109.

of the effect. is
not ;:erceived. .-,sent and enjoyer ... ere taught tnrou;:;-n
reco\lrse to the of a ?ersonal 70-72:
of the i89Qrtant objections to the
of ;ersonal selflessness is that if
?ersor. is indeed as claio only an
aqqregate of :::syciosoraa:;:ic el ;-aents, there \loulc. ;;e ,,0
=asis for the 0geration of causation, as
;:!1ere ,loule. be no relation ::,et;]een the gerson ger-
fO!:'!led a vir:ucus o:c -': ': il cction and the one vihc vioule.
38
receive the reward or for it. .janticeva
does not attack tie directly here, states
tiat the oC90nent who in is
'":0 criticise .;udd:u.sts on 2core si!"!.ce "-:ct:1 :If
that if action is in life
and the effect is in the next, t!1e ?erson
-,}ho is t:'e sU!??Drt (ad!1?.) for the :?erformance ct the
action is different from thut for the of its
:-esult. If the that in his there
is an ;elf underlying toese ?ersons,
can =ring the consequence thet such a
...;elf ',,<:uld sepa!"atec f!"om the activities of
actions and their results =ecause of
39
its nature. ":'hus is :ceally no sub-
stantial difference cetween toe 0=
-acin) and :udcnist.
11 0-
It is the wental activity of a ?ersonal
consequences of are
::lind :tas c.l,..;ays
ceen for the :uddhists

with the of
.. ile.,
2. virtuous
or non-vi=tuous ceases to exist, it
::::ehi!1d a late::t ?ror:;ensity (vasana) ,.b.ich is a s?ecial

of ::!ental fo!"ce (scmskarai in the !1e.:ct: :ilcnent: Iolhich is
the chief effect the ?revious
7.'lis ?rCgensi t'!
a.ffects the and qil.Tes !:ise to results in
r.ext life which are ?leasant 0= ?ainful in accor-
aance with tTi!"tuous or non-virtuous characte= of
the
is of COUrse actually a
of single moments, =ut ordinar:o ?eoole im-
?ute a unity tc it.
this unity is con-
venticnally valid, we can s?eak of ar.d
sene gerson.
:n reality they are the
=ut neither are they enti:cely different, since there
is a continuity
'227.13-222.4
2ast and future 3inds are not the 5elf, jecause they
do exist.
If
_you say that the ?resentlyJ .?roducec
4ind the "';elf, then when that is destroyec there would
again no 5elf.
as the ?laintain is
into there is nothing at all, so the
also non-existent when sought throuSh
investigation. '-73-741
- .-
111.
(citta) is often considered the nasis of the
3elf, it is found to De considering it
in a ?ers9 ctive; the and future do
not =ecause they are already vanished and not yet
?roduced, =esgectively. to the mind which functions
the ?resent it ;:00 will vanish and non-
in the to it.
an 3elf is not to Ze found in the
91
::lind. .3e1f the-'l is cO!!l?ared to the ste.':I of a
_11
?lantain (eanana; t:l:t2t::; i onca pels c. ..;.. the
of the sta':l, else is left, no real entity
"?lantain ste.T-J" can found. :'ike'-il.Se, ',Ihen the object
"Ihich is as the 3elf is souqht via analysis sucn as
-:.hat .ihlch has in the :?rececins- it
is seen not to truly existent.
228.5-231.17
J If no sentient existsJ u?On ...Ihom then
does one exercise cOr.ll?assion7 =ReplyI ;;e accept that
which 1s isnorance for the sake of the result
.of -=JueryJ If sentient =eings do not exist,
is the result? C:::ep1yJ :t's true there are
enjoyers of the Cut here
;nay be unc.ertaJ<en! fran the of view of ignorance.
it1s the :?ur?Ose of the cessation of suf:::ering,
the delusion ;Ihose result Cis understanding of the ulti-
is not sU9?ressed. the cause of suffering,
2.1 2 -
increases to delusion regarding 3elf.
COpponent i Cne
cannot rid of ;:hat. J ,-:edi.tation of 3elfless-
is the jest.
tha;: are no existent
sentient =eings, the question naturally arises as co who
is the o=ject of the =odhisattva's (&QlUpa).
s solution is thc.t the EY...istence of
is the 3oChisatt:va via a Sort of nec-
:iction, of the desired result, i.e. the
=uddhahood of self and others.
cannot =e ob-
tai.ned \-lithout the extensive ?ractice uf COffi?assion to-
sentient =eings. :Or the of ;uddhahood then,
one acce?ts the sUgerficially true character
satva-rUDa) of sentient which is imputed by delu-
sion (ooha), i.e. jy to a Self.
=arodrakirti. ,
'too,
recognizes the difficulty of reconciling the neces-
sity for com9assion with the view of and in
an to solve this dif:::icul ty he propounds -'t?1e
cot:l!?assion Hhich perceives only sentient
can.tsam.la.dmicrs.Da'i.snyinc.r ieJ, in "Ihicn the 3odhi-

utilizes the conventional of sentient
=eings as an oeject of without attachment
?2
to that acpearance.
:fuile it is true that there are no sen-
tient beings who aChi.eve the result of 3uddhahocd, we
can admit conventionally a ";>ersonor who takes actio" cno
113.
the of ;:.elusor'.! conven-
is tc as
wi th ignorance in case, as de1usicr. i.s 'lie\-Iee. as
::,einq t,lo-:::o1d: that whlch is a cause 0: t.he functioning
of cyclic existence ace
is the cause of its 9acification
as an aid to the com9assionate activities of the
3odhisattva, delusion functions in the latter sense, since
its eventual result is the of t=uth;
itis not to =e In c!'-.is
'la::.-' the .;adhyaI:ti!<a avoids ethical nihilism. _.;oT,,/ever,
a conver.tional view of the causal ::lay
useful to one's s?iritual delusion ':he
existence of a (atnanoha) is not any
less; this delt!sion ::rives to er;otis::t (ahalukaraj
- - .
,Ihich is the cause of sufferi:J.S. and hence it::tUst
:;:'lile a conventional View ::lay ::e
utilized, it::lust later be abandcned far the
chief of the contern?lation 3elfless-
:1ess J, -.. hich eli!ainates all -,;iews of
the of the hence
2I!y ;xJssibility of attachr.1ent, even to the goal of 3uddha-
as a concrete result to be enjoyed oneself in the
future.
231.19-232.7
?he body is not the feet or the the thighs
or the hi?s.
?he ;:,cdy is not; the stO!!IC.ch or t;ne :'c.c:<;,
is it the or the
is not the
or the sides, the or the
-;or is the
;:,cdy the neck or the head.
..-:-tich of these is the ::Ody
t.hen? 73-79:
of the idea of a ?ersoca1 3el:,
:?roceeds to devote the rest of his arguinent at i o n
:in this chapter to the s?ecial ::ahayana theSi s oc
the selflessness of the
stitute the ?erson and
::::1 C!11:;
section (thrcush -!.105) ':he fazliliar --:1nayana 2ethoc
0:
_ '33
t:1e foundations of (sr:u-tvu:Jasthana) is
.
utili=ec to demonstZ"ate uniquely i-iah:.j"'-'.,,- :>Lu?QS i. c lor..
?i.rstly,
::ollowinq the C'.lscor.1ary order. ;:.;!.";:es u.)
"!.n a:J.alysis of the ::Ody (k2,,.a j, -,Inich also a??lies ;:0 ,c;ov
object.
one
the

only an of ?arts -- ar::ts, e;:C_
c?n De found, no one ""1Joc.y.' Can je located.
_:c '-.'Ooy-na tu r .
;kayat:..'na:ca)

::e i:: any of these ?a.rts .... hich
function as the efficier:t causes (ni=:1ittaj :0= t:1e ari::;i n u
:)f t!1C CC:J.ce;:tion of =. -;oc: ",
232-'=-223.22
::ody is found ;2r-tially in all its
?arts are =ocnc
ir..
the ?arts, and where does I
itself rellain?
"'-
-c
... the
Cody com91etely reSides everYWher. e,
in the hands, etc. there '.iould :::e as ::Cdies as thcr. o
113.
the of conven-
tioDal gerce?t:icn is not tc as
with ignorance in case, as delusicl! is 'riel-Ied as
":Jeinc: t,lo-:::old: t.hat whlc!1 is a cause of the funct:ioninq
of cyclic existence and
- i'
is the cause of its 9acification ol--:'''1e!'l
utilized as an aid to com9assionat:e activities of the
3odhisattva, delusion :::cnctions in the lat:ter sense, since
it:s eventual result is the understandinq of t=uth;
therefore it is not t:o =e rejected. In chis
.iay the .iadhyc;...-uka avoids ethical nihilism.
a conver.tional view of causal ::lay ":Je
useful to one's s?iritual ?roc:ress, delusion
existence of a (atnanoha) is not any harm-
less; this delusion gives rise to eqotis::l j
.Ihich is the cause of sufferi:J.S, anc hence it !:lUst ::e
ti'lorouqhly :;:'lile a conventional view ::lay ::e
tan90rarily utili::ed, it ::lust later for the
chief fOr::! of ::Iecitation, the contem?lation 3elfless-
:lESS ba; rat.:wabhavana), '..hlch elLmnates all ',-iews of
the reality of the hence
aI!y ?Cssibi1ity of attacnnent, even to the of 3uddha-
hood as a concrete result to be enjoyed oneself in the
future.
231.19-232.7
":Jody is not the feet or the calves, the thighs
or the hi?s.
:::':.'1e :::.cdy is not the stomach or t:i'le
!'lor is
it or the
!.t is not
ti'le haf'lris
or the sicies,
the Or the
-;or is the
=cdy the necx or the head.
,:u.ch of t:hese is the ::ad,!
then? 73-79:
dis?osed of the idea of a ?ersonal 3elf,
?roceeds to devote the rest of his
in this chapter to t:he s?ecial ::ahayana theSis 0 1'
selflessness of the con-
stitute the ?erson and other
'::::1
section .'.105) ':he far:tiliar .-:Inaya-na ::lethod of"
_ 93
':i1e ':oundations of :U.ndful:less is
.
utili::ec to demonst.::-ate chis uniquely :JL0;:;OSi. t ior:
:i.::-stly,
the order, u.
a:J.al ysis ::>f the :::ody (ka'J"a j, ;/hic!") also a?9lies co un v
:0r.4 Or extended object.
One i!"!vesti,!a't.es
cne
only an of ?arts -- legs, CLe.
cC'.n De ::ound, ilO one "'xlC:y.' can located.
.;C !..'Ody-na tu J
ca!"l ::e ::;erceivec in any of these ?a.:::-ts '.-Ji'lich
:unctior. as ;:he ef:::icie::t causes Cni:71itta j ':0.:::- -':;1e ari s ilJ('
:Jf the conce;:tior: of ? ::oc".
232,,-223.22
the ::ody is found ,,,,=-tially in all its ::arcs , :: "'.. '1
?arts are
?arts, and wnere does :he
itself remain?
:f
the body com91etely reSides everywhere ,
i!1 the hands, there ...iould :::e as :::odies as the r n
115.
are !-!ands, etc. -:he ::ody is 'Ieit:te.!" inte=c.l e::-
':e:cnal, can ':he ;;oc.'! !:::e in nands, etc.? i is
::ot :.::z.:1 :':1e e't.c. ho\-] i:!c.eec does it
exist:?
3C-32-;
t!1e 0 :::::O:!E!1t: ts =cdy is
its .."idt:.2.l ;a=ts jut:
it ::1l .J: o.,.;::ole -,1r..ic:1
;4
-:r:.E:;.-:1 (2.v;::;, vc.vi:!; 2.S .'ai3e<;i:<.as ccce?t:, is also
=efuted. =ociy is in 0= its 9arts,
it :a.ust CYi.st :'r. e2.c!1 one, jr i:;. all
0': the case be
an ad ir;':ini tal":J rec:ucticr! 0:: '...""OCy, "-5 ::1e ;?2.rts :.!Uch
::-esidt:: or.. the :'1ands, "'tc., -.-ould di'fic.ec. into the ]a=ts
of joints, so on. :n -:;,-: :;-:<:ono.
C2::e :-:ol.:lc an :lult.:';;li.::i.t.y a= :X>C.ies.
::i.c :.;ody :10S :;een sno\-Jn :1ot c:Lt?1E!'" c.5 c.!'i inter-
j 0:: in t:.c
or:oar.s (see '.-.57 - ';S), or in :':1e inCi-
-,idu2.l :.;odY-:?2.r-cs or their can it :::e said
to 3or:tet:1ing di'::::erent ts ?arts :-,a:1os, :eet,
e-cc. because besices is jince
u?On analysis He don't Jerceive existence 0= an inde-
Oody as such in any way, Nhat is itz of
existence?
233.23-235.10
7.'1e Oody c.oes not out delusion --
110_
ieea of a is licbs, etc., in
the idea 0: a to a je-
cause of confiquration.
--;s lonq as the agq:::-e-
of causes is is taken to =e a
:i1a!1
as long =s
of causes is
7resent reqc.rc!inq hands, ecc., =ad:,' is ?erceived
in 0:
:i%ewise, is a collection
of ::h.ich of ther:; "liould ::e foot?
:'he coes, ,
do ac::ually exist] =ecause they are a collection oi
joints, and the joints, :00, cney are divided
into their otm ?arts.
...23-051
-chat the does not exist
as a
:::-eality,
is a
L"?uted our
u?Q:1 the and other in
?S
Nay that a ?ost or ':ree trunk
2
:iis-.:ance for c :?erscn, of its ?Csi tion,
etc.
long as the::e is life, the eody is
:'0 a :nan or but it is not so taken in its ?re-
natal embryonic state or in its state of
9G
after death.
:his analysis of tne Dody can easily be
to the limbs and their ?arts, and uI?On :",,'-'estiga-
tion ..Ie cannot :ind that any ;)f thea e.;ust substantially.
235.11-238.30
:he also 30t truly exist] because they arc
divided into atoms, and the atoms Ldo 30t truly i
DC-
cause of their division into directional
:'he
117.
?arts smallest particle]
like s?ace. atoms do 7..'1US
what gers9icacious -NOuld attached to a
which is like a =cdy does in
::hat way, what IJ2.n or WOillan is -; 26-37:
analysis to its ccnclusion, Ne see
::hat even the cannot t-ruly exist,
cause they are divided into their constituent
and t!1ese atoms like--tise are :1ot substantially existent
97
(d:qvVGsat) as the cla:L-::1. they can je
into their six directional 9arts (the four
38
cardinal ?Dints anG the =enith and :1adirj. -,-ven the
3Dallest atomic (oaramanuj has directional
- . ...
if these are fUrther divided, no real ?art
(vastu) is found. 7.,erefore truly exists,
investigation it is seen to oe lacking any
stantial (nihsvabhavataj, and to je as as
. -
space.
the foregoing verses the nas deoonstrated
to have no either as a unity or a
rality. :bus it is only the error which im9utes the
to be real which causes worldlinqs (balaQi to ?ro-
duce desire and other passions in its regard, in-
their sufferings in cyclic existence.
If the ?receding analYSis is the ?assions cannot
9roduced the practitioner will realize the
Ull.
illus0ry nature of cneir object.
Jince the =cdy is and only im9utedly
so is sexually characterized ?erson
which is with it; u9Qn we see
there is no real wno could act as the
sUbject Or of desire.
239.1-13
:Usery exists truly ;'Ioy coesn't it WOund thos;o
-,Ir:O are joyful: aating tasty delicacies is i... trulyI
?leasureaole, why doesn't it 91ease those who are afflic-
ted
_G??Onent: or is inceea
=ut they are over?6wered jy :reater
are always
EX?erienced.
J _iow ",hic?"! 2.
character =e a feeling:
23-29:
7ne second of is of :eel-
(vecana), and. to reject that any
or neutral feelings innerently
:f?leasure or inherently eXistent should
al-.ays ce since it is axiomatic to ::he
tha-c a 39
truly oeject cannot :::e
..:ut
see in actual very ?eople are
not nOr are those who are stricken jy
a strong grief happy eating delicious fOOd or other
?leasures.
::'herefore are jus"t tranSitory states
conditioned mental and ?hysical ?rocesses:
"Grief joys.
119.
joy ;rieves, on slender accident" III:2}.
09?Onent to this statin:; that
do at all in cases like the
oe due to tne superior
:oree 0: a conflicting feelinc.;, and are not ax?eri-
eneed. re?lies if the o??Onent
ne aecuiesced in the defeat of own ?osition
=eeause a definition and
it is nonsense tc 2Dout an
239.19-1<;'C.29
.:..s the CCl.se :;Usery exists in 2 fona,
and its is :f say
is different joy], it
a suctle of :f does not arise =e-
cause of tie ?roduction of an condition, is
it not the case so-called feel in.:; amounts ::0 an
jeetification this analysis is
::teditated, "-Ihieh is the counteragent to t!1at in
::-eal feelings 1 . Nhich arises in the s?here
of is 90-92;
tne o?ponent still to claim chat suffering
does e.-::ist at 2 ti:ae of .:;reat joy ;;;ut is in a
form (suksmatavaj, even its (staulV?)
i
3Cnifestations are re9ressed the more ?Dwerful :orce of
the o9posite feeling, then he is still adwitting that there
is no of at that time, and so is mistaken
12U.
in the e.::ister:ce of such 2. I subtlE 0;:-
ot!"!errJi::c.
that jey OVEr-
::O::1es ::;a:!i=astatio!"lS of :;ut 3"C2. tes t
still aL. ':i.7l0 t!1e ot c
leSSEr
.

..

ci==erent
(tust:'::t; .. :"5

is conceGinq tnat
i3 ?=esent at all then; because ?leasure ce
:,,':ed tc jcy rat iler to it :nay =e
a less intenSE of it.
If it is clai=ed is at all
cecause <!r. o??Osi:J.C; condition, i.e. jcy, ;;ee'1 '"!ro-
contin;ent nature of are
:-Eali=ec.; !:;,ey s;.:iste!!t in jul:. are __
LiGqination.
::....1.;.S ?revicus
analysis COU!l-=e=:: our in as :-:2vi:::::-
0::: jec-::::.'e ar;art :ro::l ::lere i.:::a-;i::2. tion.

0: analYSis, although it is conce?tual in

:!.cc.ds a=so!":::t.ion (c!1vcna,' vlr.i.c!": is
==on ane 2.nd in
}oysicc l
leG
0=
240.':;0-241.32
.,-;: sense org2.::' :12.Ve 2. ;;etween c nem,
is tieir eonjunctior.. is ::0 intervCll of
3?aee cenieen would =e a unity, 2nd ;:nen wi"l a t
is conjoined <,iitn wnatr Cne aton does not enter into
121.
s?aces are
etO:",
T: toe:::e :'s no ?enet:r;:;.tion there is no :U.x-
:J:: ec:ua1 size.
.:.0'1,/
:'s :ti;:-::c::e there is no conjunction.
:.ure, if
<=.to;nl
indeed coule a ocCJr one ?art1ess
t::at is ?artless is oeserved :"n
end anotne::-?
33-35
1
conjunction, ?Oint itout ,to us
:::ejectec next
?roceeds to re::ute through a of the lack
of true of their cause. i.e. contact
:ontact is a =esult of (sansar=a,
of sense organ (indri.ra), anci
101
consciousnESS conjunction
tween sense there are alternatives:
either there is or is not.
I:: t:'1.ere is .;:ny SOlace t!!e of toe sense
and of t:,e o::ject, n01.ieVer snail. ::he...'1 o..Je cannot talk of
Cr if
a conjunction. since they co :10:: actually :teet.
1'. :1""\ \ 11,..
_... _.,: .. _---

"-""Of"""
!:Ct...i CC!':.
-...
\::'E!"e ;'jaz:-c

",,;:;olly into each other. and sinCE the:, .Jou2 d have one
::at\j.re, itv/ould L';lflOSsiDle for there to ;:,e a conjunc-
':ion ",Ihicn .::-equires that at least t!'.ings
CODe together.
1ies
7ne O??Onent reolies that the a00ve .::-etutation a?9
only to atoms with ?arts. and he hL.sel= ?a=t-
less atoDs vinic!! can enter into contact without entirely
;;ntideva adDits that
?enetratinq each other.
, '")
would ?enetrate each woul d
:lot any E:."!lI?ty ca','ities or ::;rotrccerances in
such an atOi!! which wocld ?rovide an are;:;. I-lhere
",!as ?cssil::1e. couic a conjunction 0=
one uton another a ?a:rtless aton
could only into contact with another in its totality.
any :a:::'ial contact would :tean that it ?arts. L
?artless c.L=8S there ...Ioule. ::e a :tLxtcre
lC2
{niSrctv2) of :'l2.t:.u!"es .3ucn a c::;uld
?lace ?enEtration, which the
dces :1ot occ'.:.::-. anc. vlithout a !!1l.xture '!lould ;:,e :10
conjunction in this instanCE. In it is shoJn
::he of one ?artless aton with another is not
an acce?table ?Osition.
242.1-243.4
. canjunction of incor?Oro:al consciousness N i t!1 c
sense and object is certainly not
:ron ?Oint of view of the ;:lC.terial ouject
it is of the non-true existence 0: an
2c;greaate , as ::.=.s ?revicusly :'nvestic;atec. ;iilce
cC:'!tact therefore Goes not exist. ::lOTl whence is feelin:r
jroduced? :or what ?ur?Qse. then. this wearisoi!!e
2Xe.::-tion? ;''-nat ?erson su::fers. and ::ro::; w::Jat? ,.'hen
neither any of feelinqs nor any are
:ound. if that situation has ?erceived. ho.) could
not
could consciousness, which is ce
123.
conjoined the ::12terial organ anc. object'? It
conjunction a con-
::Iecticr. which is not ?"ssi!:lle ::e'Cvleen ::!ind and :natter
:naterial object, is just an of ?a=ts,
which ;>reviously snown be not 'Cruly e=-:iste.!lt:
('/.31-35) .:':1erefore, since three-fold conjunction
which rise to rejected, contact
=annct truly can feelings which
arise fron it, since there is no effect in 'Cne aDsence of
its causes. In vievl 0: this refutation ':.::'.le feelinc:
s

exertion to ontain ?leasure and avoid ;>ain should be

viewed as senseless. oP?Dnent :night argue toat it is
;>ro;?er -':0 st:-ive to allieviate st.::::ferirlq, nas the
?Ower co ?roduce qreat ?ain. 3ut even of suf-
:ering taken as an :act.
since feelinqs and their causes and the
iences oeen shown to lack substantial existence.
there certainly is 5uf:ering and its chief
cause is c=av1ng. cravinq can be suolated =y
the lack of substantial :eelinqs out of
itarises, and suffering toO will avoided.
243.5-15
are seen and felt, it is by La
nature is like a dream. 3ince it is ?roduced siot.:l-
taneously Nith :eelinq is not oDserved !:ly it.
a=e seen and conventionally, but
12<
the mind is not a truly existent exrerienceri its nature
is like that of a dream or illusion because of its depen-
dent origination. Feeling, produced similtaneously with
mind and connected with itin a single aggregate,103is not
perceived by itultimately. The reason for this is unclear
in the but presumably it is based the logical
of there being a causal relation them.
in which feeling would cause its perception, because it
would have to exist prior to mind in order to do so.104
243.16-244.16
Because [cognition] is produced before and after
[feeling that feeling] is remembered, itis not experi-
enced. Itdoes not experience its own nature, and it1s
not experienced by another. is there any feeling sub-
ject. Hence feeling does not exist in reality. can
itthen cause harm to that lacks Self? [lOO-lOlJ
The opponent might contend that feeling is apprehended
by a cognition which possesses a representation of itand
is produced after that feeling. Santideva replies that
this cognition has only a memory of its object, and not an
experience of it, since the object (feeling) has already
passed out of existence. Feeling cannot experience itself
as that be equivalent to self-consciousness, which
has been previously rejected (V.18-24). Nor can itbe
experienced by a separate cognition existing similtan-
eously, whether for the reason given (V.99), or
125.
because a cognition which was truly different fron feel-
3ince a ?ersonal 3elf
ing could no contact with it.
:'1C.s also 2een refuted ("1.57-74j, t.here is no ether eA?er-
.5ince the 50-
iencer of feelinqs separate from nind.
called EXperience of feeling is seen u?on
lack all of definins of such an
3.9
art
itcannot. =e said to in :reality,
e."(,?erience,
l05
our ::usta:(en ad:"1erance to it.
244.17-245.5
does t.he sense or in
can t:"e :r.inc. ":Je 10-
etc., or in
.5ince
or else.
cated
that does in the or
eit:"e::- ' ::rixed ,lith or different fron :_ ;;cdy, does
::ot e;,ist i:: any :e!"ltient ;,ein<:s are 1.ioerated ::v
lC2-103'":
:lCltUre
:':"1e 32.':le <!nalysis that ",as ?re'!iously 29?liec tc -.::"e
and :eelinss is in he::-e witi the
or consciousness inan?J as
cannct located of the
:ts
"ense o!",:"ans, cr in objects. or in sO'-1e?lace
_:eit:-te:r is it :ou:1d internally ,... ithi:; t,1e ::,cdy (as

nor externally in the OlC'rts
some :ci.r:d of tansi:::le soul),
of the ?hysical body, nor in some?lace se?arate
=annot
":.cd::.
::und does
jeinc; case,
:ound
c:.
--
... all.
! 2(-.
o!'" it :'5 :2.ct :!.:-:l 2 <:' -
i:12-::"(1 .. C<r:.l:J2.!:o"Je:--..12 !:"sit2.::!j, =:!1C
(:yclic i tsel= is t!.."'!:-ccl, :;eccu:;e whic:1
it is =.nd illusion.
are actually ;,ave
:i0erated cor. -
:.i:ll!2. G.!'"C: ;;;. i W2.:!S enco\-i eci \-}i th ni='Fc::.a
:li ",lnose c!-.i.!=ac'Ce!' is :lOr. -subs-cc.ntic.lity- ,
:':C:C2USe of t:1t2 :::c.lse 0: and.
p... a==lict. ::-..inc!; 0:: ::einc;s t
fettered cyclic ::u-:. :::e-
.:::lI"",-i c-
does ="--'- ;:.;;scl1.:te1::- ,
;re to
245.5-246.4
"7"-'= is to cf' =oc;ni t
does its ?roduction the i s
:inultaneo'.ls .-iith t::e of ;.;hat does
its ?roduction if is sucse-
to 0= co;nition, whence could
:-:i tion a.r-ise? lC4-lG5:,;
3hiftin<:; tje focus of :'::-Ci:i to sense
conscim.:sness, to the clain tn2rc
is. Eor a visual cognition <Inich :,erceives :OIT.l ,
',ihic:1 is in dr:::::>endence on the conjunction of eye
orc;ar: cnc visual object. .5uch a coc;nition would have to
either ?rior to, sil:lul t2D.eOUS til or to it:;
l27.
It could net Jrior it

not 2een yet, and so coule harCl y =e
tion "Ie=e
of its
simultaneous witil. -=':l.e coqnized could
of coqnition, since itwould have had to
?inally, i= the
existed ;:revious to it. (see .J. 99).
cognizor is su=sequent to ":.he o=ject of it
\-/ould ?rocuced when !.ts o::,ject: has already ceaseci, and
have ?roduced frow that
.;)c. .......
-:::t::= it
::e
to
106
:3incc would no connection jet"ieen

247.1-249.9
:nus the ?roduction of all ?henomena canj not
is so, tne conventional
ascertained.
_
does not a.'Cist -- :tow can tiere ;:e t ..,o truths? It it
is t;,e case that tie conventional also is
":; y anot.her convent.ionc.l ': cognizor j, !1O'J.J can t.here ::,e a
?erson who is

7:eglyJ
::nat
object. ofJ the ideation of anot.her does
not exist conventionally: ::y means of his own convention-
7nat which is definitely existsi if it
a. lity.
lOSc-le7]
does not, it is just not convent.ional.
analysis which wC.s regarding
:nnd and Dody can De a??lied to any ?henowenon; the ,achy<:.-
considers that dh3rnc. truly arises or ceases, either
107
:'hey
froQ ?revious, or subsequent causes.
actually exist then in a non-conventional Cayvavahara),
1::3.
inef:a=le (ana=hilaoV2) issuinq forth the
_ _ _ lO:'
(dharmadhatu-niryata). con-
siders consequence of that is
conventional truth no loqical validity, hence '=:1E:
truths cannot =e establishe,::, since only t:lti.::1ate
":.ruth is veridical. .:o::-al causality and the reliqious
?ath are since de?End on con-
ventional :f the ;:aC: hyanika ;.iere re?l,! tha t
conventional trut;,s are establis:'ed cyan i!:lc.qinati'.re in-
ot a conventtnal nature, cv?Qnent saY3 tiat
if that were the case, it;.:auld ,?reclude the
:Jf atteininc: j\lightenrnent :,ecat:se tile ulti..-:lata would
outside the of any cognition of a sentient
=eing, since ell cogr.itiou is conventional and ulti-
is free fros all cO!lce?tual
:':1e o::::jection is one of the seriouS
can :;e ::rought til? ac:ainst the .:adhyarll::'a; i..= it is
adeq"-!ately dealt ',lith, the logical validity of the
t;lc-fold truth ./hien is the foundation of tie ;:c.di1ya.':Iika
3yst&-:1 is :i-ravel:..r :-J.enaced. none of the
co:,.,"entators qive see"7ls ;:0 :;e a definitive EX?lica-
tion of rather crY?tic eegly to this charqe
('f.l07). ;'.ecording to the 3Ci,2. ',Ihieh I follow in :n,!
a:;ove, it does :lot necessarily t:.,at
:or an enlightened being , is
taken as the of the imaginative construction o f
- -
l29.
tnat fact exists conventionally. 3ince t;,e
beinq is free ell
he is beyond the reaL';) of the convem:10nal.
_-, conventional t:ling is "roduced de?endent the :;Jr:::!sence
of certain causes and conditions end can oe
to sUDsequently; i= these conditions are
not 9resent, itdoes not at all, even conventionclly,
like a sky flower. the ?roduction and cessation of
:'s conceived the and is in
reality like illusion, because ell
enliqntened l::einq) are cctually of constructive !.dea-
and l::y nature free in
-.-lords, they are !.i;'erate;:: 'One: ?aci-
fiee tne l::eqinninq.
249.10-250.2
.:o:-.ception and the concei'lee are ceperrcent u?On each
ot:ter. is tnrouqh recourse
to conventicm=.l desi:::;nations-; as t.hey are :moun in t.he
'JOrlcl. '- G??onent'
!f ',}hich already ::een eX2.,-;t-
ined :nust i l::e e:ca-nined !:ly investic;ation, then
there uill ::,e an infinite of that.
of tne for the investiga-
tion. -; vnce object of investigation has ::,een
investigated, there is no ::,asis for investigation. Since
there is no ::asis, ;- =urt;,er analysis J does not arise, and
that is _;irvana.
.
l30.
des?ite non-9roduc-
etc., of tnere ca!l
the
de?encer.t u?Qn
":.?1e entire is Ciscurs:'."/e z'!lcl

'T:'e-..; of convcrlti.orral cO::lce:;Jts.
:"":i.en I :!c.ys t:,e o?;.<Jner.t:,
0:
en of as
is a co!!venticrlal nature, arlC =e
in and so on.
_,ct 30, = :?L.es 3an
=ecause :'nvestiqation is in
:!:-:ic!1 are <;scE:"tained to je ,",-:l;:ty, =.nd tnus
is i:lherer:tl.:;
, -
_t:.;...;".
for (see
/.34).
:'s :-ei::'cation
-';een reject-ee,
is
=ore or
objects, 2!:C ... is ::,o. .:-Fictivity
:)?rc' j a'ld ?sace.
is :r.... ""10\01:: as .. irvana.

:::SC.3-25C.:::::;
:':iO:;C :0= -,ihon ':ne c.=E: ere: to
di==iculty_
the 0:;' jcct '_ on
:Jf ci !:icn
_r
c00liticr.:: on account 0::
O;:jEC'tS. :'3 t:,e
Q: toe 0:: of tia::

3ay I
:,y \:.nei= is ::ot so t;,ere
could :1.0 =elation Detween the
-1.l1.-2.12J
- --
131.
0= ; If an ..l:.i;.1atel:;, true :;-:istence
'_lo,-"lCi ':!1=:'.: i.:wes'CiS"2. -c.:"or'_
:;.!:c. object e..'-:1.s-:', ..iill l.ec.c. .
:'!1't.o c. ot 1.11ti..":1ate valiai ty of ,=i:;:1
:? r!.C ::'":s c::- jectr or -:;:e :'"!EE:!:.S 0:: \::!''=-:lC.:;i:)
:.as:
i=.se1..f
::r2.2E:;c.)
cc.!1 it ;:,e
:;.!.p..ce :'1tlS
-ralicatec =':! ;:o.:;::i.tic:-:. ?s =':1
::,e :;G -':':1

:. t;;; c::: since is unce=::ifieci e:-:ce:n: :'y
can 2.nd o;:,jec-: ::e
it.::el:.
of since
.:..t is cf a !'elatio:l jot.:--. at
-:::e :-1e!""'..l:e.rs t.:nce:- "::'fieci.
..s
=-_0 50:!., ::Cw
:10 :2. t:-:e= -,;hen ::>.e=e

t.!1cre is !!O :at:1EI in ti1e a!;-
:"s tr-.e :;on ::or:::
sence 0::: =. so!)., -enere :"s :10 __ true e:dstence 0:
-;oth.
_::?90
nent
3?ro,-"c is :=C8 2. sEed; ::ne
...;ince
:::eed is :::'y ._:;?!"out
:.rC::l t.!1e tive 01;ject, -"ihy snouldn't -:'::e
: :'ne existence
of ::e
vf 2. sEed is verified "j'f a coc;nitio!)' is sCr.lethinq
':'ut nOH has tne ex.istE::ce of
s?rout.
;:nat coqnitior. '.-1nich the cOg!1i tive 0:::'ject is
:<.novm verified:
I J'
:'he concepts of "=2::.he=" son c..:-e ::1utcally
de;Jencent, ::ince ;Ie C2.!1!1ot ':2.1:;: of ::atherhood. ?rior :0
:':E,?etti!1S of Co L""lci c. 50!": :::'u!iC ::: ;;y J
of this de?encience, neither of
is truly e:-::istern:. case 0: :"5
E.cec. i:::y i-es 0:::jec'C, ana of t21E object \-lhic{: ::e ::.,own
=y is )2rallel
f ::'!"lQ !1ei ther cun e::.ist t
l.lC
ot:::er. of e:dst.
a=ove is
of 2. -ene
ot its cause. i.e. just as
cf seed of
a 5?rout. the is
of seci. is :,!10\J;:
::tec:i.3 0:: s?rout, ::::ut via. a coq:"!i tion which infers
:'ts ezistence -ene ?resence c: its e=:ect. ':oc;ni-
tio:1 i+::sel:, re.'<1ains unverified, since 2.S wE
have see.!., it C2.!1!).ot ce=cify itseLf. :lor can it certi-
fiea "jy 2.nother coc:nitic:1 or oi:::ject (I.lCS-lGS:':;, 103-11 2; .
252.;:: -253.27
?eo,?le in ::he -,lOr:"o 2.11 causes.
diversity of the lotus etc., arises
diverse causes. "1:f ,-you asJ(I ":i ov] does diversity o f
causes come ubout7 ?ror.l diversity of ?reviou?
causes. ":?ron -o'ihat cause is there efficacy t'J yi elr!
133.
c= --:revious
.:'- r-om

::-es1.:1ts?"

causes.



::i.csa "!c!"=eS
ian"Cideva
..

"tje diamonci ",1 i'l-
as
analysis :<nown
".:i
111
is = :::ef'ltatior. ot :JrOc1.:ction :=0::1. self,
....i:-..i.c;,
!"SJ
:'::1E
cealt
2.:1C
ot!1er,

:.!"..e
;. i-h;'1.ravaci:1j
view




c:: is
e=2 =ouno in
c: c
"Cution 3.nd !",e": caUS<;!, cnc the!:E:fore
chis corres?onds ':c ,zterialist
arE:
112
-:::.is
_,ccorc.in.:; :'0
l:a!'Val<2 j
:JOsiticn is ref'.!ceo '-:y :::'e cf orc!ir:a.cy
?erce?ticn c.nd inference
-,jhic!1 ?E:.ccei ves ':;':::01.:-! h d.irect
crise enly
e q.
'" S?!'Cl.:.t,

as a seec, ",oil, etc, :re ;res
ent
.
:f -:roduction inceec causeless, could je
the distinct characteris-
.,.oreove:::- ,

!,cot,

tics of an oeject suc!'! as a lotus
",ne
__
:lcwer. I
:'his -:iiversit'/ of causes
r2ncc'-ll Y Jrocuced.
c. =e
c.:lC
arises in :=on diversity of :hei= cacses,
their
",0 on down -:hI'ou::;h 3xistence;
is derived of their
causal ?Ower
C2uses ':0 2nd so on,
2::i 3.25-25E.24
'"?he ...orc is the of the world ,.
. 0??Onent 1
1 ),1 '

us, what is is
ele.!ne..'lts so ::e it, so over c
na;:te? ==e dive=se end
activity, c=e not divinities; since
etc., is traversi::::le c.nd ir:1?ure, it is not oivine.
is !.at the :Ord, of its lack. of acti'/it?;
is since it jas ?reviously ceen rejected.
the is inconceiva=le, jow can you exoress
113-120'
:n res;;onse to t::'e theis"Cic ::osi tien of .<yaye
1.13
u:liverse is creation of : (isva!'a i ,
1antideva 09?Onent to show the =asis of
conce9t of a c!:eator It cannot :.he
(=hut2nl, since thE:Y :1ot criteria of
Eternal, and 2!'1e are deVOid of the i!1telli-
'oer..t activity which should c?1aracterize _'od. ;9ace i.s
??rtless end =ut it is inca?able of
ing creative activity; a ::erwanent (amC!n) al-
ready ::een rejected.
If the retorts that che
:lature of the :Ord is inconceiva=le, :hen he is
jis own ?Ositicn, since jave no
a;:out such _:cc.
257.15-253.12

,;nat does the ::.ora' desi:-e create?
you say :':-:i1t it is I the .3elf,
isn't that eternal?
:O:-d and the nature of etc., is also
135.
eternal.
jince from
nas cone oojects of cosnitior. and joy
?ain from action, please say what nas :Urd
::=-==ateoi' l21-122J
that the nature ot
an inconceivable is not definacle, can still =e
:<''10wn =? ..:l.s ',.>orks, are com9renensible to =.l1.
:":?on the ::;yaya-!a!sesika s owr.:;rounO:::s, '1owever,
it is to Lord has ::::eated
::e ca=ot have created t:le individual .:iouL.
that soul is eternal, and thus has no need of a
cre2tor =asic of earth, fire, wind,
s92ce and are also insofar as their ulti-
114
atons arE and hence they equally lack the
:or a ; neither could an eternal Word '1ave
createe! :u..':lSelf. .oreover, cognition is ?roduced
ot Jerce9tion of an o=ject, 2nd not ::v _=Od r and ?ain
and joy result iron of ?revious and
action. case, one nay ask
of t.he ''-./hat hath _-od ',.>rouqht"" _=Od as a
cause is also rejected. jucn a ?ernanent cause would
without. any and thus everything in toe world
115
\.iould ce ?roduced at. all tir.les.
253.12-261.5
,,-ny doesn't !,..;cdJ create all <01: <011
3ince ie doesn't depend on others7 there is nothing
13E.
-,I<oS :l01: crE2t:ed '::::'j on what. .Ioule ".:is crEation
=e
on 2
0'=
':2.Uses " W!"C :10t C2l!se,
::eC2.'...:,Se
'",,:len

-:,=-ese:l:' :!'? ' -:. :::OHer
':0

:;,cr :125 ::e -::le ":0
c=ea't: .-
.:.S -3bsent.
t.he
:O!'o :-Jithout desirinC7
=hen it :ollo\.ls that 3e
i5 under the control of another.
If L:!e creates]
cy de-
siring to cO SQ, t.hen he would =e degendent on that deSire.
,,,"ctbc that], ::ow is =e the I..ord?
123-125'
defender 0: the in 2 might
advance the that =esides
ccu.sal e::::iciency, Cause:; (.3c;'2:<:c:- in;
o=de=
to
.=r..d ;:;'us :ll::';s 2.!"2- <:leI:.:'
=::0-
::z:.

elso is
si!:.ce
:he
::2nnct
.:e
on causes,
::ecc.use
:':"l-=---:lselv::s
Ct2 or: .-:.i::1 :o?:' O?:'i ;i:: .;.::
.::::r9 :..::r:Je:-::-1Z.!:ent,
=.,,:,-c
:::,ey wOilld
;;.l.',';c:,s !:':.::12!!! !!! ;:0 .:.L.'J. ,;s ;:::'ei!" caL:se.
':'1(;
.1.1::101.1:::',-; ::':-tct is ::::e -:2i:';:;YL<:.c 'lCy ar<-:'1..:e :: :-:e
'1-
.:.- ,
:ot2.1it!" a: :;le of -=auses

n.ecessa=y

;-2; ::" ':"-litt:EC,
::.::
-:Er.o:2ii"lly
;::,e 0:
3ays 1antide
v
a,
:ecaL!se
.;e '-Iouldn' ': ::e
c=eata in
c::
tct2.1ity,
.,or ,;;o:.:.ld .:6 :-:ave
?Ower to creatE
;:hen

.L t ..;er-e t:.
-,c .: ...
_.L. ":'l..
is :,e.lc t:-t<: t ::ince _<>d
an
137.
?roc.uces cnly ',;;,e!'! _:e =.1 ::e could ?::-c-
::'ace 2.11 ;:nG ;:i=:le i:: He ::0 -:iezi:-e-:!, ':his too
_'" .:.i:z cre2.t.ion ::ollcws :latu:-al 12.. anc:. is
is :-ejectec5.,
=u;:::iG..i2.ry :-esult
t:-:e :..o:-c. it, .-: cc.!,,_'!ot ::e ccnsiccreo
if are
;:0
=rea'Cad solely 0: desire, ',;ould 5-;:1.1l :::e
on ;:ne ::actor of t:o cre-
2:n ei:'!1e:- case, .. -od ..;oulc =:e on
ate
=.nc
-:h2.:l
113
conside::ed the sole creative noster 0:::
:!n.5-21:::.l5
:r- Clse '_-;na acce:;t atO::lS ;;eer. =;:;:uted
:::,e
:unc.c.ne:r:t:..c.l su:':st:2.!1ce as
. - .
of
caas_ of ;:he Norle.
is
sattvam, r-ajas :.a.":1.as ::-e.r:12.in ':'n th2.t
callec. ::-..:nd2.Dent2.1 su;:stance; when they 2.re in c.is-
l2E-:n-;
t:-zc is callec. the '..orld.
::;aterialistic e;(,/la:1a.::10n of the oric:in 0:: toe
',Jor10 via t!1e interac'Cion of ator:ls, as '"as :-.eld "'::Jy
;:he anc. is ==jecteo on :;rounds
t!1at ::eI7.1anent c.t.Or:lS (nit;anunij theor'l
- 2.19 -
?Ost-...:.lat.es :1a"'Je ?!:evict!sly 25--56) j121:lonstrat.ed
;antideva :1a;tt er:tC:arks
to logically
on a =efutation of the ?Osition. (see also
I.cO-iS7), with a sketcn of their beliefs
138.
concerninq the evolutior. 0: universe c
)rimordial the :uncanental or nature
120
(orakrti)
. .
262.16-263.9
It is u:1-.:enai:;le for -;
':0 nave a ::ri91e natare; :!-:at ora:<pi =the:-efor:2 does :10':
exist. t:;,e C'::ms;:ituent ele!len'Cs do :1ot exist,
since each of also is ;:hrea-fold. .jince the con-
stit'-!ent are non-e.:<istent, 'C:te existence 0:: SOu.,ei .
etc., is invalidated. It is that etc..
c::dst in cloth end other insentient
::."he clained unitary :1ature of fu:lda-:lentel substa!1ce
is =1::st, on the that it is ::lade
c= the three 2nd hence has
a three-fold which is in o=vious contradiction
l21
to such a unity. _-Dreover, each 0::: the three constituenc
is itself Cow?Dsed of its own :1ature with an ad-
of the other two, and so each a three-fold char-
acter in its turn, and so likewise cannot exist as
::nat. ;:he case, the e'Jolt:tes
,'Tiv-arta-ruoa) of t:'e constit:zent 'Nhicn constitute
SUbtle 0: sound, ;:ouch,
122
and smell, could exist, due the non-existence 0:
their cause. .',ccordin:; to theory, the nature ot
each of the three cQnstituent has a definite ar-
fective t.one: ?leascre (sattva), ?ain and indif-
263.10-27
139.
123
:erence (ti'!!:l2S).
7.,is theory leads to the absurd con-
clusion that ?urely cloths and
=OCl(3, although cevoid of consciousness, would
?Ossess an since they are
of the tn=ee
:L: '!OU tnzt:Jent:ities are of ;:he ::a;:ure of causes
of entities already and
found to would =e
cause entities] :or you, and therefore cloths, etc"
are not the cause o:J ha?piness. Cr if cloths, etc.,
to ?Osse3S na??iness, etc., since they do not exist,
happiness, etc., does not exist. 13C-13lbi
.-
:he 09?onent try to ;;;:::..tion ::y
c12i."'ll!!q t:tat objects li:ce ate. J are not
of of they are whose char-
acter is the cause of na99iness and otner emotions. ';;ince,
however, the conce?t of real entities has
already ceen refuted ('1.73-10:;), actually no
entities Nhich fUnction as the causes of
na99iness, etc. is that evoiut:ES
(vV2kta) are of the nature cf the three constituent ele-
and t:1e therefore are the cause of Aater:"al
and not the other way around. "'oreover, < C
the view that are of the same
nature as the constituent and caUsed them,
14().
then the that the
eXist, of the o=eviously
of the entities which are =e their effects.
163.27-265.E
of ha?piness, etc., is never ?erceived.
-.:
..L..
were truly it not always
?erceivec7
:f
,-you S2YJ 'thc.t ha??iness] cr:<lnqes
to 2.
::;u.ctle state,.,
we ask; how can it =e ;rcss and
5u=tle? it=ecowes suttle after cast of= its
state, and arE
dl
entities Deing like c:hat, can yot.: not acce9t
If its is not di:-
ferent from itself, it is
:s
!'3Ic-134nl
etc., snoulc ?ernanent, since
of
of Nhich constitute the
substance to the
. , -
3ilch

Ca!1.nvt.
it is not
ness
- i
-"

?erceived at all
::ut only occasiona ll:,-- .
3ince tne of :1C!.9piness is ?e!:7lanE!"lt,
T '
S:lOU_Q
=e ah/o::.ys wanifest and ?erces;ti;:,le, :':t:t 'Ne :mot./ through
tnat it is not.
3iqht concede
:t is not alNay::; it still is Jer-
::tanent, ::ecause even when uIL':lanlfest it in 2. Subt le
3tate of (Sakti-rUo2.).
::':1is ?Ositio i s re-
j ectec (see also i.90-92) of the cont=adiction
141.
:r. a of
can e:-:ist 2.1so :r. an ES-
it is su??Osec to =e a
:':1.e o:J?one!1t :::i:;nt COllCU:- in ':indir:s t:1E si::ru.lt2.::.eous
of a ccncradictory,
is :10 i:l c. situation :':'i ,..- hich -:h:
:ross .3tate ?rac.ucad

-::..cce;:\:.s t: is =:lc =Z.Se, :lc i3 corJ.cec.i:J.-=- -::,a t
:;0:':: =t::::-:le
to ar.ci
=.::ssc-:icz:;
:c :0:- ": ;1(; :;"::1c.l<:';''''1E:1'tc.l J:
2l.S0 =0= .:.12. =;"e 0::
:actors which make up the world according to
the systa.-:l, 5ifiC2 they are all evolved from
.
0= ::!!"-:::! ele.r:tents. I, .o=eov!" ,

::ase it s;1oOJiC: cCrltinue ;:0 ::e ?erceivec,
=ven ..;!1eZ"l .:2.i!i=estation :1c.S ::ec..seci. ';:i!".ce are
S2.ne =>.E!1 , ::lust :":e as 2.5 i":.:;
tior!.
265./-:;co.2G
. ?CU
--
.sav
.
thc.t which is :lon-existent ir:
its cC.use is ?roGuc!::<i, ::eC2USE :. t tnen
:'ou are you
l42 .
?roduction of a _?reviously
:JCr:i f
e:=ect resided in cause,
i!'!
':ood a:1d O!1e
\.iould
::uy COt.ton 2eecs
for ?rice 0: coo:ton and
oneself vii th
_you say 'Chat' :JEO?le GO
:lOi:


:::ecause 0:

thE!1 de e'tle!!
'_i no :<"'0'" :ceal.: t:,."

to :rou=

. :
.;.- '1c=16ly ,?eo;?le e.1sc ic.ve t:-:c.t
6..;jtl :::ar..' t -:ney see

.0.-
_:rou zoe?ly -.:hat
?erce'?ticm of ordinary .::eo::le i.s "O'C c. ::l",e.:!s of 'Talia
-::;e!1 :lhat <=.-;:?ears to ;::,eir vision is ."1on-

134c-137'
c2usal
of of the a!1
eternal is :........JC,;r. 2.S sac,<arvc.vacia,
belief
l24
t2'k,t all ef=ects ?!C-E;(istaz;;:
':'ii
;: :leir cc.use.
':ne
of
is advanced :or t:us tr.eor:: is
:::e nC:1-:;roducti'J'ity of nor:-e;d.stent,
':25
i.. E:o tha::.
be no ?rocuction and so ;:he effect
:;ust the cause

:n some i=
:
......
is
=.t 2.11.
reolies that the .:ia,-:Vc.-.va
. .-
acce?ts that V2.rious into
existence out of substance which Nere
not there =efore;
their ?riozo existence cannot =e ::lain-
tair.ed,
since they were not ;:erceived their
143.
;urt:'er:ncre, if e:::fects I:ruly ':0
Of
e:::!.st :':1 C2.uses, ::Jan:! 2.;:;st:.rc viould ensue;
si.nce :ood ;:econEs feces, ',Ie woule. :::e c.i::i!1::; 0!1 ordure,
cottO!1 seeds :::e able "t:c fulfill the :unctions of
cloth ':hey are desti!1ec ':0
',Jould ::e ",:ui'"alent i:1 ',alue.
:':1e .;a.-:' ....\coy""' :'.iiy cOrl"':end ,::.aI: Nhile thG e::istence of
effecl:s in their causes is tt is net
?EQ,?le :acul ties a!:'e
::''''.at this is 50 is, ::elied
clouded
OJV tne :2.ct tha,: -::ver.. .5a.-n.1<:hra saces, 2.=e SU:::lo::osedl v
... ...... - ... -
2.\Ola=e of t:'1e truths a:: the sys1:em that: -:hey I!?nold, conti:1t:.e
,
to act ;;.c::ordi::l<:; to eonventicr.al '.lsases, eati:lC: rice (and
:lot ar.c :lot ,:?1e ?rice of cotton clotn ::or
::':'1e o:J?Qne!'!t ::lay hold that :lot only sac:
es
,
cotton seecs.
ordinary 2.5 well, arc ca?a:::le of
_t... .... t... ..... ____ - ...
__ .......... "- :. ____....__u...... c .....;..c .......... ..... u ..........t ..... .;"'c........c: ..vc, ....... _""' -..,,.._.:,..... 1..,-
,.,.:.:---.... C:. "':! ' a
:f ':his
Has in it3 cause, in case clay,
is so, says ';a:ltideva, ':nen -,I:'Y :icn't ordinary ac-
?erceive effect in the cause? If it is ":;ecause
Nhich a??ea=s to their vision is not a ::leans of valid
:moviledce i, the..rt tne :nust 2.Cree
... i ...-
the that ordinary are false, and
that t!1ere can, therefore, ;;e no of the
=eality of entities
.
2EE.2l-2E7.30
.. -
U
1--;-

i:: ::Jeans of '1alid k..'1o\o;lecse 2.re -'--
::lCtely nOI: :-.ea.'1-S of '/2.1id :mo'.ilecge, what is :<-'1own
;:y is false.
entities is losically invalid. y .;:,en
entities are not contacted, their non-exista'1ce is :101:
since i: an enl:it y is false, it is clear
':hat 1s false. ::?:'1ere::ore, Hhen c son
dies in " :i.!-ean, there is the :ictitious ieea "he does not
e.:Cist," ',Jhich ?revents the fictitious idea of his e...'Cist:ence
is itself false.
:'he o??Onent ':ries ':0 de.-aolis:' the ::y
u':ili:::i:1S its own ,!ra'"lises; ifco:wentional ::leans of .,alid
:<--:.o\O'lec::;e are ulti.::lC.tely invalid, t:l.en every.::?1in.:; .... hic:.
:'s =:! -:hea is incluciins ?Csi-
tior. of substantiality of all
::?:'1is ?Oint :1as ;;een =aised earlier (i.lGSe-llu).
arlO reoly that
:less is :lot really a ?Osition at 2.11, :::ut a ten?or2.r;' ,=x-
Vr'.ce t.ne false idea of an e.."'{ista'lt: sntit., has
:;een its is ::10 10nser in
tion, sirlce can understooe only in o?]o5i -

':ion to idea of entity.
:f of an Object is not :.t
:'s o;:;vious that ':he lack of e:tistence of such an objec,:
also 1ma<:;inary. :.'his is illustrated the of the
145.
of a son in a areas; althouqh idea of
son's is =y ieea of
death, ideas are equally in existence.
2E7. 3l-262.:;
::':'1ere:!:ore '-flrouqh in'lesti:::;a"t:ion _-,Ie fiZld that:
causelessly. 141a;:1
"::erE :ourth "dia-::or.d sliver," i.e. rejection of
causeless ?rod4ction, is ==ief1y it was
eealt ?reviously in det2.il ('1.117-113).
2E2.5-272.17
::.n effect does not reside its causes, eit.ner
or collectively. is
2.not;"er, or or difference is
'"
is considered real igr.or-
ar..d a=ises . ::l2.c;ically? One should exa::1ine
which are ?roduced and t:unc;s are
::;roc!uced fron causes '_ to see.: whe.::-e ':hey are cOr;UnS"
end qoinq to. can t.here r:e reality in -::hat -,.;hich is
"Jerceived i:1 ::ro:u..ctity '.:.0 _causes and condi::ions'
and Vlhic:' is n01: ,:Jerceived ':The!! t:tey are lac!cinq, and
is an artificial like a reflection? 14lc-144:
:oere deals "<Ii til the views jy "Che
':'uddhist as \oIell 2.5 ":Jy ;:tos': ord1:1ary
are ?roc!uced ':hei:r causes. i-er-
he his aUdience's with the
treat-sent 0:: this su::::ject ",lsevJhere, notaDly in the
It;(,.
1.27
:i..=st. c;'2.;ycer of "Cne
anci :;ne
:o!:"
:'E: s '!
=S?yout;
is r!ot
either
i!!ci vidual
caUSES (seec., soi.!
In
:i2-:a.r- 1
or 1.:1 t;,e t.o":ality of

.:.t ::..=: 2.SSUt:1EC
one ccn :or 0= c
the effect and its
ider.tical or jiferent cr
-":'1e :'s
cf ::.:.t!sc.2.ity 2.5 dE:-
i:l :!..3 =e eny t

are noc

'::!e:::
coulc no
.. lee:!. -:";';0 -::u.nqs; :lor ')0
:.Jcl!ld !:'Gsult "'- I
"".:45;.

tney do :1ot ;0 SO::1 other state, since '::nlies
difference.
In short, all entities
:-
0::.:.,;.
a=e
:0 qaqic2.l illUsions,
i:: that.
co
:'!1eir
:l:: :::roducti Q!1,
:.uz.-a-:.:'::::: ':'$ 32...-:::'1..2.=
t
:J: i:1


:2.1..:3ES =.:!.c
=:J::.C:i :cr :. ::ei= ::
:., . 1
-= '":;'2=:::: ..
':".s c:.; ::-Z.U5c:?S tiGns
its is


u\-1n-::ein;, 0: tl"'!E: 0:: c.s ..;.
:-:=fl-=ction onl:.-- ;;. t;hGn 50n 0:; jcct is .;laced ::i
:ront of =
=nc 0= its own

- -
147.
':'
to
2.n
."lc;t:. ':'s
- .
causes-;
. :or "_
:J:cOCUCE:C
::':le=e C2.!'. :,e c:lc..,-se
';;=OCUCeC :"1 c;:;'L:.3es?
2:1tity "LC
..J C2.:1
';'!i 02\,an =.y ::'l:,(!':!..c.C2 .:J= ::2.l.:SES.
".:E
::cr:


:eCQ::!E
can
-,,:"!.ic:-: ,::;c"::<2r
:'<;5-1...;::
..=.::i.;:ter-J.t?
t:O,v r.2c:1:' ::.:-.c.'t. :1.avc
:Ct.:'3:= ",=0 eit:-:e:- e:c:..ste::'!t: ::'!:" :lc!"'.. ::;!1"Cit.i:::;
is =l=-2':'cy t;:. c.r.
),
it e:Qst2nt i t::;e!::J ""lot.:1G ""..:e
, ...
-'-'-
i:!t.o
:10 :::;"!: C2.US2.l. to
;;. :1on-e.::iS\:er,t;. "..;culc. ::e )e!7.'l2.nently
3ince is i!"'_?1e==!1tly CC!:
?:;:::ducec., :':1 :1on-e:.::ist.an't i::t.o
0= any of causas,
C2:1 it -'::!.-/en e.;:i3tnCe, :l S :..t itsel=
....,,-_..... .,.c:. to t
:): t,::'e
_,c:.........__ c: a
::Us is
.; is -:,;,e sdstant is .?roduced, sines
..;c...-:...:::-,va
=ejecticr. 0= the
notion c: the 0: Q==ect in the cause
\ 'i.134c-lJ7i.
273.1Q-27t,.30
::O:5ition !as . - p..
encity coes not at of
e:-::istence. .... hen ',Iill it into e;dstence?
14 0 .
coes is 0:
-=.:<:istencE:; ar.c Nnen non-e..xistcnce :"1C.3 not di:3a??E2.red.
;;;,e!:"e is :10 ?ossi::::ility c: existence. :'::.e
:lot t.:1!:":1 ,::;'e :'!cn-e;cistErltJ =c=cause t ;Jould eotei2.
2. cual t.i.!re. :'3 2.:ly
;:;r exi.stence. ..1.1 I..!:!i'lerse is t:1Erefore :.m::or!1
a:1C ;.:nce2.sin=. 147-149:
:..'1 -:nese 'le=;;es :2.nticeva refutes 1:ne o;ossi;';il':':.'1 of
,:iVc!"l _)re,""i1ise ,:i1at \o.!J'1;;. Ve I
is entity {cravvcJ. a whicn is
130
ane. otilers. is c.r-?.:es
.
:lon-existence Hill <!.hlays =e"il2.in en iiJ.?edi.':lent:
:0 c= an :':'1e oo::;ocent :r201,!
;;;,at :lon-existence jisa?gearS wnen an entit.y :.rises,
entity is could :?t:r-che!"-
_lore. non-e;(istence C2.nnoc ::e '=.ctec. uSJOn ::y 20:1 ex...istent
cc.t!s., and so it can _9 :-ernoved. 7ne existent
C2P-not it would
2. dual nature consists of 2. nd
and that is :lot ?Css1tle since two a:re
2.nd t;,U$ cannot coexist in SaDe entiLv.
:n slL-;nary t!1en. t!1e verses have
of ultL"il2.te ?rocuction and cessation,
7his lack of ?roduction 2.nd destruction is to
?nenonena in the tnere is actually
of creation and wjicn are
149.
illusion, ?Ower of ?erce9tion.
275 . 1-20
cyclic existence are a -- when
are c.as as a ::Jlantain tree ,- t=un:<:.
Zn reality is difference enlightened

,-0.1 1 .Jienomen2. are ul ti!:lCte1 y anc. naturally
they
lack substantial ?roducticn, and cessation,
sufferinq and anc. ether in
various destinies or cyclic existence (gods, titans,
:1ell deni::.ens and aninals) c..:-e also as
:11 ti"1C.tely '.1nrsal as ::rea::! ex;:eriences. :her! the ?!1enOiil-
ana ::-eal to us are analyzed, they are round
s-:t?ty substantial ity, just as the of a
?lantain 9a1::1 is foune to contain no sUbstantial core
divided (?74). becnuse of this ultimate
insubstantiality anc inherent is no
final ci f ference ontolos ical status of an en-
131
and unenliqhtened ?erson, although they do
::iffer conventionally fro::! a stand?Oint,
in that the continuUl:l of an ?erson
i s afflicted the and continues to =e bound
'Co existence, ,.. hereas that of an enlightened oeing
has all and is free from eondage
to cyclic existence (see 'l.13c-l5b).
150.
275.21-276.14
Thus what is gainee or lost things?
:1hat honor or disgrace \Oli1l there ::e, and because of what?
?ro!!l whence is ?leasure or f)ain? ;-lhat is agreeable or dis-
agreeable; ;;oat cravin; is there, and from whence Ldoes
it arise] it is innately ;lhat is the
world of living creatures when it is ;mo dies
there? :-lho '..ill there ;,e, and who has there :.Jhat
relatives are there, and what friends, and whose
are they?
a consequence of accepting univereal non-substan-
tiality, our valuation of the world undergoes a =adical
transformation; we see that there is can =e
truly gained or lost insubstantial ?nenomena, and
can do uS honor or cause us ?leasure
and ?ain should not arise due to the absence of real
jects to cause these sensations. jar is there anything
which is desirable or undesirable in itself, since such
characteristics are merely C=aving, the chief
cause of rebirth, should not be prodUced, necause neither
the covetous subj ect nor the coveted object can found
when their essential nature is can upon
investigation, creatures be found who are
born, exist, are reborn in the world, even the
::r1ends and relatives \olhom we hold dear.
151.
276.15-277.1":
C you :i:J.O ar-E: li::e ::Ie -- _you should; all
as s?ace.
,
:'hey :::eCO::lE an:;r'J or deli::hted
::ecause Qf ::estivities and qua!"rels; desi=i::q t:J.eir o.m
t:1ey li'Je and 2infully, -..itn
and dejection, one

Li final sec'Cion of tr..e f:E:J jam:ideva exhorts
'ill those ,ino :"1C.ve not: yet realized tne true of
:-e2.1ity, i:1 class he includes to
ef::ort things are 2S em?ty
of S?2Ce, Jo 0:::
outlin.s c";cii.c are
occasioned our iqnorance. :n :i::e, ::eccl.!se of
::n1.r to con"pnt- 11y 'Talid 0:::jects as ul ti!:!2tely
=e2.1, ::eco::1e or- "'-5 a r8sul t 0:: 'Tai!1 dis?utes
or celebrations, .::.esi=in-=? our cvm :.a?l?incss vie
live lives, to :::rie:::,
one out
u'- our :-.is.;uided
?2.s:;ions.
:77.1.7-27S.S
\-;ilC ::z.".re in E!astlre, COI'JE
of tiwe and again, Hill :'"in2.l1y-i :a11
:'nto te!:"ri:;:'le and ?rolonsed,
;:.r..:;cis:, ""orld tnere 2.re
'::'ere :,le falsely ?er-ceive reality to unreality.
152.
3ecause t::tere is
a mutual Contradiction [between ordinary
Vie\\!s, and understanding] which reser:tbles reality will not.
come about.
Ther-ein is a boundless ocean of
::tise:-y.
156-155:::-
qood states of rebirth or ::ten are
tor:, a!!d -,;i11 once effects
of on r 2'
::een ':t.:l! \:' e.:-:hc.ust:ec.

-:-1 h:,c:--t O!!e -:..
:-.ave to endu!:E


7 0:- cS
2. -::os't.
8= ..::'..:!";'
see::! all ;::Je ::;o.::-e e::cru-

ir;. ':ol.'!?a=isc['! ;:0

er-,jo:'ec :or-::e:-l:;,
/erze O':!"! t::e viorlci .....
::ot: co:::e 2.::out" is
"-.">(:t=er::el :' concise ur.d C:ou:-t::t:l of :::e2.!1i:1c; -::Je :':;'-,_:' ::c=
::::nce jUS1: as 2!:tbi.:;...:ol..:s, end fa!:" :-e2.s;:J",
":e:s:;cirea
of :::?kinq any sense 0: it

---.... :rc::!
i .:..
.oi::ce
1.s incl;':'cec in all cnd
i:1 t;,e
.;. iave ::een bole: to
2



:::asec ")"""' -
=l.r-il:- on the co:x'1e:1tC'.ries 0:::


indicates,
of
Ti-=,r.es en
sc\:isfactory :-ende;::-in<::; at ;:ni::; '.TerSe.
"iut'...lal cont:-adictio!1 :-efer-1:"ed :-terE:
.;a?s \:ne cont..re.dictions i!1;,e:-er:t in ::t.ist2i<en
""oridly-
of =eclity,
as 7iE:t-js ot
':'32
"-.">(:iste!!ce 2nc
:1on-existence.
.;ecause of involve.:-:lE!1t :':J
t:ns
:let of
cont:-<ldicto:-y 'Tielo}S,
one v,'il1 ;:0
153.
at 2.!1 of r-eali'ty is :!:"ee: f!"cn
:33
': he tour- .:.:-:trE.:ue ?osit:ions (:!lu.::z.'1i.c2nc-:. :::rr;>1 . ;:;2.J,
"'Ii thout t unders1: 2r.dinc: 0:: :-ealit:' '.-iill =e.':'..air. t::-a??ec
::o=eve!" i.n oceC!!1 0: s,,;':=erin::: \ihic!: is cyclic e::ist.ence.
273.-:;79.l.7
.:er-e ;:::'en is little ?Owe::-, here ;:co 2.ifes ? 2.r. is shon.
:.!.:e :lC'VlS :'!1 :::ei.!1q concerr.ed ' ,Ii
Hi rusi:!ss, ";Eari!1s:;, sickr..ess
and in
:cols . It is di==icult to att<:!i!l ctsc=i::,ina..-:ivE:
. .::,e:=E: is 2. ::ere to overcone ja;;it:.lzl
? .-:er-e -:00 o.2.rc. ves to !1ur1 _us -: i n to ;:he
c- reClt e'tTil states of and u:-O:lg ere
ar.d a=e difficult ;:0 :;u??ress. It
=-e -ter'" :-:arc. to a;: tain i.n tavor2.ble s?iritual con-
ditions the 2.??arance c:: a is
:-2.re. :t is '1c.r-Q to stO? of
2. succession of :ni.5ery: 2.S.sc-16 2 -;
if ane's haVE to =e 2S
a :or
li-:: htennent, tl1is 0?90rtur.i ty is selcio::1. :nstead
our a :1d :eenle efforts are exnausted in the
trivi2.1 concerns c.= dcilY life, 2S we: ne2.d s?eedily to_Jaros
tn- Ir. :.;'i5 situation it is Vir-tu2l1:, i:J.9Qssi::::le for us
;:0 qene=ate discrL-:li.native a.larene5S (vivekai, i.e. wis-
dor.! ... 2nables us to a!Jandon sin and ?ractice virtue,
1 jt, .
so to :t is
:0= c. ::E=SC!1 o!'ci:1tJ.=y 1i':e :: e:1.!'2at2 con--
ovJ!.!1S to in 2 v!e!: c= c i :;-
;:::-2.ct:ior. ::::-08 ;:iere is ESC2.?e.
::;.cdi tion, .E.=c, :!hc ::l2.y cons ideree. as 2.r. ject:i'Je 0
de::.on o!' 2.S 0: t:'1e :'5
and
s':2.t.es 0: SUC:1 2. S .,-vic:'
i:: l:''':e -::: e:-e Tiet-Js -:'0 Ieee
0=
==e to ;:he 0:-
1 ").A
in ==vor2.=le s9iritual concitions
:=e '/ and the c!Ucial condition of (:
. - ]
s in :.ne es;ecic:lly is seJ. c:::J.
, -
:ul:illed. ':-Jer. or.e in 2.
,:ua.!..
Hitn o??Ortcnity 2.ne. ca?2.city :0:::
lust and other
:i1ents a re hard to overcorae, 2.nd i= they a re :10':, ::u.s er :.r
will succeed wisery ene..
279.13-23l.4
,
i O\-i 'q=ieTJous :'s ?liS"!1t of those
i n ':he =ive::- of :nisery, and :1ot their ::l\.m ::::es -
;:erate sta':2
it is even ::1ore des;:-?rate.
.:t is l i :<e
who having Nould enter i n t o 2
:ire and aqain.
.o.S su c:: would consider t nc;n-
s elves ;:0 in a condition, ':hey are thus i n 2 1'.
231.5-25
155.
even
1'0 thc::;e -NnO 1i'!e thus in ?lay,
and ageless,
terri=le as the 163-1651
:r. these verses, eA?resses iis
over the ?light 0:: :us fellow creatures, 'tlno are for the
:lost ?a=t una'tJe.!:'e c:: straCi.J:l of whic!:.
are ?laced, and fu:ctner ::lisery that t!ley are ::rinc::-
ina u?On =y non-virtuous
;.ctions- ':'hese delude the.r:!se1ves i!l to thinking that
their condition is a ?leasant one, and ';;hus no effort
to escc.?e it. It is like so",-eone "100 '..ould !Jathe, and
O1avinc:; ':elt cold leavi!'lg vlater, woul.d enter into
tc :<ee,? ',Iam, all ',;hile considering
135
'1a??y, althoug:" sui:jecting to torture.
7..us o:cciinary ?eo?le heedlessly =uin, without
of ole age and
o when shall I soothe those who have :::een Jurnt
::he suf:::eri!'lg in that '.Iay ',Jith ::1y own expedients
:or arise froQ the cloud of
G Hhen shall : to those whose View is
=salistic with recourse to conventional Qis-
course? :,nd when shall ::;: ca:ce!ully ';;each the.r:! the aCCQ":l-
ulation of in a :nanner nhich is devoid 0:: realistic
?erce?ticns(
15(;.
:"nese concluding stanzas e.xElress s resolve .
Hhich every 30dhisattva arouse, to
the of ceings in cyclic existence
:lave :--en surveyec in ;:receding VE::cses (154 et
=irstly, the needs of c:ceatu:ces for
clotnes, etc., and ::or such as jewels
a.llst :::e ';;hese requisites are ?rovided fo:c living
1:!1e 'Nho ac....-:ui:ces tne.':l :::y the ?Ot-ler ot the
he has aCCQsulated :::v his vi:ctuous deec.s-
a!1c. ::lo:ce i::\,?o!'tantly, ..;odhisattva resol'.Tes to
attain !'elease
of cyclic e..-v::istence, ":;y the.s ty,'0-::o1 d
...::!O :.::: --:-::-:iev.;: .Ti::. -:he aCCQ":lulation 0':
::Ieri".: (jnana and -mnvc-S2..'n)::hara).
i.e. c!1
f
o! or
=e conveyed to those addicted to reali!Otic views
conventional itultL":lately
transcends all desc:ciption.
Son'.Ter!Oely, t!1e ?eri0r.:lanCe 0;:
deeds :nust ;:,e caught to the.r:! in suc!:. a 'Ia'l that
t!1ose acts in':o=ed with the :<""1oHledge of .:in;?tiness;
in for neither donor or reci?ient is
'=0 ;:;e ?erceived as :,eii1;:; 3u::stantic.lly e..ustent.
.21 'Jirtue::.;
likewise C2.."1 =e acco:nplished only woen ?:cactised
Nith this :nree-fold ?urity
ac-
::u,;-:n.;.latinq wisdo::l and ::1erit in this vlay, C2.n elimi-
all and wrong views are o::st acies
to the ?erfect freedo::l ar.d oliss of
);otes
1 S 7.
1. 9p.206-207.
2. N"? 2.
3. See the ?rose cited in 3CAP ?p.168.24-
31 and 169.1-10. The locus classicus of the simile of
wis10m being like a quide fo the blind is the ?rajn.aoara-
7:1 (ed. by E. Obermiller,
19371 repro Mouton, 1960) 9.35.
4. BCAP 9.157.27.
5. pp.2-3, KP :.254b-255a, 3'; 9.304.
6. 3ee the comnent on 'I. 3, ?p.
7. e.g. 24:8, 9 and i1.Av. 5123 seq.
3. ;"S in ;)har.unaoada Ch.26, '1.11,14: the origin of this
view is found in the 'lasala-sutta of the !\huddaka-nikaya,
"not by birth is one a 3rahrnan, not by birth an outcaste ;
by deed is one a 3rahman, by deed an outcaste" (see vol. 1
9.
190
of the ]evanagafi of the ?ali tripitika, ed.
by 3hikkhu J. Pall ?ub1ication 30ard, 1959J) ,
:or a later 2uddhist denunciation 0: oretensions
see the Va1rasuci of ?seudo-ASvaghosa. -
9. See DhammapadaCh. 26 and At[sa's aodhipathaorad1pa,
verses 2-5.
10.
11. KP f.258a.4-7.
12. 35 pp- and f.25Sa.6-258b.1.
13. See introduct!.,Ji1, below 0"
14. Tskh. f.4b.2, p.212.11-14, f.260b.3-4.
15. On the example of see p.315 and t.r.. 9.240.
16. For example 'Ia j;ccc?ledil<a 32'1 ., svapnam.... evam drstavya
. (' . ..
Ta-chih-tu-lun 0;:>.373-75 in translation oy
traite de la grande vertu de sagesse '1.11.
1949). Also AstasahasrikapralPaparami-
ti ed. by P.L. Vaidya iDarbhanga!'Hithib,a Institute, 1960)
p.:..22,.14-15 "sarvadharma 'pi deva?utra nayopamah svapno-
oamah".
.
'
.