Circulation Worksheet

Part I: Myogenic Pumps

Is diffusion fast or slow? SLOW
NOTE: Ateries= Away from heart; Vein= Vack to the heart
o Pulmonary artery pumps blood away from heat to lungs
What is the circulation through the mammalian heart:
1. Blood oxygenated from lungs go to heart in pulmonary vein and enter left
atrium
2. Blood flows through left atroventricular valve into left ventricle (LV)
3. The LV pumps blood oxygenated blood into aorta to entire systemic circuit
4. Deoxygenated blood flows into right atrium from vena cava
5. Blood flows through right atroventricular valve to RV
6. RV pumps to pulmonary artery and goes through pulmonary circuit
Systemic circuit:
o LV aorta body superior vena cava RA
Pulmonary circuit:
o RV pulmonary artery lung pulmonary veins LA
Draw on board how the capillaries the blood from the heart has to pass through.



Contraction is mediated by conduction system
1. Sinoatrial node
Contraction of atria
2. Atroventricular node
Sends signal to bundle branches
3. Conduction of AP in right and left bundle branches
Ventricular contraction
What do purkinje fibers do? They spread signal to ventricles so
ventricles can contract in synch
Draw the SA action potential and the Ventricular muscle action potential on the board
o As SA nodes refract, AV nodes depolarize down bundle branches across
ventricles
A pacemaker acts as what time of node? SA node
Why is the left side of the heart have a thicker muscle wall than the right?
o The left side has to pump blood through systemic system (larger resistance),
while the right side only has to pump to pulmonary system
How does heart rate speed up?
o Sympathetic neural input noradrenaline, norepinephine
How does heart rate slow down?
o Parasympathetic neural input acetylcholine
What does acetylcholine do to the heart?
o It inhibits contraction
o Describe the mechanism
Muscarinic type
Allows K+ to flow out hyperpolarize slows heart rate (takes
longer to reach threshold)
How does norepinephrine affect the heart?
o Binds a GPCR and increases internal Calcium depolarizes Vm closer to
threshold


********Answer questions: 1,2,4 (note partially blocks)********


Part II: Circuits, Pressure, and Flow

Lub = atrioventricular valves close simultaneously
o when these valves close, blood is pumped from left ventricle to the aorta
o high pressure opens aortic valve
Dub = aortic, pulmonary semilunar valves close
o Beginning of diastole
What determines blood flow?
1. Potential energy of pressure produced by heart
2. Kinetic energy
3. Potential energy of earths gravitational field
Does raising your arm give you more or less pressure? Less
o When you measure blood pressure in arm that is raised, your blood pressure
lowers. This is because your hearts energy output is pretty much constant.
However, when you raise your arm, you are increasing your arms potential
energy. Because your arm raised requires more energy to reach your
fingers, the pressure is lowered.
List from high pressure to low pressure for following terms: arterioles, capillaries,
veins, LV, RA, arteries
o LV>arteries>arterioles>capillaries>veins>RA
o Flow is faster with large or smaller radius? Larger radius
o Why is it good that blood flow is slower in capillaries? So substances can go
into/out of the blood
o A higher total cross-sectional area contributes to a higher or lower velocity?
Capillaries have high total cross-sectional area
Why do veins have valves?
o To prevent backflow on low pressure side of capillary bed
Fluid exchange depends on what two factors? (draw graph on board)
o Hydrostatic pressure: fluid in vessel, pushing pressure
o Osmotic pressure
Describe hydrostatic pressure in a capillary:
o At first it is high so more moves out of capillary, but then gets lower and
osmotic gets larger (ie: proteins in capillary), then the fluids re-enter
capillary without nutrients
Describe kwashiorkor:
o Osmotic pressure drops (not enough protein), water is not drawn back into
capillaries and edema develops (water accumulates in tissue)
What is equation for flow rate? Flow = (change in P)/resistance
o Vasoconstriction: higher resistance, less flow
Caused by: high O2, low CO2, high vasopressin, high angio II
o vasodilation: lower resistance, higher flow
caused by: low O2, high CO2, high NO, histamine release
local need for oxygen
Open systems:
o Advantage: less vulnerable to pressure
o Negative: inefficient, not a lot of variety of O2 intake, longer circulation time

********Answer questions: 3,5-9********
5: look in lecture slides for change in pressure
7: are they hydrophilic or lipophilic?
8: think of acetylcholine