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Notes on Chapter 5
MONEY, BANKING, AND MONETARY POLICY
WHAT IS MONEY
Money is anything that is generally accepted as a measure of
payment and settling of debt.
FUNCTIONS OF MONEY
Money has three main functions: (1) medium of exchange, (2) unit
of account, and (3) store of value.
Medium of Exchange:
A medium of exchange is anything that is generally accepted in
exchange for goods and services.
Example
When you buy a meal for lunch you are using money as a medium
of exchange
Without money as medium of exchange, goods and services must
be exchanged directly for other goods and services. This is called
barter. Barter requires a double coincidence of wants, a situation
that rarely occurs. For example if you have CDs and you want to
get orange juice, you must find someone who has orange juice and
is looking for CDs.
Unit of Account
A unit of account is an agreed measure for stating the prices of
goods and services (pricing mechanism). Money provides the term
in which prices are quoted and debts are recorded.
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Dr. Mohammed Alwosabi ECON 141 - Ch. 5
Store of Value
A store of value is any good or asset that people can store while it
maintains its value or most of its value. Money can be held for a
time and later exchanged for goods and services.
If money were not a store of value, it could not serve as a means of
payment. But with inflation, money might loose some of its value.
The higher the inflation the larger is the loss.
Example
Money serves as a store of value when people keep cash on hand
for emergency or deposit money in their saving accounts.
TYPES OF MONEY:
Money consists of
Currency: The paper notes and coins that people use in a country.
They are money because government declares them so. (legal
tender)
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MEASURES OF MONEY:
There are two main official measures of money. They go from most
liquid asset to the least liquid asset. Liquidity is the ease with
which an asset can be converted into cash with little loss in value.
M1 = currency outside banks + checking deposits owned by
individuals and business including travelers checks
M2 = M1 + saving deposits + time deposits + money market mutual
funds and other deposits
Currency held by banks is not included in the M2 definition of
money.
Example
A country has $3000 million as currency outside banks, $9000 as
checking deposits, and $5000 as saving and time deposits.
Calculate M1 and M2
M1 = 3000 + 9000 =$12000 million
M2 = 12000 + 5000 = $17000 million
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Dr. Mohammed Alwosabi ECON 141 - Ch. 5
Example
In an economy there is $100 in currency held outside banks, $50
million in traveler’s checks, $125million in currency held inside the
banks, $150 million in checking deposits, $300 million in savings
deposits, and $400 million in time deposits. The value of M1 is
$300 and M2 equals to $1000.
Example
Suppose you have $2000 in your checking account and $5000 in
your saving account. You transferred some money from saving to
checking account. What is the impact on M1 and M2?
M1 will increase but M2 will stay the same
COMMERCIAL BANKS
A depository institution is a firm that accepts deposits and makes
loans. They minimize the cost of obtaining funds, create liquidity
and pool risks.
A commercial bank is a firm that is licensed by government to
receive deposits and make loans.
The commercial bank is a financial intermediary that stands
between lenders and borrowers.
Banks earn profits by lending the money that people deposit to the
borrowers at higher interest rates than the interest rates the bank
pays to the depositors.
The balance sheet of a commercial bank is a summary of its
business that lists its assets, and liabilities.
o Assets are what the bank owns. Assets include reserves
and loans
o Liabilities are what the bank owes (debts and obligations to
the public). Liabilities include deposits and networth.Net
worth is the value of the bank to its stockholders.
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Dr. Mohammed Alwosabi ECON 141 - Ch. 5
Reserves
Actual Reserves consist of :
a. Cash in the bank’s vault (notes and coins) to meet the
bank’s depositors’ demand for currency and to make
payments to other banks.
b. Deposits required by the Central Bank: This part of the
reserves kept at the central bank is also used to receive
and make payments to other banks
The fraction of a bank’s total deposits that are held in reserves is
R
called reserve ratio (RR). ( RR = , where R: reserves and D:
D
deposits).
The reserve ratio changes when a bank’s customers make deposits
or withdrawals. Making a deposit increases the reserve ratio, and
making a withdrawal decrease the reserve ratio
Banks are required to hold a level of reserves that does not fall
below a specified percentage of total deposits. This percentage is
the required reserve ratio.
The required reserves ratio (RRR) is the ratio of reserves to
deposits that banks are required to hold by regulations.
Re quired Reserves
RRR =
Derposits
Note that if RRR decreases, banks will be able to give more loans
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Dr. Mohammed Alwosabi ECON 141 - Ch. 5
Also note that the actual reserves are the reserves that banks
actually keep which could be more or equal to the required
reserves.
If there is a difference between the actual reserves and the
required reserves, this difference is called the excess reserves.
(Excess reserve = Actual reserve - Required reserve)
Whenever banks have excess reserves, they are able to create
money and lend out additional fund.
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Dr. Mohammed Alwosabi ECON 141 - Ch. 5
Assets Liabilities
Reserves 50 Deposits 500
Loans 450
Example:
Assets Liabilities
Reserves 100 Deposits 800
Loans 700
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Dr. Mohammed Alwosabi ECON 141 - Ch. 5
Discount Rate
The discount rate is the interest rate the central bank charges the
commercial banks and other depository institutions when they
borrow reserves from it.
To reduce inflation, the central bank conducts a contractionary
monetary policy using the discount rate. It increases the discount
rate Ö higher cost of borrowing reserves Ö banks borrow less
reserves from central bank Ö but with a given required reserves
banks decrease their lending to decrease their borrowed reserves
Ö Loans decrease Ö money supply (Ms) decreases Ö AD
decreases Ö AD curve shifts leftward.
To reduce unemployment, the central bank conducts an
expansionary monetary policy using the discount rate. It decreases
the discount rate Ö lower cost of borrowing reserves Ö banks
borrow more reserves from central bank Ö banks increase their
lending Ö Loans increase Ö money supply (Ms) increases Ö AD
increases Ö AD curve shifts rightward.
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Dr. Mohammed Alwosabi ECON 141 - Ch. 5
In conclusion,
To increase commercial bank lending the central bank can lower
the required reserve ratio, lower the discount rate, or buy
government securities.
To decrease commercial bank lending the central bank can raise
the required reserve ratio, raise the discount rate, or sell
government securities.
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