea c h c u r r ent is
p h a s e- s h if ted b y 1 2 0 el ec tr ic a l deg r ees f r o m th e o th er s .
Th e o u tp u t s ig na l b etw een th e l ines 1 4 a nd 1 6 u nder
th es e o p er a ting c o nditio ns is a r ec ti? ed, b u t g ener a l l y
no nr eg u l a ted DC v o l ta g e s ig na l . W h en th e r ec ti? c a tio n
h a s b een c o m p l eted, a nd w h en th e c ir c u its a r e b a l
a nc ed a nd p r o p er l y p h a s ed, s ix p ea k s a nd s ix v a l l ey s
o c c u r p er c y c l e o f v o l ta g e b etw een l ines 1 4 a nd 1 6 .
Ty p ic a l l y , th er ef o r e, a p r edic ta b l e p er c enta g e o f v o l t:
a g e r ip p l e exis ts b etw een th e tennina l s l 4 a nd 1 6 . In a
w el l b a l a nc ed s y s tem th is p er c enta g e o f v o l ta g e is a p
p r o xim a tel y 4 % to 5 %. Th is u nr eg u l a ted v o l ta g e is
s u p p l ied to v a r io u s o p er a ting m o du l es , s u c h a s 1 9 ,
w h ic h a r e a l s o c o nnec ted in p a r a l l el w ith th e ter m ina l s
1 6 a nd 1 4 . Th er e m a y b e p r o v ided a n o u tp u t ter m ina l
1 9 a w h ic h inter c o nnec ts th e p r ev io u s l y des c r ib ed m o d
u l e 1 9 w ith a n o u tp u t s w itc h 4 2 b y w a y o f a l ine 4 0 .
Th is is u s ef u l to intr o du c e a s ig na l o n a l ine 4 4 w h ic h in
tu r n c o ntr o l s th e c o ntr o l s y s tem o f th e c ir c u it b r ea k er
4 5 . Co ns eq u entl y , c er ta in c u r r ent a nd/ o r v o l ta g e o r
p h a s e r el a tio ns h ip s f o r th e th r ee- p h a s e l o a d m a y c a u s e
indep endent tr ip p ing o f th e c ir c u it b r ea k er 4 5 o th er
th a n b y a p h a s e im b a l a nc e s itu a tio n. Th er e is a l s o p r o
v ided a p h a s e im b a l a nc e l o g ic netw o r k 3 0 ' w h ic h m a y
inc l u de a s a p a r t th er eo f a n indic a to r IND a nd a n o u t
p u t l ine 3 0 a . Th e el ec tr ic a l f ea tu r es o f th e p h a s e im
b a l a nc e netw o r k 3 0 ' w il l b e des c r ib ed h er eina f ter w ith
r es p ec t to F IG . 3 . Th e p h a s e im b a l a nc e l o g ic netw o r k
m a y c a u s e a tr ip p ing o f th e c ir c u it b r ea k er 4 5 b y p r o
v iding a s ig na l to th e o u tp u t s w itc h 4 2 b y w a y o f l ine 4 0
a nd o u tp u t l ine o r ter m ina l 3 0 a if a n im b a l a nc e o f a
p r edeter m ined m ea s u r a b l e a m o u nt o c c u r s in a ny o f th e
c u r r ents IL ? o w ing in th e l ines L1 , L2 a nd L3 . In a
p r ef er r ed em b o dim ent o f th e inv entio n, a p h a s e im b a l
a nc e r ep r es ented b y a 2 0 % r ip p l e w il l c a u s e c ir c u it
b r ea k er tr ip p ing if th e p h a s e im b a l a nc e p er s is ts f o r a
s ig ni? c a nt p er io d o f tim e, w h ic h m a y b e f o u r o r ? v e
l ine c y c l es . Th er e a r e a l s o s h o w n p a r a l l el c o nnec tio n
l ines o r ter m ina l s 3 6 a nd 3 8 w h er e o th er m o du l es , no t
des c r ib ed h er ein, m a y b e p r o v ided f o r p er f o r m ing c er
ta in f u nc tio ns in r el a tio ns h ip to th e v o l ta g e V p r es ent
b etw een th e ter m ina l s 1 4 a nd 1 6 .
Ref er r ing no w to F IG . 2 , a s ing l e p h a s e el ec tr ic a l
s y s tem w h ic h is o th er w is e s im il a r to th e s y s tem o f F IG .
1 is s h o w n. In th is em b o dim ent o f th e inv entio n, a
s ing l e p h a s e s o u r c e is p r o tec ted b y a c ir c u it b r ea k er 4 5
a nd m o nito r ed b y a c u r r ent s ens o r m o du l e 1 2 ' . Th e
c u r r ent s ens o r m o du l e 1 2 is c o nnec ted to a l ine Ll ,
w h ic h in tu r n is c o nnec ted to a s ing l e p h a s e l o a d. Th e
c u r r ent IL' m a y ? o w in th e l ine L] ' . Th e c u r r ent s ens o r
1 2 ' m a y h a v e o u tp u t ter m ina l s 1 4 a nd 1 6 s im il a r to
th o s e s h o w n in F IG . 1 . A v o l ta g e V , w h ic h m a y b e
p r o p o r tio na l to th e c u r r entl L , m a y b e dev el o p ed b e
tw een th e ter m ina l s 1 4 a nd 1 6 . As w a s th e c a s e w ith
r es p ec t to F IG . 1 , m o du l e 1 9 ' m a y b e c o nnec ted to
ter m ina l s 1 4 a nd 1 6 to m ea s u r e c er ta in el ec tr ic a l c h a r ~
a c ter is tic s a s s o c ia ted w ith th e v o l ta g e V' a nd to p r o
v ide a s ig na l o n l ine 4 0 w h ic h is s u f ? c ient to ener g iz e
th e o u tp u t s w itc h 4 2 to a s ta te to c a u s e a s ig na l to exis t
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
5 0
. 5 5
6 0
4
o n th e l ine 4 4 to th u s c a u s e th e c ir c u it b r ea k er 4 5 ' to
o p en a t th e s ep a r a b l e- m a in c o nta c ts A th er eo f ; In th is
em b o dim ent o f th e inv entio n, th e p h a s e im b a l a nc e
l o g ic m o du l e 3 0 ' o f F IG . 1 m a y b e u til iz ed a s a DC
r ip p l e detec to r s y s tem 3 0 " . Th is r ip p l e detec to r 3 0
m a y p r o v ide a n o u tp u t s ig na l o n l ine 3 0 a " to ener g iz e
th e p r ev io u s l y des c r ib ed l ine 4 0 f o r c a u s ing th e c ir c u it
b r ea k er 4 5 to o p en. Th e DC r ip p l e detec to r 3 0 " . m a y
b e g ener a l l y th e s a m e a s th e p h a s e im b a l a nc e l o g ic
c ir c u it 3 0 ' des c r ib ed w ith r es p ec t to F IG . 1 a nd s h o w n
h er eina f ter in F IG . 3 . ,
Ref er r ing no w to F IG . 3 , a p h a s e im b a l a nc e detec to r
c ir c u it 3 0 ' ( o r DC r ip p l e detec to r s y s tem 3 0 " ) is
s h o w n. Th er e is p r o v ided a PLUS inp u t ter m ina l + , - a
MINUS inp u t ter m ina l a nd a TRIP o u tp u t ter m ina l
f o r p h a s e im b a l a nc e detec to r netw o r k 3 0 ' . Th e PLUS
inp u t ter m ina l m a y b e c o nnec ted to l ine 1 4 o f th e c u r
r ent s ens o r s s h o w n in F IG . 1 a nd th e MINUS ter m ina l
m a y b e c o nnec ted to l ine 1 6 o f th e s a m e c u r r ent s en
s o r s . Th e TRIP ter m ina l m a y b e c o nnec ted to l ine 3 0 a
s h o w n inv F IG . 1 o r l ine 3 0 a " s h o w n in F IG . 2 . Th e
indic a to r c ir c u it IND is s h o w n to th e r ig h t o f F IG . 3 ,
j u s t a s it is s h o w n to th e r ig h t o f th e p h a s e im b a l a nc e
l o g ic m o du l e 3 0 in F IG . 1 a nd/ o r th e DC r ip p l e detec
to r s y s tem 3 0 " o f - F IG . 2 . Co nnec ted to th e PLUS
ter m ina l is o ne s ide o f a s to r a g e c a p a c itiv e dev ic e o r
s to r a g e m ea ns Cl , o ne s ide o f a r es is tiv e dev ic e R] , th e
a no de o f a dio de D2 , a nd o ne s ide o f a r es is tiv e el em ent
R1 0 . Th e p r ev io u s l y des c r ib ed r es is tiv e el em ent R1
m a y c o m p r is e th e ? r s t r es is to r o f a tw o r es is to r v o l ta g e
div ider netw o r k . Th e o th er s ide o f th e r es is tiv e el em ent
R1 is c o nnec ted to o ne s ide o f a r es is tiv e el em ent R2
a nd to o ne s ide o f a f es itiv e el em ent R3 . Th e o th er s ide
o f th e r es is tiv e el em ent R3 is c o nnec ted to th e o th er
s ide o f th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent Cl a nd to th e a no de o f a
dio de D1 . Th e o th er s ide o f th e r es is tiv e el em ent R2 is
c o nnec ted to th e- b a s e o f a tr a ns is to r o r s im il a r g a ted
s w itc h ing m ea ns Q1 . Th e em itter o f th e tr a ns is to r O1 is
c o nnec ted to th e c a th o de o f th e dio de D1 a t a s y s tem
c o m m o n l ine 5 0 , w h ic h is el ec tr ic a l l y eq u iv a l ent to th e
MINUS ter m ina l p r ev io u s l y des c r ib ed. Th e c o l l ec to r o f
th e NPN tr a ns is to r 0 1 is c o nnec ted to o ne s ide o f a
r es is tiv e el em ent R4 , to o ne s ide o f a c a p a c itiv e el e
m ent C2 , a nd to th e r eg u l a ting ter m ina l o f a Z ener
dio de D3 . Th e a no de o r o th er ter m ina l o f th e Z ener
dio de D3 is c o nnec ted to th e s y s tem c o m m o n l ine 5 0 .
Th e o th er s ide o f th e r es is tiv e el em ent R4 is c o nnec ted
to th e c a th o de o f th e p r ev io u s l y des c r ib ed dio de ' el e
m ent D2 a nd to o nes ide o f a c a p a c itiv e el em ent C7 ,
th e o th er s ide o f w h ic h is a l s o c o nnec ted to th e s y s tem
c o m m o n l ine 5 0 . Th e o th er s ide o f th e c a p a c itiv e el e
m ent C2 is c o nnec ted to th e a no de o f a dio de D5 a nd
to th e c a th o de o f a dio de D4 . Th e a no de o f th e dio de
D4 is c o nnec ted to o ne s ide o f a r es is tiv e el em ent R5 ,
th e o th er end o f w h ic h is c o nnec ted to th e c o m m o n l ine
5 0 . Th e c a th o de o f th e dio de D5 is c o nnec ted to o ne
end o f a r es is tiv e el em ent R6 , to o ne end o f a c a p a c itiv e
el em ent C3 , a nd to o ne end o f a r es is tiv e el em ent R7 .
Th e o th er end o f th e r es is tiv e el em ent R6 a nd th e o th er
end o f th ec a p a c itiv e el em ent C3 a r e c o nnec ted to th e
s y s tem c o m m o n l ine 5 0 . Th e o th er end o f th e r es is tiv e
el em ent R7 is c o nnec ted to o ne end o f a c a p a c itiv e
el em ent C4 a nd to th e a no de o f a dio de D6 , th e c a th
o ' de o f w h ic h is c o nnec ted to th e em itter o f a PNP
tr a ns is to r Q2 . Th e b a s e o f th e tr a ns is to r O2 is c o n
nec ted to th e o th er s ide o f th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C4 ,
to ' o ne end o f a r es is tiv e el em ent R9 a nd to th e c o l l ec
to r o f a n NPN tr a ns is to r Q3 . Th e b a s e o f th e NPN
4 , 0 2 1 , 7 0 3
5
tr a ns is to r O3 is c o nnec ted to th e c o l l ec to r o f th e PNP
tr a ns is to r Q2 . Co ns eq u entl y , th e tr a ns is to r p a ir c o m
p r is ing th e tr a ns is to r s Q2 a nd Q3 f o r m th e w el l k no w n
a m p l i? c a tio n dev ic e k no w n a s th e Co m p l em enta r y
Pa ir . Th e em itter o f th e tr a ns is to r Q3 is c o nnec ted to
o ne end o f a r es is tiv e el em ent R8, to o ne end o f a
r es is tiv e el em ent R1 2 , to o ne end o f a c a p a c itiv e el e
m ent C5 , to th e c a th o de o f a l ig h t em itting dio de LEDZ
o ne end o f a c a p a c itiv e el em ent C6 , th e a no de o f a
z ener dio de D1 1 a nd to th e a no de o f a dio de D1 3 . Th e
c a th o de o f th e dio de D1 3 is th e TRIP o u tp u t ter m ina l .
Th e o th er end o f th e r es is tiv e el em ent R8 is c o nnec ted
to th e s y s tem c o m m o n l ine 5 0 . Th e o th er ends o f th e
r es is tiv e el em ent R1 2 a nd th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C5
a r e c o nnec ted to g eth er . Th is c o m m o n j u nc tio n is c o n
nec ted to th e c a th o de o f a dio de D9 a nd to th e a no de
o f a n u nij u nc tio n tr a ns is to r ( UJ T) Q4 . Th e g a te o f th e
u nij u nc tio n tr a ns is to r O4 is c o nnec ted to th e o th er s ide
o f th e r es is tiv e el em ent R9 , to th e a no de o f a dio de D7
a nd to th e c a th o de o f a dio de D1 0 . Th e c a th o de o f th e
dio de D7 is c o nnec ted to th e a no de o f a dio de D8, th e
c a th o de o f w h ic h is c o nnec ted to th e a no de o f th e
p r ev io u s l y des c r ib ed dio de D9 . Th e g a te o f th e p r o
g r a m m a b l e u nij u nc tio n tr a ns is to r Q4 is a l s o c o nnec ted
to o ne s ide o f a c a p a c itiv e el em ent C6 . Th e c a th o de o r
o u tp u t ter m ina l o f th e p r o g r a m m a b l e u nij u nc tio n tr a n
s is to r O4 is c o nnec ted to th e a no de o f th e p r ev io u s l y
des c r ib ed l ig h t em itting dio de LEDZ . Th e a no de o f th e
p r ev io u s l y des c r ib ed dio de D1 0 is c o nnec ted to th e
o th er end o f th e p r ev io u s l y des c r ib ed r es is tiv e el em ent
R1 0 a nd to th e r eg u l a ting ter m ina l o f a Z ener Dio de
D1 1 . Th e l ig h t em itting dio de LEDZ c o m p r is es o ne
h a l f o f a l ig h t c o u p l ed p a ir LCP. Th e o th er h a l f o f th e
l ig h t c o u p l ed p a ir LCP c o m p r is es a l ig h t s ens itiv e s il i
c o n c o ntr o l l ed r ec ti? er S CRl th e g a te o f w h ic h is c o n
nec ted to o ne end o f a r es is tiv e el em ent R1 1 , th e o th er
end o f w h ic h is c o nnec ted to th e c a th o de o f th e l ig h t
s ens itiv e s il ic o n c o ntr o l l ed r ec ti? er , tr ia c o r th y r is to r
S CRl . Th is l a tter ter m ina l c o np r is es o ne inp u t ter m ina l
f o r a p o w er s u p p l y POW ER, th e o th er ter m ina l o f
w h ic h is c o nnec ted to o ne s ide o f a r es is tiv e el em ent
R1 2 . Th e o th er s ide o f th e r es is tiv e el em ent R1 2 is
c o nnec ted to th e a no de o f a l ig h t em itting dio de LEDl .
Th e c a th o de o f th e l ig h t em itting dio de LED is c o n
nec ted to th e a no de o f th e p r ev io u s l y des c r b ed l ig h t
s ens itiv e s il ic o n c o ntr o l l ed r ec ti? er S CRl . Th e r es is tiv e
el em ent R1 2 , th e l ig h t em itting dio de LEDl , th e l ig h t
c o u p l ed p a ir LCP, a nd th e r es is tiv e el em ent R1 1 f o r m
th e indic a to r c ir c u it IND r ef er r ed to w ith r es p ec t to
F IG . 1 a nd F IG . 2 . Th e r es is tiv e el em ent R1 , R2 a nd
R3 , th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent Cl , a nd dio de D1 a nd th e
tr a ns is to r 0 1 c o m p r is e a r ip p l e detec to r netw o r k RDN.
Th e r es is tiv e el em ent R6 , th e c a p a c itiv e el em ents C2
a nd C3 a nd th e dio de D5 c o m p r is e a p u l s e a c c u l u l a to r
netw o r k PAN. Th e f u nc tio ns o f th e r ip p l e detec to r
netw o r k RDN, th e PULS E a c c u m u l a to r netw o r k PAN,
a nd th e indic a to r netw o r k IND w il l b e des c r ib ed h er e
il p l z f teg w ith r es p ec t to th e o p er a tio n o f th e a p p a r a tu s o f
Ref er r ing no w to F IG . 3 A, a n a l ter na te em b o dim ent
o f a r ip p l e detec to r netw o r k c ir c u it RDN w h ic h m a y
u til iz e a n PNP tr a ns is to r 0 1 r a th er th a n th e NPN tr a n
s is to r Q1 o f F IG . 3 is s h o w n. Th e a no de o f a dio de D
a nd th e em itter o f th e tr a ns is to r Q1 a r e c o nnec ted to
th e p r ev io u s l y des c r ib ed PLUS + ter m ina l . Th e c a th o de
o f th e dio de D1 is c o nnec ted c o nc u r r entl y to o ne end
o f a r es is tiv e el em ent R1 a nd to o ne end o f a n ener g y
s to r a g e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C1 . Th e o th er end o f th e
1 0
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
5 5
6 0
6 5
6
r es is tiv e el em ent R1 is c o nnec ted c o nc u r r entl y to o ne
end ea c h o f th e r es is tiv e el em ent R2 a nd to o ne end o f
th e r es is tiv e el em ent R3 . Th e o th er end o f th e r es is tiv e
el em ent R3 a nd th e o th er end o f th e c a p a c itiv e el e
m ent C1 a r e c o nnec ted to g eth er a nd to th e MINUS
- ter m ina l . Th e o th er end o f th e r es is tiv e el em ent R2 is
c o nnec ted to th e b a s e o f th e tr a ns is to r Q1 , th e c o l l ec
to r o f w h ic h is c o nnec ted to o ne s ide o f a r es is tiv e
el em ent R4 . Th e o th er s ide o f r es is tiv e el em ent R4 is
c o nnec ted to o ne s ide o f a r es is tiv e el em ent R4 a a nd
th e h ig h s ide o f th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C2 s h o w n in
F IG . 3 . Th e o th er s ide o f r es is tiv e el em ent R4 a is c o n
nec ted to th e MINUS ter m ina l .
OPERATION OF THE PHAS E IMBALANCE
DETECTOR LOG IC CIRCUIT 3 0
Ref er r ing o nc e a g a in to F IG . 3 , it c a n b e s een th a t if
a s o u r c e o f DC v o l ta g e h a v ing a r ip p l e c o m p o nent is
c o nnec ted a c r o s s th e PLUS to MINUS ter m ina l s o f th e
a p p a r a tu s 3 0 ' , r ip p l e detec tio n a nd a p p r o p r ia te r es p o n
s iv e a c tio n c a n b e p r o v ided. Th e p r es enc e o f a s ig ni?
c a nt v a l u e o f v o l ta g e w h ic h m a y b e, f o r exa m p l e, 1 0
v o l ts DC b ew een th e PLUS a nd MINUS ter m ina l s , w il l
c a u s e c er ta in initia l r ea c tio ns . F ir s t, th e c a p a c itiv e
el em ent C7 w il l b e c h a r g ed th r o u g h th e dio de D2 to
s o m e v a l u e w h ic h m a y b e 8 to 1 0 v o l ts , f o r exa m p l e. In
a dditio n, th e Z ener dio de D1 1 , w h ic h m a y h a v e a r eg u
l a ting v a l u e o f 6 . 8 v o l ts , w il l b e ener g iz ed to a r eg u l a t
ing dis p o s itio n b y th e p r es enc e o f th e v o l ta g e a c r o s s th e
PLUS a nd MINUS ter m ina l s . Cu r r ent w il l f l o w th r o u g h
th e r es is tiv e el em ent R1 0 , th r o u g h th e dio de D1 0 , into
th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C6 to c h a r g e th a t c a p a c itiv e
el em ent to a p p r o xim a tel y 6 . 8 v o l ts . Th e dio de D1 0 w il l
p r ev ent th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C6 f r o m dis c h a r g ing
th r o u g h th e Z ener dio de D1 1 . Th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent
C6 m a inta ins a v o l ta g e o n th e g a te G o f th e u nij u nc tio n
tr a ns is to r Q4 . In a dditio n, th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C6
w il l m a inta in a v o l ta g e a c r o s s th e dio des D7 , D8 a nd
th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C5 in p a r a l l el w ith th e r es p ec
tiv e el em ent R1 2 , to k eep th e a no de A o f th e p r o g r a m
m a b l e u nij u nc tio n tr a ns is to r Q4 a t s o m e v o l ta g e v a l u e
w h ic h is l es s th a n th e v a l u e o n th e g a te g . Ty p ic a l l y , th e
p r es enc e o f th e th r ee dio des D7 th r o u g h D9 p r o v ides a
1 . 5 v o l t v o l ta g e dr o p b etw een th e g a te G o f th e p r o
g r a m m a b l e u nij u nc tio n tr a ns is to r 0 4 a nd th e a no de A
th er eo f . In th is dis p o s itio n th e p r o g r a m m a b l e u nij u nc
tio n tr a ns is to r O4 is in th e OF F s ta te, th a t is , no s ig ni?
c a nt c u r r ent f l o w s o u t o f th e c a th o de C th er eo f . Th e
c a p a c itiv e el em ent C6 a l s o p r o v ides a v o l ta g e a t th e
b a s e o f th e tr a ns is to r el em ent Q2 . Under no r m a l o p er
a ting c o nditio ns , th a t is w h en th e r ip p l e c o ntent o f th e
DC s ig na l b etw een th e ter m ina l s 1 4 a nd 1 6 is l o w , th e
c o m p l em enta r y p a ir Q2 - Q3 is OF F . Th e r es is tiv e el e
m ent R1 2 , w h ic h s h u nts th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C5 is a
dis c h a r g e r es is to r f o r c a p a c itiv e el em ent C5 . Th e r es is
tiv e el em ent R8 p r o v ide no is e im m u nity f o r th e TRIP
ter m ina l to p r ev ent s p u r io u s tr ip p ing . Th e c a p a c itiv e
el em ent C4 a l s o a c ts a s a no is e s u p p r es s io n dev ic e f o r
th e c o m p l em enta r y p a ir c o m p r is ing th e tr a ns is to r s Q2
a nd Q3 . G ener a l l y , th e v o l ta g e w h ic h is a c c u m u l a ted
o n th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C3 du r ing a no nexc es s iv e
r ip p l e c o nditio n is s ig ni? c a ntl y l es s th a n th e v o l ta g e a t
th e b a s e o f th e tr a ns is to r Q2 . Th is a c c o u nts f o r th e
c o m p l em enta r y p a ir Q2 - Q3 b eing OF F o r in a no nc o n
du c ting s ta te du r ing l o w r ip p l e c o nditio ns . Pr es u m ing
no w th a t a DC v o l ta g e is s u p p l ied b etw een th e PLUS
a nd MINUS ter m ina l s o f th e a p p a r a tu s 3 0 ' a nd th a t th e
DC v o l ta g e h a s a r ip p l e o f a p p r o xim a tel y 4 %, it c a n b e
4 , 0 2 1 , 7 0 3
7
s een th a t th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent Cl w il l c h a r g e th r o u g h
th e dio de el em ent D1 to th e p ea k DC v o l ta g e, w h ic h ,
f o r exa m p l e, m a y b e 1 0 v o l ts . G ener a l l y a s s u b s eq u ent
r ip p l e v a l l ey s a nd p ea k s o c c u r a t th e PLUS a nd MINUS
ter m ina l s , th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent w il l m a inta in its p ea k
v o l ta g e. In o ne em b o dim ent o f th e inv entio n, th e c a
p a c itiv e el em ent C1 a nd th e r es is tiv e el em ents R1 a nd
R3 h a v e a c o l l ec tiv e tim e c o ns ta nt o f a p p r o xim a tel y 6 0
m il l is ec o nds . Th e r es is tiv e el em ents R1 a nd R3 in a ddi
tio n to p r o v iding a v er y s l o w dis c h a r g e p a th f o r th e
c a p a c itiv e el em ent Cl c o m p r is e a v o l ta g e div ider . In a
p r ef er r ed em b o dim ent o f th e inv entio n th e v a l u es o f
th e r es is tiv e el em ents R1 a nd R3 a r e s u c h th a t 2 0 % o f
th e v o l ta g e s to r ed o n th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C1 is im
p r es s ed in p o s itiv e v o l ta g e o r ienta tio n f r o m th e b a s e to
em itter o f th e s w itc h ing m ea ns o r tr a ns is to r Q1 . Th is o f
c o u r s e neg l ec ts th e ef f ec t o f l ea k a g e r es is ta nc e in th e
tr a ns is to r a nd th e v o l ta g e dr o p a c r o s s dio de el em ents .
In a p r ef er r ed em b o dim ent o f th e inv entio n, th is v o l t
a g e m a y a m o u nt to 2 v o l ts . It c a n b e r ea dil y s een th a t
th e v o l ta g e p er c enta g e o r r a tio m a y b e v a r ied to o th er
v a l u es th a n th e 2 0 % v a l u e w h ic h w a s c h o s en f o r c o nv e
nienc e o f il l u s tr a tio n. In th is em b o dim ent o f th e inv en
tio n, th e s ig ni? c a nt v o ta g e b ia s p r o v ided f r o m th e b a s e
to em itter o f th e tr a ns is to r Q1 m a inta ins th a t tr a ns is to r
in th e ON o r c o ndu c ting s ta te. Th is h a s th e ef f ec t o f
s h o r ting o u t th e Z ener dio de D3 , w h ic h is a v o l ta g e
l im iter a nd o f k eep ing th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C2 dis
c h a r g ed b y w a y o f a dis c h a r g e c ir c u it inc l u ding th e
tr a ns is to r el em ent Q1 , th e dio de el em ent D4 a nd th e
r es is tiv e el em ent R5 . Co ns eq u entl y , c u r r ent w h ic h
? o w s b etw een th e PLUS a nd MINUS ter m ina l s w il l
ta k e a p a th th r o u g h th e dio de el em ent D2 , th e r es is tiv e
el em ent R4 a nd th e r el a tiv el y l o w im p eda nc e c o ndu c t
ing tr a ns is to r Q1 . Ac c o r ding to th e exa m p l e p r ev io u s l y
dis c u s s ed, w h en th e v a l l ey o f th e DC r ip p l e is im
p r es s ed a c r o s s th e PLUS to MINUS ter m ina l s , th e
em itter o f th e tr a ns is to r 0 1 w il r a is e in v a l u e r el a tiv e to
its b a s e. Ho w ev er , s inc e th e r ip p l e is a p p r o xim a tel y 4 %
o f th e p ea k v a l u e a nd th e b a s e v o l ta g e is a p p r o xim a tel y
2 0 % o f th e p ea k v a l u e, it c a n b e ea s il y s een th a t th is
s l ig h t inc r ea s e in em itter v o l ta g e r el a tiv e to th e p ea k
v o l ta g e w il l no t c h a ng e th e c o ndu c ting s ta tu s o f th e
tr a ns is to r 0 1 . As s u m e no w th a t th e r ip p l e v o l ta g e c o m
p o nent inc r ea s es s ig ni? c a ntl y , th is c a n b e du e to th e
f a c t th a t o ne o f th e l ines L1 , L2 a nd L3 s h o w n in F IG .
1 h a s a b l o w n f u s e th er ein o r o th er w is e l o s es c u r r ent
? o w th er eth r o u g h c o m p l etel y o r s ig ni? c a ntl y th o u g h
no t to ta l l y . Pr es u m e, f o r exa m p l e, th a t' th is p r o du c es a
v o l ta g e r ip p l e' o f a p p r o xim a tel y 3 0 %, w h ic h is a r b itr a r
il y c h o s en m er el y f o r c o nv enienc e o f il l u s tr a tio n. It c a n
b e s een in th is exa m p l e th a t a s th e v a l l ey o f th e r ip p l e
is a p p r o a c h ed, th e 2 0 % o f p ea k v a l u e p o int o f th e v o l t
a g e div ider is ev entu a l l y p a s s ed b y th e r ip p l e v o l ta g e
env el o p e. Th is w il l r a is e th e em itter o f th e tr a ns is to r O1
to a v o l ta g e v a l u e a b o v e th e b a s e v o l ta g e v a l u e th er eo f
a nd h a v e th e ef f ec t o f tu r ning OF F th e no r m a l l y c o n
du c ting tr a ns is to r Ql . W h en th is h a p p ens , a v o l ta g e
p u l s e a p p ea r s a t th e h ig h s ide o f th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent
C2 . Of c o u r s e th e v o l ta g e p u l s e is l im ited b y th e r eg u
l a ting v a l u e o f th e Z ener dio de D3 , w h ic h m a y , f o r
exa m p l e, b e 2 4 v o l ts . Th is v o l ta g e p u l s e is a p p l ied to
th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C2 w h ic h c a u s es c h a r g ing o f th e
c a p a c itiv e el em ent C2 th r o u g h th e dio de D5 a nd th e
c a p a c itiv e el em ent C3 . Th e v o l ta g e a t th e l o w s ide o f
th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C2 r ev er s e b ia s es th e dio de D4 .
In a dditio n, th e r es is tiv e el em ents R6 a nd R7 a r e s ig nif
ic a ntl y h ig h er in im p eda nc e v a l u e th a n th e c a p a c itiv e
5
2 0
2 5
3 0
4 0
4 5
5 0
5 5
6 5
8
el em ent C3 a t 6 0 Her tz . It if f o r th is r ea s o n th a t th e
c h a r g ing p a th b etw een th e PLUS a nd MINUS ter m ina l s
inc l u des a t th is tim e th e dio de el em ent D2 , th e r es is tiv e
el em ent R4 w h ic h l im its th e c h a r g ing c u r r ent th r o u g h
th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C2 , th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C2 ,
th e dio de D5 , a nd th e c a p a tiv e el em ent C3 . Bec a u s e o f
th e r el a tiv e v a l u es o f c a p a c ita nc e o f th e c a p a c itiv e
el em ents C2 a nd C3 , th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C2 is m o r e
q u ic k l y f u l l y c h a r g ed th a n th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C3 .
W h en th e v o l ta g e env el o p e o f th e DC r ip p l e inc r ea s es
in v a l u e r el a tiv e to th e PLUS ter m ina l o nc e a g a in th is
h a s th e ef f ec tiv e o f f o r w a r d b ia s ing th e tr a ns is to r Q1
a nd th u s r em o v es th e v o l ta g e p u l s e w h ic h w a s p r ev i
o u s l y a p p l ied. W h en th is o c c u r s , th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent
C2 q u ic k l y dis c h a r g es th r o u g h th e c o ndu c ting tr a ns is
to r Q1 a nd th e no w c o ndu c ting dio de D4 , a s w el l a s th e
r es is tiv e el em ent R5 . Th is q u ic k l y r edu c es th e v o l ta g e
o n th e a no de o f th e dio de D5 - to a v o l ta g e v a l u e b el o w
th e v a l u e s to r ed o n th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C3 . W h en
th is h a p p ens , th e dio de el em ent D5 b ec o m es r ev er s e
b ia s ed. Th e dis c h a r g e p a th f o r th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent
C3 is th en th r o u g h th e r es is tiv e el em ent R6 a nd th e
r es is tiv e el em ent R7 a s w el l a s th e no nc o ndu c ting c o m
p l em enta r y p a ir Q2 - Q3 . It c a n b e s een th a t th e c a p a c i
tiv e el em ent C3 th er ef o r e w il l no t dis c h a r g e a p p r ec ia
b l y if th e r es is tiv e el em ent R6 is s ig ni? c a ntl y l a r g e. In a
p r ef er r ed em b o dim ent o f th e inv entio n, th e dis c h a r g e
tim e f o r th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C3 m a y b e a s m u c h a s
5 0 0 m il l is ec c o nds . As th e v o l ta g e env el o p e o f th e r ip
p l e c o m p o nent o nc e a g a in a p p r o a c h es th e v a l l ey v a l u e,
th e tr a ns is to r el em ent Q1 is o nc e a g a in tu r ned OF F ,
c a u s ing th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C2 to b e c h a r g ed a g a in
a nd c a u s ing th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C3 to a c c u m u l a te
a dditio na l c h a r g e a nd a h ig h er ter m ina l v o l ta g e. Th is
o p er a tio n is r ep ea ted o v er a nu m b er o f r ip p l e c y c l es
u ntil th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C3 h a s a c c u m u l a ted a
s u f ? c ient c h a r g e to p r o v ide a v o l ta g e v a l u e a t th e p o s i
tiv e s ide o f th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C3 w h ic h is l a r g er
th a n th e v o l ta g e v a l u e o n th e b a s e o f th e tr a ns is to r Q2 .
W h en th is o c c u r s , th e tr a ns is to r Q2 c o ndu c ts , c a u s ing
th e tr a ns is to r Q3 to q u ic k l y b e p l a c ed in a s ta tu s o f
c o ndu c tio n. Th is , th en, p r o v ides dis c h a r g e p a th s f o r
th e c a p a c itiv e el em ents C3 a nd C6 th r o u g h th e c o m
p l em enta r y p a ir Q2 - Q3 a nd th r o u g h th e dio de D1 3 to
th e l ine 3 0 a / 3 0 a " , a s th e c a s e m a y b e, to c a u s e a tr ip
p ing o f a c ir c u it b r ea k er 4 5 / 4 5 o r th e ener g iz a tio n o f
a n o u tp u t s w itc h o r a ny o th er u s ef u l f u nc tio n. It w il l b e
no ted th a t th e r es is tiv e el em ent R8 p r o v ides a r el a tiv el y
h ig h im p eda nc e p a th r el a tiv e to th e dio de el em ent D1 3
f o r c u r r ent ? o w ing o u t o f th e em itter o f th e tr a ns is to r
Q3 . Th is h a s a tendenc y to s h u nt th e c u r r ent to th e
dio de D1 3 a nd into th e tr ip c ir c u it f o r th e tr ip p ing
o p er a tio n. Th e r etu r n p a th f r o m th e a p p a r a tu s s er v ed
b y th e tr ip c ir c u it o n l ines 3 0 a / 3 0 a " is to th e neg a tiv e
b u s 5 0 . As th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C6 is dis c h a r g ed
th r o u g h th e c o m p l em enta r y p a ir Q2 - Q3 , th e v o l ta g e o n
th e to p p l a te th er eo f r edu c es in v a l u e; h o w ev er , b e
c a u s e o f th e p r es enc e o f th e dio des D7 - D9 , th e v o l ta g e
o n th e to p ter m ina l o f c a p a c itiv e el em ent C5 do es no t
s ig ni? c a ntl y r edu c e in v a l u e. Co ns eq u entl y , th e v o l ta g e
o n th e g a te G o f th e p r o g r a m m a b l e u nij u nc tio n tr a ns is
to r Q4 ev entu a l l y b ec o m es l es s th a n th e v o l ta g e o n th e
a no de A. W h en th is h a p p ens , th e p r o g r a m m a b l e u ni
j u nc tio n tr a ns is to r Q4 c o ndu c ts . Cu r r ent is th er eb y
p r o v ided f r o m b o th th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C5 a nd C6
th r o u g h th e c a th o de C o f th e p r o g r a m m a b l e u nij u nc
tio n tr a ns is to r O4 to th e l ig h t em itting dio de LED2 o f
th e l ig h t c o u p l ed p a ir LCP. Th e c u r r ent th en r etu r ns to
4 , 0 2 1 , 7 0 3
th e a p p r o p r ia te p l a tes o n th e r es p ec tiv e c a p a c ito r s C5
a ndd C6 th r o u g h v a r io u s p a th s . W h en th is h a p p ens , th e
l ig h t em itting dio de LED2 p r o v ides l ig h t ener g y to th e
l ig h t s ens itiv e s il ic o n c o ntr o l l ed r ec ti? er S CRl , c a u s ing
th a t l a tter el em ent to c o ndu c t. Th is p r o v ides a c l o s ed
p a th f o r el ec tr ic a l p o w er f r o m th e POW ER s o u r c e
th r o u g h th e r es is tiv e el em ent R1 2 a nd th e l ig h t em it
ting dio de LEDl , th r o u g h th e c o ndu c ting s il ic o n c o n
tr o l l ed r ec ti? er S CRl a nd b a c k to th e r etu r n ter m ina l
o n th e POW ER s o u r c e. Th e l ig h t em itting dio de LEDl
th er eb y p r o v ides a n il l u m ina ted indic a tio n o f a tr ip
s ig na l b eing p r o v ided b y th e w a y o f th e dio de Dl 3 to
th e tr ip ter m ina l TRIP. It c a n b e s een th a t th e a p p a r a
tu s 3 0 ( o r 3 0 " , a s th e c a s e m a y b e) c a n p r o v ide a
tr ip p ing f u nc tio n in r es p o ns e, to a dr o p - o u t o f p h a s e
c u r r ent, a dim u nitio n o f p h a s e c u r r ent o r a n inc r ea s e o f
p h a s e c u r r ent o n o ne o r m o r e p h a s es o f a th r ee- p h a s e
l o a d, a s is s h o w n in F IG . 1 , o r it c a n p r o v ide a DC
r ip p l e detec to r indic a tio n, s u c h a s is indic a ted a t 3 0 " in
F IG . 2 .
Ref er r ing no w to F IG . 3 A a g a in, th e r ip p l e detec to r
RDDN' is u til iz ed f o r a c c o m p l is h ing th e s a m e p u r p o s e
a s r ip p l e detec to r RDN o f F IG . 3 . In th is c a s e, h o w ev er ,
th e PNP tr a ns is to r O1 is u s ed r a th er th a n th e NPN
tr a ns is to r Q1 o f F IG . 3 . Onc e a g a in, th e c a p a c itiv e
el em ent Cl is c h a r g ed b y w a y o f th e dio de el em ent
Dl f r o m PLUS to MINUS . Th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent Cl
h o l ds th e p ea k v o l ta g e f o r a r el a tiv el y l o ng p er io d o f
tim e. Th e dis c h a r g e p a th o f th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C1
is th r o u g h th e r es is tiv e el em ents R1 a nd R3 . In th is
c a s e, th e r el a tiv e v a l u es o f th e r es is tiv e el em ents R1
a nd R3 a r e c h o s en s o th a t th e v o l ta g e dr o p a c r o s s th e
r es is tiv e el em ent R1 is deter m ina tiv e o f th e r ip p l e
v a l u e to b e m ea s u r ed. It w il l b e no ted th a t th e exa m p l e
g iv en w ith r es p ec t to F IG . 3 c o nc er ning th e a m o u nt o f
p er c enta g e o f v o l ta g e o n th e b a s e o f th e tr a ns is to r Q1
w a s a im ed a t a 2 0 % r ip p l e detec tio n b y p r o v iding a p
p r o xim a tel y 2 , v o l ts o u t o f a p ea k v a l u e o f 1 0 v o l ts a t
th e j u nc tio n b etw een th e r es is tiv e el em ents R1 , R2 a nd
R3 r el a tiv e to th e MINUS ter m ina l . To a c c o m p l is h th e
s a m e p u r p o s e w ith r es p ec t to th e- a p p a r a tu s o f F IG . 3 A,
th e p er c enta g e o f v o l ta g e a t th e j u nc tio n p o int b etw een
th e r es is tiv e el em ents R1 , R2 a nd R3 s h o u l d b e a p
p r o xim a tel y 80 % o f th e f u l l v o l ta g e a c r o s s th e c a p a c i
tiv e el em ent Cl r el a tiv e to th e MINUS ter m ina l . G en
er a l l y , th e tr a ns is to r el em ent 0 1 is in a n ON s ta te a s
l o ng a s th e r ip p l e v a l u e do es no t exc eed th e p r edeter
m ined p er c enta g e, w h ic h in th is c a s e is 2 0 %. Ho w ev er ,
a s th e v o l ta g e env el o p e a p p r o a c h es a v a l l ey w h er e th e
r ip p l e c o ntent is g r ea ter th a n 2 0 %, th e tr a ns is to r el e
m ent 0 1 ' w il l tu r n o f f . W h en th is h a p p ens , th e c a p a c i
tiv e el em ent C2 dis c h a r g es in a m a nner s im il a r to th a t
des c r ib ed w ith r es p ec t to F IG . 3 th a t is , c u r r ent
f l o w s f r o m th e p o s itiv e p l a te o f th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent
C2 th r o u g h th e r es is tiv e el em ent R4 a b a c k u p th r o u g h
th e r es is tiv e el em ent R5 s h o w n in F IG . 3 th r o u g h th e
c o ndu c ting dio de D4 s h o w n in F IG . 3 a nd b a c k to th e
neg a tiv e p l a te o f th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C2 . As th e
r ip p l e env el o p e m o v es a w a y f r o m th e p r ev io u s l y de
s c r ib ed v a l l ey a nd to w a r d a p ea k v a l u e o nc e a g a in, th e
tr a ns is to r el em ent Q1 tu r ns o n o nc e a g a in. Th is a l l o w s
c u r r ent to f l o w th r o u g h th e ON tr a ns is to r el em ent Q1
th r o u g h th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent C2 , th r o u g h th e dio de
D5 s h o w n in F IG . 3 to c h a r g e th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent
C3 s h o w n in F IG . 3 in th e m a nner p r ev io u s l y des c r ib ed
w ith r es p ec t to F IG . 3 . Th e r em a inder o f th e o p er a tio n
o f th e c ir c u it is s im il a r to th a t des c r ib ed w ith r es p ec t to
th e c ir c u it o f F IG . 3 . W ith r es p ec t to th e em b o dim ents
0
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
5 0
5 5
6 0
6 5
1 0
o f F IG ; 3 a nd F IG . 3 A it c a n b e s een th a t r ip p l e p er
c enta g e is m ea s u r ed r el a tiv e to th e p ea k v a l u e o f v o l t
a g e th a t is , r ip p l e is detec ted b y m ea s u r ing th e dif
f er enc e b etw een th e p ea k v a l u e o f th e v o l ta g e env el o p e
a nd th e v a l l ey v a l u e o f th e v o l ta g e env el o p e.
Ref er r ing no w to F IG . 4 , s til l a no th er em b o dim ent o f
th e inv entio n is s h o w n. In th is c a s e, th e a p p a r a tu s 3 0
dis c u s s ed w ith r es p ec t to F IG . 3 a nd F IG . 3 A, is s h o w n
in b l o c k dia g r a m f o r m . Al s o s h o w n a s s o c ia ted th er e
w ith a r e th e indic a to r [ ND a nd th e tr ip l ine TRIP. Th e
TRIP l ine f eeds th e c ir c u it b r ea k er , g ener a l l y des ig
na ted CB, w h ic h is c o nnec ted in s er ies c ir c u it r el a tio n
s h ip w ith th r ee l ines , L1 , L2 a nd L3 , w h ic h l ines p r o
v ide el ec tr ic a l p o w er b etw een a th r ee- p h a s e s o u r c e o n
th e l ef t a nd a th r ee- p h a s e l o a d o n th e r ig h t. In th is c a s e,
th e PLUS a nd MINUS ter m ina l s o f th e c ir c u it o f F IG .
3 a r e c o nnec ted to s ens e v o l ta g e dir ec tl y f r o m th e l ines
L1 , L2 a nd L3 r a th er th a n to s ens e l ine c u r r ent ex
p r es s ed in ter m s o f v o l ta g e a s is s h o w n w ith r es p ec t to
th e em b o dim ents o f F IG . 1 a nd F IG . 2 . In o r der to
a c c o m p l is h th is , th r ee s ep a r a te dio de c ir c u its a r e c o n
nec ted in p a r a l l el c ir c u it r el a tio ns h ip w ith th e PLUS
a nd MINUS ter m ina l s o f c ir c u it 3 0 ' o f F IG . 4 . Th e ? r s t
dio de c ir c u it c o m p r is es tw o dio des Da l a nd Da 2 c o n
nec ted in s er ies c ir c u it r el a tio ns h ip w ith ea c h o th er .
Th e a no de o f dio de Da 2 is c o nnec ted to th e MINUS
ter m ina l o f th e a p p a r a tu s 3 0 a nd th e c a th o de o f th e
dio de Da 2 is c o nnec ted to th e a no de o f th e dio de Da l .
Th e c a th o de o f th e dio de Da l is c o nnec ted to th e
PLUS ter m ina l o f th e p h a s e im b a l a nc e l o g ic c ir c u it o r
DC r ip p l e detec to r 3 0 ' . Lik ew is e, dio des Da l a nd Db 2
a nd D0 1 a nd D0 2 a r e c o nnec ted in s im il a r s er ies c ir c u it
r el a tio ns h ip w ith th e PLUS a nd MINUS ter m ina l s .
Co nnec ted b etw een th e j u nc tio n o f th e dio de Da l a nd
Da 2 is a n el ec tr ic a l l ine w h ic h is dir ec tl y tied to a p o int
a o n th e p o w er l ine L1 . S im il a r l y , c o nnec ted b etw een
th e dio des Db l a nd Db 2 is a l ine w h ic h is c o nnec ted
dir ec tl y a t p o int b to a p o r tio n o f l ine L2 ; a nd ? na l l y , a
l ine is c o nnec ted b etw een th e dio des Dc l a nd Dc 2 to a
p o int c o n th e l ine L3 . Co ns eq u entl y , th e ins ta nta neo u s
v o l ta g es o f th es e l ines a r e s u p er im p o s ed u p o n o ne a n
o th er in a h a l f w a v e r ec ti? ed dis p o s itio n s o a s to p r o
v ide inp u ts to th e PLUS a nd MINUS ter m ina l s o f th e
a p p a r a tu s 3 0 s im il a r to th e inp u ts p r ev io u s l y des c r ib ed
w ith r es p ec t to th e em b o dim ents o f F IG . 1 a nd F IG . 2 .
In a no th er em b o dim ent o f th e inv entio n s h o w n in F IG .
1 , p r im a r y w inding s o f tr a ns f o m ic r s m a y b e inter c o n
nec ted eith er in del ta o r Y c o n? g u r a tio n o r a ny c o m b i
na tio n th er eo f b etw een th e l ines L1 , L2 a nd L3 to f eed
s ec o nda r y w inding s w h ic h a r e a l s o c o nnec ted in Y o r
del ta o r s im il a r c o m b ina tio ns to th e m idp o int o f th e
p r ev io u s l y des c r ib ed dio de b r idg es Da l , Da 2 , ec t, .
It is to b e u nder s to o d w ith r es p ec t to th e em b o di
m ents o f th is inv entio n th a t th e k ind o f th e l o a d to b e
p r o tec ted m a y b e a m o to r o r a ny o th er k ind o f th r ee
p h a s e l o a d w h er e p h a s e c u r r ent dr o p o u t, dim u nitio n o r
enl a r g em ent is p o s s ib l e. It is a l s o to b e u nder s to o d th a t
th e c o nc ep ts o f th is inv entio n m a y b e u til iz ed to c o r r ec t
f o r p h a s e im b a l a nc e o r to detec t DC r ip p l e. It is a l s o to
b e u nder s to o d th a t th e r ip p l e detec to r ta u g h t w ith r e
s p ec t to F IG . 3 m a y b e u til iz ed to p r o v ide inp u t inf o r
m a tio n to el ec tr ic a l c ir c u it a p p a r a tu s o th er th a n th a t
s h o w n in F IG . 3 . It is a l s o to b e u nder s to o d th a t th e
v a r io u s tim e c o ns o na nts o f th e c a p a c itiv e el em ent de
s c r ib ed h er ein a r e no t l im iting . It is a l s o to b e u nder
s to o d th a t th e p er c enta g e r ip p l e v a l u es w h ic h w er e
a r b itr a r il y c h o s en to b e 2 0 % f o r il l u s tr a tiv e p u r p o s es
a r e a l s o no t l im iting . It is a l s o to b e u nder s to o d th a t th e
4 , 0 2 1 , 7 0 3
1 1
c a p a c itiv e el em ent C7 s h o w n' in F IG . 3 is u s ef u l f o r
p r o v iding el ec tr ic a l ener g y to c h a r g e th e c a p a c itiv e
el em ents C2 a nd C3 in th e c a s e o f a c o m p l ete l ine
dr o p o u t - th a t is , w h er e th e r ip p l e v a l u e g o es to a s
h ig h a s 1 0 0 % in c er ta in c o nditio ns . It is a l s o to b e u n- 5
der s to o d th a t th e a p p a r tu s ta u g h t in th is inv entio n m a y
u til iz e 6 0 Hz . p o w er o r p o w er o f o th er f r eq u enc ies .
Th e a p p a r a tu s em b o died in th e tea c h ing s o f th is in
v entio n h a s m a ny a dv a nta g es . One a dv a nta g e l ies in th e
f a c t th a t p h a s e dr o p o u t, dim u nitio n o r enl a r g em ent o f 1 0
a th r ee- p h a s e o r m u l ti- p h a s e c u r r ent m a y b e detec ted
b y u til iz ing th e r ip p l e c o m p o nent o f th e f u l l w a v e r ec ti
? ed c u r r ent o f th e c ir c u it. S inc e r ip p l e detec tio n is
m ea s u r ed f r o m p ea k v a l u e o f v a l l ey v a l u e in th is s itu a
tio n, r ip p l e detec tio n o f a h ig h deg r ee o f s ens itiv ity a nd
a c c u r a c y m a y b e a tta ined. Ano th er a dv a nta g e a s s o
c ia ted w ith th is inv entio n l ies in th e f a c t th a t p h a s e
f a il u r e w h ic h is no t c o m p l ete - th a t is , w h er e th e
p h a s e c u r r ent do es no t r edu c e its el f to z er o , m a y b e
detec ted u til iz ing th e c o nc ep ts o f th is inv entio n.
1 5
2 0
W e c l a im :
1 . A dir ec t c u r r ent r ip p l e detec to r , c o m p r is ing :
a . p o s itiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns c o nnec ted to th e
p o s itiv e ter m ina l o f a v o l ta g e s o u r c e o f dir ec t c u r
r ent w h ic h h a s a c o m p o nent o f v o l ta g e r ip p l e
w h er ein:
b . neg a tiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns c o nnec ted to th e
neg a tiv e ter m ina l o f s a id s o u r c e:
c . dio de m ea ns h a v ing c a th o de m ea ns a nd a no de
m ea ns , s a id c a th o de m ea ns b eing c o nnec ted to s a id
neg a tiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns ;
d. s to r a g e m ea ns , o ne ter m ina l o f w h ic h is c o nnec ted
to s a id p o s itiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns a nd a no th er
ter m ina l o f w h ic h is c o nnec ted to s a id a no de m ea ns
f o r s to r ing f o r a p r edeter m ined du r a tio n a s to r ed
v o l ta g e v a l u e w h ic h is g ener a l l y eq u iv a l ent to th e
h ig h es t v a l u e o f v o l ta g e o f s a id s o u r c e;
e. v o l ta g e div ider m ea ns c o nnec ted in p a r a l l el c ir c u it
r el a tio ns h ip w ith s a id s to r a g e m ea ns , s a id div ider
m ea ns h a v ing ? r s t a nd s ec o nd o u tp u t ter m ina l
m ea ns , s a id div ider m ea ns p r o v iding a s ec o nd v o l t
a g e v a l u e in p o s itiv e to neg a tiv e v o l ta g e r el a tio n
s h ip b etw een s a id ? r s t a nd s a id s ec o nd o u tp u t ter
m ina l m ea ns , r es p ec tiv el y , s a id l a tter v o l ta g e v a l u e
b eing eq u iv a l ent to a p r edeter m ined p er c enta g e o f 4 5
s a id s to r ed v o l ta g e v a l u e; a nd
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
' f . s w itc h m ea ns h a v ing a ? r s t ter m ina l m ea ns , a s ec
o nd ter m ina l m ea ns a nd a g a te ter m ina l m ea ns f o r
b eing tu r ned o n to a c o ndu c ting s ta te in r es p o ns e
to th e p r es enc e o f a p r edeter m ined v a l u e o f v o l ta g e
w h ic h is o r iented p o s itiv e to neg a tiv e f r o m s a id
g a te ter m ina l m ea ns to s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns ,
r es p ec tiv el y , a nd f o r b eing tu r ned o f f to a no nc o n
du c ting s ta te in r es p o ns e to a s ec o nd p r edeter
m ined v a l u e o f v o l ta g e w h ic h is o r iented neg a tiv e
to p o s itiv e f r o m s a id g a te ter m ina l m ea ns to s a id
s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns , r es p ec tiv el y , s a id ? r s t ter
m ia nl m ea ns b eing c o nnec ted to s a id p o s itiv e inp u t
ter m ina l , s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns b eing c o n
nec ted to s a id neg a tiv e ter m ina l m ea ns , s a id g a te
ter m ina l m ea ns b eing c o nnec ted to s a id ? r s t di
v ider m ea ns o u tp u t ter m ina l m ea ns , s a id s ec o nd
v o l ta g e div ider m ea ns o u tp u t ter m ina l m ea ns b eing
c o nnec ted to s a id a no de m ea ns , s a id v o l ta g e b e
tw een s a id ? r s t a nd s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns o f 6 5
' s a id s w itc h b eing c a p a b l e o f v a r y ing g ener a l l y in
s ta nta neo u s l y in r el a tio n to s a id c o m p o nent o r
r ip p l e o f s a id dir ec t c u r r ent v o l ta g e o f s a id s o u r c e,
5 0
5 5
6 0
1 2
' th e v o l ta g e v a l u e a t s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns o f
s a id s w itc h m ea ns r el a tiv e to s a id v o l ta g e o f s a id
p o s itiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns g ener a l l y tr a c k ing
s a id c o m p o nents o f r ip p l e w h en s a id g a te ter m ina l
. m ea ns v o l ta g e o f s a id s w itc h m ea ns r em a ins g ener
a l l y ? xed a t s a id h ig h es t v a l u e o f v o l ta g e o f s a id
s o u r c e f o r s a id p r edeter m ined du r a tio n, th e p r es
enc e o f s a id dio de m ea ns a l l o w ing th e l a tter r el a
tio ns h ip b etw eens a id g a te ter m ina l m ea ns v o l ta g e
a nd s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns v o l ta g e to exis t,
s a id s w itc h m ea ns th er ef o r e b eing tu m ed' o f f o nl y
w h en s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns v o l ta g e is g ener
a l l y m o r e p o s itiv e th a n s a id g a te ter m ina l m ea ns
v o l ta g e r el a tiv e to th e ins ta nta neo u s v o l ta g e o f s a id
p o s itiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns to th er eb y indic a te a
p r edeter m ined, dif f er enc e in v a l u e b etw een s a id
s to r ed h ig h es t v a l u e o f s o u r c e v o l ta g e a nd a l o w er
v o l ta g e du r ing s a id p r edeter m ined du r a tio n, s a id
p r edeter m ined dif f er enc e b eing r el a ted to s a id
p r edeter m ined p er c enta g e, o f s a id v o l ta g e div ider
m ea ns . - *
2 . Th e c o m b ina tio n a s c l a im ed in c l a im 1 w h er ein
s a id s to r a g e m ea ns c o m p r is e a c a p a c ito r .
3 . Th e c o m b ina tio n a s c l a im ed in c l a im 1 w h er ein
s a id s w itc h m ea ns c o m p r is es a tr a ns is to r , w h er ein s a id
g a te ter m ina l m ea ns c o m p r is es a tr a ns is to r b a s e, s a id
? r s t ter m ina l m ea ns c o m p r is es a tr a ns is to r c o l l ec to r
a nd s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns c o m p r is es a tr a ns is to r
em itter . -
4 . A dir ec t c u r r ent r ip p l e detec to r a nd p r o tec tio n
dev ic e f o r a s o u r c e o f dir ec t c u r r ent, c o m p r is ing :
a . p o s itiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns c o nnec ted to th e
p o s itiv e ter m ina l o f a v o l ta g e s o u r c e o f dir ec t c u r
r ent w h ic h h a s a c o m p o nent o f v o l ta g e r ip p l e
th er ein; ~
b . neg a tiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns c o nnec ted to th e
neg a tiv e ter m ina l o f s a id s o u r c e;
c . dio de m ea ns h a v ng c a th o de m ea ns a nd- a no de
m ea ns , s a id c a th o de m ea ns b eing c o nnec ted to s a id
neg a tiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns ; "
. s to r a g e m ea ns , o ne ter m ina l o f w h ic h is c o nnec ted
to s a id p o s itiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns a nd a no th er
ter m ina l o f w h ic h is c o nnec ted to s a id a no de m ea ns
f o r s to r ing f o r a p r edeter m ined du r a tio n v a s to r r ed
v o l ta g e v a l u e w h ic h is g ener a l l y eq u iv a l ent to th e
h ig h es t v a l u e o f v o l ta g e o f s a id s o u r c e;
e. v o l ta g e div ider m ea ns c o nnec ted in p a r a l l el c ir c u it
r el a tio ns h ip w ith s a id s to r a g e m ea ns , s a id div ider
m ea ns h a v ing ? r s t a nd s ec o nd o u tp u t ter m ina l
m ea ns , s a id div ider m ea ns p r o v iding a s ec o nd v o l t
a g e v a l u e in p o s itiv e to neg a tiv e v o l ta g e r el a tio n
s h ip b etw een s a id ? r s t a nd s a id s ec o nd o u tp u t ter
m ina l m ea ns , r es p ec tiv el y , s a id l a tter v o l ta g e v a l u e
b eing eq u iv a l ent to a p r edeter m ined p er c enta g e o f
s a id s to r ed v o l ta g e v a l u e; a nd
f . s w itc h m ea ns h a v ing a ? r s t ter m ina l m ea ns , a s ec
o nd ter m ina l m ea ns a nd a g a te ter m ina l m ea ns f o r
. b eing tu r ned o nto a c o ndu c ting s ta te in r es p o ns e to
th e p r es enc e o f a p r edeter m ined v a l u e o f v o l ta g e
w h ic h is o r iented p o s itiv e to neg a tiv e f r o m s a id
g a te ter m ina l m ea ns to s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns ,
r es p ec tiv el y , a nd f o r b eing tu r ned o f f to a no nc o n
du c ting s ta te in r es p o ns e to a s ec o nd p r edeter
m ined v a l u e o f v o l ta g e w h ic h is o r iented neg a tiv e
to p o s itiv e f r o m s a id g a te ter m ina l m ea ns to s a id
s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns , r es p ec tiv el y , s a id ? r s t ter
m ina l m ea ns b eing c o nnec ted to s a id p o s itiv e inp u t
ter m ina l , s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns b eing c o n
4 , 0 2 1 , 7 0 3
1 3
nec ted to s a id neg a tiv e ter m ina l m ea ns , s a id g a te
ter m ina l m ea ns b eing c o nnec ted to s a id ? r s t di
v ider m ea ns o u tp u t ter m ina l m ea ns , s a id s ec o nd
' v o l ta g e div ider m ea ns o u tp u t ter m ina l m ea ns b eing
c o nnec ted to s a id a no de m ea ns , s a id v o l ta g e b e
tw een s a id ? r s t a nd s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns o f
s a id s w itc h b eing c a p a b l e o f v a r y ing g ener a l l y in
s ta nta neo u s l y in r el a tio n to s a id c o m p o nent o r
r ip p l e o f s a id dir ec t c u r r ent v o l ta g e o f s a id s o u r c e,
th e v o l ta g e v a l u e o f s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns o f
s a id s w itc h m ea ns r el a tiv e to s a id v o l ta g e o f s a id
p o s itiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns g ener a l l y tr a c k ing
s a id c o m p o nents o f r ip p l e w h en s a id g a te ter m ina l
m ea ns v o l ta g e o f s a id s w itc h m ea ns r em a ins g ener
a l l y ? xed a t s a id h ig h es tv a l u e o f v o l tg e o f s a id
s o u r c e f o r s a id p r edeter m ined du r a tio n, th e p r es
enc e o f s a id dio de m ea ns a l l o w ing th e l a tter r el a
tio ns h ip b etw een s a id g a te ter m ina l m ea ns v o l ta g e
a nd s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns v o l ta g e to exis t,
s a id s w itc h m ea ns th er ef o r e b eing tu r ned o f f o nl y
w h en s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns v o l ta g e is g ener
a l l y m o r e p o s itiv e th a n s a id g a te ter m ina l m ea ns
, v o l ta g e r el a tiv e to th e ins ta nta nteo u s v o l ta g e o f
s a id p o s iv ite inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns to p r o v ide a n
el ec tr ic a l p u l s e to indic a te a p r edeter m ined dif f er
enc e a nd a l o w er v a l u e o f s a id ins ta nta neo u s dir ec t
c u r r ent v o l ta g e du r ing s a id p r edeter m ined du r a
tio n, s a id p r edeter m ined dif f er enc e b eing r el a ted
to s a id p r edeter m ined p er c enta g e o f s a id v o l ta g e
div ider m ea ns ;
g . a p l u l s e a c c u m u l a to r to c o u nt s a id el ec tr ic a l p u l s es ;
a n
h . m ea ns inter c o nnec ted w ith s a id s o u r c e a nd s a id
p u l s e a c c u m u l a to r f o r o p er a ting u p o n s a id s o u r c e
to p r o tec t s a id s o u r c e w h en s a id a c c u m u l a ted
p u l s es a tta in a p r edeter m ined q u a ntity .
5 . Th e c o m b ina tio n a s c l a im ed in c l a im 4 w h er ein
s a id s to r a g e m ea ns c o m p r is es a c a p a c ito r .
6 . Th e c o m b ina tio n a s c l a im ed in c l a im 4 w h er ein
s a id s w itc h m ea ns c o m p r is es a tr a ns is to r , w h er ein s a id
g a te ter m ina l ter m ina l c o m p r is es a tr a ns is to r b a s e, s a id
? r s t ter m ina l ter m ina l c o m p r is es a tr a ns is to r c o l l ec to r
a nd s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns c o m p r is es a tr a ns is to r
em itter .
7 . A p h a s e im b a l a nc e detec to r a nd c ir c u it inter r u p ter
s y s tem f o r is o l a ting a th r ee- p h a s e el ec tr ic a l s o u r c e
f r o m a th r ee- p h a s e el ec tr ic l l o a d w h en p h a s e c u r r ent
im b a l a nc e o c c u r s , c o m p r is ing :
a . c o nv er ting m ea ns f o r c o nv er ting p h a s e c u r r ent
into dir ec t c u r r ent v o l ta g e w ith a c o m p o nent o f
r ip p l e th er ein, s a id c o nv er ting m ea ns h a v ing a p o s i
tiv e ter m ina l a nd a neg a tiv e ter m ina l ;
b . p o s itiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns c o nnec ted to s a id
p o s itiv e ter m ina l o f s a id c o nv er ting m ea ns ;
c . neg a tiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns c o nnec ted to s a id
neg a tiv e ter m ina l o f s a id c o nv er ting m ea ns ;
( 1 . dio de m ea ns h a v ing c a th o de m ea ns a nd a no de
m ea ns , s a id c a th o de m ea ns b eing c o nnec ted to s a id
neg a tiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns ;
e. s to r a g e m ea ns , o ne ter m ina l o f w h ic h is c o nnec ted
to s a id p o s itiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns a nd a no th er
ter m ina l o f w h ic h is c o nnec ted to s a id a no de m ea ns
f o r s to r ing f o r a p r edeter m ined du r a tio n a s to r ed
v o l ta g e v a l u e w h ic h is g ener a l l y eq u iv a l ent to th e
h ig h es t v a l u e o f v o l ta g e o f s a id c o nv er ting m ea ns ;
f . v o l ta g e div ider m ea ns c o nnec ted in p a r a l l el c ir c u it
r el a tio ns h ip w ith s a id s to r a g e m ea ns , s a id div ider
m ea ns h a v ing ? r s t a nd s ec o nd o u tp u t ter m ina l
2 0
2 5
3 0
4 0
4 5
5 0
5 5
6 0
1 4
m ea ns , s a id div ider m ea ns p r o v iding a s ec o nd v o l t
a g e v a l u e in p o s itiv e to neg a tiv e v o l ta g e r el a tio n
s h ip b etw een s a id ? r s t a nd s a id s ec o nd o u tp u t ter
m ina l m ea ns , r es p ec tiv el y , s a id l a tter v o l ta g e v a l u e
b eing eq u iv a l ent to a p r edeter m ined p er c enta g e o f
s a id s to r ed v o l ta g e v a l u e; a nd
g . s w itc h m ea ns h a v ing a ? r s t ter m ina l m ea ns , a s ec
o nd ter m ina l m ea ns a nd a g a te ter m ina l m ea ns f o r
b eing tu r ned o n to a c o ndu c ting s ta te in r es p o ns e
to th e p r es enc e o f a p r edeter m ined v a l u e o f v o l ta g e
w h ic h is o r iented p o s itiv e to neg a tiv e f r o m s a id
g a te ter m ina l m ea ns to s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns ,
r es p ec tiv el y , a nd f o r b eing tu r ned o f f to a no n- c o n
du c ting s ta te in r es p o ns e to a s ec o nd p r edeter
m ined. v a l u e o f v o l ta g e w h ic h is o r iented neg a tiv e
to p o s itiv e f r o m s a id g a te ter m ina l m ea ns to s a id
s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns , r es p ec tiv el y , s a id ? r s t ter
m ina l m ea ns b eing c o nnec ted to s a id p o s itiv e inp u t
ter m ina l , s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns b eing c o n
nec ted to s a id neg a tiv e ter m ina l m ea ns , s a id g a te
ter m ina l m ea ns b eing c o nnec ted to s a id ? r s t di
v ider m ea ns o u tp u t ter m ina l m ea ns , s a id s ec o nd
v o l ta g e div ider m ea ns o u tp u t ter m ina l m ea ns b eing
c o nnec ted to s a id a no de m ea ns , s a id v o l ta g e b e
tw een s a id ? r s t a nd s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns o f
s a id s w itc h b eing c a p a b l e o f v a r y ing g ener a l l y in
s ta nta neo u s l y in r el a tio n to s a id c o m p o nent o r
r ip p l e o f s a id dir ec t c u r r ent v o l ta g e o f s a id c o nv er t
ing m ea ns , th e v o l ta g e v a l u e a t s a id s ec o nd ter m i
na l m ea ns o f s a id s w itc h m ea ns r el a tiv e to s a id
v o l ta g e o f s a id p o s itiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns g ener
a l l y tr a c k ing s a id c o m p o nents o f r ip p l e w h en s a id
g a te ter m ina l m ea ns v o l ta g e o f s a id s w itc h m ea ns
r em a ins g ener a l l y ? xed a t s a id h ig h es t v a l u e o f
v o l ta g e o f s a id s o u r c e f o r s a id p r edeter m ined du r a
tio n, th e p r es enc e o f s a id dio de m ea ns a l l o w ing th e
l a tter r el a tio ns h ip b etw een s a id g a te ter m ina l
m ea ns v o l ta g e a nd s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns
v o l ta g e to exis t, s a id s w itc h m ea ns th er ef o r e b eing
tu r ned o f f o nl y w h en s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns
v o l ta g e is g ener a l l y m o r e p o s itiv e th a n s a id g a te
ter m ina l m ea ns v o l ta g e r el a tiv e to th e ins ta nta
neo u s v o l ta g e o f s a id p o s itiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns
to th u s p r o v ide a n el ec tr ic a l p u l s e to th er eb y indi
c a te a p r edeter m ined dif f er enc e in v a l u e b etw een
s a id s to r ed h ig h es t v a l u e o f v o l ta g e a nd a l o w er
v a l u e o f s a id ins ta nta neo u s dir ec t c u r r ent v o l ta g e
du r ing s a id p r edeter m ined du r a tio n, s a id p r edeter
m ined dif f er enc e b eing r el a ted to s a id p r edeter
m ined p er c enta g e o f s a id v o l ta g e div ider m ea ns ;
h . p u l s e a c c u m u l a to r m ea ns to c o u nt s a id el ec tr ic a l
p u l s es ; a nd
i. c ir c u it inter r u p ter m ea ns inter c o nnec ted b etw een
s a id th r ee- p h a s e l o a d a nd s a id th r ee- p h a s e s o u r c e
to is o l a te o ne f r o m th e o th er w h en s a id a c c u m u
l a ted p u l s es a tta in a p r edeter m ined q u a ntity .
8. Th e c o m b ina tio n a s c l a im ed in c l a im 7 w h er ein
s a id s to r a g e m ea ns c o m p r is es a c a p a c ito r .
9 . Th e c o m b ina tio n a s c l a im ed in c l a im 7 w h er ein
s a id s w itc h m ea ns c o m p r is es a tr a ns is to r w h er ein s a id
g a te ter m ina l m ea ns c o m p r is es a tr a ns is to r b a s e, s a id
? r s t ter m ina l m ea ns c o m p r is es a tr a ns is to r c o l l ec to r
a nd s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns c o m p r is es a tr a ns is to r
' 6 5 em itter .
1 0 . A dir ec t c u r r ent r ip p l e detec to r , c o m p r is ing :
a . p o s itiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns c o nnec ted to th e
p o s itiv e ter m ina l o f a v o l ta g e s o u r c e o f dir ec t c u r
4 , 0 2 1 , 7 0 3
1 5
r ent w h ic h h a s a c o m p o nent o f v o l ta g e r ip p l e
th er ein;
b . neg a tiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns c o nnec ted to th e
neg a tiv e ter m ina l o f s a id s o u r c e;
c . dio de m ea ns h a v ing c a th o de m ea ns a nd a no de
m ea ns , s a id a no de m ea ns b eing c o nnec ted to s a id
neg a tiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns ;
d. s to r a g e m ea ns , o ne ter m ina l o f w h ic h is c o nnec ted
to s a id neg a tiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns a nd a no th er
ter m ina l o f w h ic h is c o nnec ted to s a id c a th o de
m ea ns f o r s to r ing f o r a p r edeter m ined du r a tio n a
s to r ed v o l ta g e v a l u e w h ic h is g ener a l l y eq u iv a l ent
to th e h ig h es t v a l u e o f v o l ta g e o f s a id s o u r c e; a nd
e. v o l ta g e div ider m ea ns c o nnec ted in p a r a l l el c ir c u it
r el a tio ns h ip w ith s a id s to r a g e m ea ns , s a id div ider
m ea ns . h a v ing ? r s t a nd s ec o nd o u tp u t ter m ina l
m ea ns , s a id div ider m ea ns p r o v iding a s ec o nd v o l t
a g e v a l u e in p o s itiv e to neg a tiv e v o l ta g e r el a tio n
s h ip b etw een s a id ? r s t a nd s a id s ec o nd o u tp u t ter
m ina l m ea ns , r es p ec tiv el y , s a id l a tter v o l ta g e v a l u e
b eing eq u iv a l ent to a p r edeter m ined p er c enta g e o f
s a id s to r ed v o l ta g e v a l u e; a nd
f . s w itc h m ea ns h a v ing a ? r s t ter m ina l m ea ns , a s ec
o nd ter m ina l m ea ns a nd a g a te ter m ina l m ea ns f o r
b eing tu r ned o n to a c o ndu c ting s ta te in r es p o ns e
to th e p r es enc e o f a p r edeter m ined v a l u e o f v o l ta g e
w h ic h is o r iented p o s itiv e to neg a tiv e f r o m s a id
s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns to s a id g a te ter m ina l m ea ns ,
r es p ec tiv el y , a nd f o r b eing tu r ned o f f to a no nc o n
du c ting s ta te in r es p o ns e to a s ec o nd p r edeter
m ined v a l u e o f v o l ta g e w h ic h is o r iented neg a tiv e
to p o s itiv e f r o m s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns to s a id
g a te ter m ina l m ea ns , r es p ec tiv el y , s a id ? r s t ter m i
na l m ea ns , b eing c o nnec ted to s a id neg a tiv e inp u t
ter m ina l , s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns b eing c o n
nec ted to s a id p o s itiv e ter m ina l m ea ns , s a id g a te
ter m ina l m ea ns b eing c o nnec ted to s a id ? r s t di
v ider m ea ns o u tp u t ter m ina l m ea ns , s a id s ec o nd
v o l ta g e div ider m ea ns o u tp u t ter m ina l m ea ns b eing
c o nnec ted to s a id c a th o de m ea ns , s a id v o l ta g e
b etw een s a id ? r s t a nd s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns
o f s a id s w itc h b eing c a p a b l e o f v a r y ing g ener a l l y
ins ta nta neo u s l y in r el a tio n to s a id c o m p o nent o r
r ip p l e o f s a id dir ec t c u r r ent v o l ta g e o f s a id s o u r c e,
th e v o l ta g e v a l u e a t s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns o f
s a id s w itc h m ea ns r el a tiv e to s a id v o l ta g e o f s a id
p o s itiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns g ener a l l y tr a c k ing
s a id c o m p o nents o f r ip p l e w h en s a id g a te ter m ina l
m ea ns v o l ta g e o f s a id s w itc h m ea ns r em a ins g ener
a l l y ? xed a t s a id h ig h es t v a l u e o f v o l ta g e o f s a id
s o u r c e f o r s a id p r edeter m ined du r a tio n, th e p r es
enc e o f s a id dio de m ea ns a l l o w ing th e l a tter r el a
tio ns h ip b etw een s a id g a te ter m ina l m ea ns v o l ta g e
a nd s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns v o l ta g e to exis t,
s a id s w itc h m ea ns th er ef o r e b eing tu r ned o f f o nl y
w h en s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns v o l ta g e is g ener
a l l y m o r e neg a tiv e th a n s a id g a te ter m ina l m ea ns
v o l ta g e r el a tiv e to th e ins ta nta neo u s v o l ta g e o f s a id
p o s itiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns to th er eb y indic a te a
p r edeter m ined dif f er enc e in v a l u e b etw een s a id
s to r ed h ig h es t v a l u e o f s o u r c e v o l ta g e a nd a l o w er
v o l ta g e du r ing s a id p r edeter m ined du r a tio n, , s a id
p r edeter m ined dif f er enc e b eing r el a ted to s a id
p r edeter m ined p er c enta g e o f s a id v o l ta g e div ider
m ea ns .
1 1 . Th e c o m b ina tio n a s c l a im ed in c l a im 1 0 w h er ein
s a id s to r a g e m ea ns c o m p r is es a c a p a c ito r .
4 5
5 0
5 5
6 0
6 5
1 6
1 2 . Th e c o m b ina tio n a s c l a im ed in c l a im 1 0 w h er ein
s a id s w itc h m ea ns c o m p r is es a tr a ns is to r , w h er ein s a id
g a te ter m ina l m ea ns c o m p r is es a tr a ns is to r b a s e, s a id
? r s t ter m ina l m ea ns c o m p r is es a tr a ns is to r c o l l ec to r
a nd s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns c o m p r is es a tr a ns is to r
em itter .
1 3 . A dir ec t c u r r ent r ip p l e detec to r a nd p r o tec tio n
dev ic e f o r a s o u r c e o f dir ec t c u r r ent, c o m p r is ing :
a . p o s itiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns c o nnec ted to th e
p o s itiv e ter m ina l o f a v o l ta g e s o u r c e o f dir ec t c u r
r ent w h ic h h a s a c o m p o nent o f v o l ta g e r ip p l e
th er ein;
b . neg a tiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns c o nnec ted to th
neg a tiv e ter m ina l o f s a id s o u r c e; '
c . dio de m ea ns h a v ing c a th o de m ea ns a nd a no de
m ea ns , s a id a no de m ea ns b eing c o nnec ted to s a id
neg a tiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns ;
. s to r a g e m ea ns , o ne ter m ina l o f w h ic h is c o nnec ted
to s a id neg a tiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns a nd a no th er
ter m ina l o f w h ic h is c o nnec ted to s a id c a th o de
m ea ns f o r s to r ing f o r a p r edeter m ined du r a tio n a
s to r ed v o l ta g e v a l u e w h ic h is g ener a l l y eq u iv a l ent
to th e h ig h es t v a l u e o f v o l ta g e o f s a id s o u r c e;
e. v o l ta g e div ider m ea ns c o nnec ted in p a r a l l el c ir c u it
r el a tio ns h ip w ith s a id s to r a g e m ea ns , s a id div ider
m ea ns h a v ing ? r s t a nd s ec o nd o u tp u t ter m ina l
m ea ns , s a iddiv ider m ea ns p r o v iding a s ec o nd v o l t
a g e v a l u e in p o s itiv e to neg a tiv e v o l ta g e r el a tio n
s h ip b etw een s a id ? r s t a nd s a id s ec o nd o u tp u t ter
m ina l m ea ns , r es p ec tiv el y , s a id l a tter v o l ta g e v a l u e
b eing eq u iv a l ent to a p r edeter m ined p er c enta g e o f
s a id s to r ed v o l ta g e v a l u e; a nd
f . s w itc h m ea ns h a v ing a ? r s t ter m ina l m ea ns , a s ec
o nd ter m ina l m ea ns a nd a g a te ter m ina l m ea ns f o r
b eing tu r ned o n to a c o ndu c ting s ta te in r es p o ns e
to th e p r es enc e o f a p r edeter m ined v a l u e o f v o l ta g e
w h ic h is o r iented p o s itiv e to neg a tiv e f r o m s a id
s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns to s a id g a te ter m ina l m ea ns ,
r es p ec tiv el y , a nd f o r b eing tu r ned o f f to a no nc o n
du c ting s ta te in r es p o ns e to a ' s ec o nd p r edeter
m ined v a l u e o f v o l ta g e w h ic h is o r iented neg a tiv e
to p o s itiv e f r o m s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns to s a id
g a te ter m ina l m ea ns , r es p ec tiv el y , s a id ? r s t ter m i
na l m ea ns b eing c o nnec ted to s a id neg a tiv e inp u t
ter m ina l , s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns b eing c o n
nec ted to s a id p o s itiv e ter m ina l m ea ns , s a id g a te
ter m ina l m ea ns b eing c o nnec ted _ to s a id ? r s t di
v ider m ea ns o u tp u t ter m ina l m ea ns , s a id s ec o nd
v o l ta g e div ider m ea ns o u tp u t ter m ina l m ea ns b eing
c o nnec ted to s a id c a th o de m ea ns , s a id v o l ta g e
b etw een s a id ? r s t a nd s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns
o f s a id s w itc h b eing c a p a b l e o f v a r y ing g ener a l l y
ins ta nta neo u s l y in r el a tio n to s a id c o m p o nent o r
r ip p l e o f s a id dir ec t c u r r ent v o l ta g e o f s a id s o u r c e,
th e v o l ta g e v a l u e a t s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns o f
s a id s w itc h m ea ns r el a tiv e to s a id v o l ta g e o f s a id
p o s itiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns g ener a l l y tr a c k ing
s a id c o m p o nents o f r ip p l e w h en s a id g a te ter m m a l
m ea ns v o l ta g e o f s w itc h m ea ns r em a ins g ener a l l y
? xed a t s a id h ig h es t v a l u e o f v o l ta g e o f s a id s o u r c e
f o r s a id p r edeter m ined du r a tio n, th e p r es enc e o f
s a id dio de m ea ns a l l o w ing th e l a tter r el a tio ns h ip
b etw een s a id g a te ter m ina l m ea ns v o l ta g e a nd s a id
s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns v o l ta g e to exis t, s a id s w itc h
m ea ns th er ef o r e b eing tu r ned o f f o nl y w h en s a id
s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns v o l ta g e is g ener a l l y m o r e
neg a tiv e th a n s a id g a te ter m ina l m ea ns v o l ta g e
r el a tiv e to th e ins ta nta neo u s v o l ta g e o f s a id p o s i
4 , 0 2 1 , 7 0 3
1 7
tiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns to p r o v ide a n el ec tr ic a l
p u l s e to indic a te a p r edeter m ined dif f er enc e in
v a l u e b etw een s a id s to r ed h ig h es t v a l u e o f s o u r c e
' v o l ta g e a nd a l o w er v a l u e o f s a id ins ta nta neo u s
dir ec t c u r r ent v o l ta g e du r ing s a id p r edeter m ind
du r a tio n, s a id p r edeter m ined dif f er enc e b eing r e
l a ted to s a id p r edeter m ined p er c enta g e o f s a id
v o l ta g e div ider m ea ns ;
g . a p u l s e a c c u m u l a to r to c o u nt s a id el ec tr ic a l p u l s es ;
a nd -
h . m ea ns inter c o nnec ted w ith s a id s o u r c e a nd s a id
p u l s e a c c u m u l a to r f o r o p er a ting u p o n s a id s o u r c e
to p r o tec t s a id s o u r c e w h en s a id a c c u m u l a ted
p u l s es a tta in a p r edeter m ined q u a ntity .
1 4 . Th e c o m b ina tio n a s c l a im ed in c l a im 1 3 w h er ein
s a id s to r a g e m ea ns c o m p r is es a c a p a c ito r .
1 5 . Th e c o m b ina tio n a s c l a im ed in c l a im 1 3 w h er ein
s a id s w itc h m ea ns c o m p r is es a tr a ns is to r , w h er ein s a id
g a te ter m ina l m ea ns c o m p r is es a tr a ns is to r b a s e, s a id
? r s t ter m ina l m ea ns c o m p r is es a tr a ns is to r c o l l ec to r
a nd s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns c o m p r is es a tr a ns is to r
em itter .
_ l 6 . A p h a s e im b a l a nc e detec to r a nd c ir c u it inter
r u p ter s y s tem f o r is o l a ting a th r ee- p h a s e el ec tr ic a l
s o u r c e f r o m a th r ee- p h a s e el ec tr ic a l l o a d w h en p h a s e
c u r r ent im b a l a nc e o c c u r s , c o m p r is ing :
a . c o nv er ting m ea ns f o r c o nv er ting p h a s e c u r r ent
into dir ec t c u r r ent v o l ta g e w ith a c o m p o nent o f
r ip p l e th er ein, s a id c o nv er ting m ea ns h a v ing a p o s i
tiv e ter m ina l a nd a neg a tiv e ter m ina l ;
b . p o s itiv e inp u t tennina l m ea ns c o nnec ted to s a id
p o s itiv e ter m ina l o f s a id c o nv er ting m ea ns ;
c . neg a tiv e o u tp u t ter m ina l m ea ns c o nnec ted to s a id
neg a tiv e ter m ina l o f s a id c o nv er ting m ea ns ;
d. dio de m ea ns h a v ing c a th o de m ea ns a nd a no de
m ea ns , s a id a no de m ea ns b eing c o nnec ted to s a id
neg a tiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns ;
e. s to r a g e m ea ns , o ne ter m ina l o f w h ic h is c o nnec ted
to s a id neg a tiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns a nd a no th er
ter m ina l o f w h ic h is c o nnec ted to s a id c a th o de
m ea ns f o r s to r ing f o r a p r edeter m ined du r a tio n a
s to r ed v o l ta g e v a l u e w h ic h is g ener a l l y eq u iv a l ent
to th e h ig h es t v a l u e o f v o l ta g e o f s a id c o nv er ting
m ea ns ;
f . v o l ta g e div ider m ea ns c o nnec ted in p a r a l l el c ir c u it
r el a tio ns h ip w ith s a id s to r a g e m ea ns , s a id div ider
m ea ns h a v ing ? r s t a nd s ec o nd o u tp u t ter m ina l
m ea ns , s a id div ider m ea ns p r o v iding a s ec o nd v o l t
a g e v a l u e in p o s itiv e to neg a tiv e v o l ta g e r el a tio n
s h ip b etw een s a id ? r s t a nd s a id s ec o nd o u tp u t ter
m ina l m ea ns , r es p ec tiv el y , s a id l a tter v o l ta g e v a l u e
b eing eq u iv a l ent to a p r edeter m ined p er c enta g e o f
s a id s to r ed v o l ta g e v a l u e; a nd
g . s w itc h m ea ns h a v ing a ? r s t ter m ina l m ea ns , a s ec
o nd ter m ina l m ea ns a nd a g a te ter m ina l m ea ns f o r
b eing tu r ned o n to a c o ndu c ting s ta te in r es p o ns e
1 0
2 0
2 5
3 5
4 0
4 5
5 5
6 0
6 5
1 8
to th e p r es enc e o f a p r edeter m ined v a l u e o f v o l ta g e
w h ic h is o r iented p o s itiv e to neg a tiv e f r o m s a id
s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns to s a id g a te ter m ina l m ea ns ,
r es p ec tiv el y , a nd f o r b eing tu r ned o f f to a no nc o n
du c ting s ta te in r es p o ns e to a s ec o nd p r edeter
m ined v a l u e o f v o l ta g e w h ic h is o r iented neg a tiv e
to p o s itiv e f r o m s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns to s a id
g a te ter m ina l m ea ns , r es p ec tiv el y , s a id ? r s t ter m i
na l m ea ns b eing c o nnec ted to s a id neg a tiv e inp u t
ter m ina l , s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns b eing c o n
nec ted to s a id p o s itiv e ter m ina l m ea ns , s a id g a te
ter m ina l m ea ns b eing c o nnec ted to s a id ? r s t di
v ider m ea ns o u tp u t ter m ina l m ea ns , s a id s ec o nd
v o l ta g e div ider m ea ns o u tp u t ter m ina l m ea ns b eing
c o nnec ted to s a id c a th o de m ea ns , s a id v o l ta g e
b etw een s a id ? r s t a nd s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns o f
s a id s w itc h b eing c a p a b l e o f v a r y ing g ener a l l y in
s ta nta neo u s l y in r el a tio n to s a id c o m p o nent o r
r ip p l e o f s a id dir ec t c u r r ent v o l ta g e o f s a id c o nv er t
ing m ea ns , th e v o l ta g e v a l u e a t s a id s ec o nd ter m i
na l m ea ns o f s a id s w itc h m ea ns r el a tiv e to s a id
v o l ta g e o f s a id p o s itiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns g ener
a l l y tr a c k ing s a id c o m p o nents o f r ip p l e w h en s a id
g a te ter m ina l m ea ns v o l ta g e o f s a id s w itc h m ea ns
r em a ins g ener a l l y ? xed a t s a id h ig h es t v a l u e o f
v o l ta g e o f s a id s o u r c e f o r s a id p r edeter m ined du r a
tio n, th e p r es enc e o f s a id dio de m ea ns a l l o w ing th e
l a tter r el a tio ns h ip b etw een s a id g a te ter m ina l
m ea ns v o l ta g e a nd s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns
v o l ta g e to exis t, s a id s w itc h m ea ns th er ef o r e b eing
tu r ned o f f o nl y w h en s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns
v o l ta g e is g ener a l l y m o r e neg a tiv e th a n s a id g a te
ter m ina l m ea ns v o l ta g e r el a tiv e to th e ins ta nta
neo u s v o l ta g e o f s a id p o s itiv e inp u t ter m ina l m ea ns
. to th u s p r o v ide a n el ec tr ic a l p u l s e to th er eb y indi
c a te a p r edeter m ined dif f er enc e in v a l u e b etw een
s a id s to r ed h ig h es t v a l u e o f v o l ta g e a nd a l o w er
v a l u e o f s a id ins ta nta neo u s dir ec t c u r r ent v o l ta g e
du r ing s a id p r edeter m ined du r a tio n, s a id p r edeter
m ined dif f er enc e b eing r el a ted to s a id p r edeter
m ined p er c enta g e o f s a id v o l ta g e div ider m ea ns ;
h . p u l s e a c c u m u l a to r m ea ns to c o u nt s a id el ec tr ic a l
p u l s es ; a nd
i. c ir c u it inter r u p ter m ea ns inter c o nnec ted b etw een
s a id th r ee- p h a s e l o a d a nd s a id th r ee~ p h a s e s o u r c e
to is o l a te o ne f r o m th e o th er w h en s a id a c c u m u
l a ted p u l s es a tta in a p r edeter m ined q u a ntity .
1 7 . Th e c o m b ina tio n a s c l a im ed in c l a im 1 6 w h er ein
s a id s to r a g e m ea ns c o m p r is es a c a p a c ito r .
1 8. Th e c o m b ina tio n a s c l a im ed in c l a im 1 6 w h er ein
s a id s w itc h m ea ns c o m p r is es a tr a ns is to r w h er ein s a id
g a te ter m ina l m ea ns c o m p r is es a tr a ns is to r b a s e, s a id
? r s t ter m ina l m ea ns c o m p r is es a tr a ns is to r c o l l ec to r
a nd s a id s ec o nd ter m ina l m ea ns c o m p r is es a tr a ns is to r
em itter .
* * * * *