Wood

Copyright
by
Derek James Wood
2006
Creating a Quick Screening Model for CO2 Flooding and Storage in

Gulf Coast Reservoirs Using Dimensionless Groups
by
Derek James Wood, B.S. ChE
Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of
The University of Texas at Austin
in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements
for the Degree of
Master of Science in Engineering
The University of Texas at Austin

August 2006

Approved by
Supervising Committee:
Dedication
To my parents, Steve and Cindy Wood, for their support and love throughout my life.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank my supervisors Dr. Larry W. Lake and Dr. Russell T. Johns
for their support and encouragement throughout this research. Without their insight and
guidance this project would not have come together as successfully as it did.
I am also thankful to the Bureau of Economic Geology, the Gulf Coast Carbon
Center, the W.A. (Monty) Moncrief Centennial Endowed Chair in Petroleum
Engineering, and the Pioneer Corporation Faculty Fellowship at The University of Texas
for their financial support of this research. I would also like to thank Yousef Ghomian,
Mark Holtz, and Susan Hovorka for their help in the early stages of this project.
August 2006
v
Abstract

Derek James Wood, M.S.E.

The University of Texas at Austin, 2006
Supervisor: Larry W. Lake
Concerns over global warming have led to interest in removing CO2, from the
atmosphere. Sequestration of CO2 in oil reservoirs as part of enhanced oil recovery
(EOR) projects is one method being considered; therefore, it is necessary to identify the
most attractive candidate reservoirs for CO2 oil recovery and storage.
Models from the literature proved inadequate for the purposes of screening
reservoirs for CO2 flooding; therefore, it was necessary to create a new model. The first
step in creating the model was the scaling of continuous CO2 flooding.
The five
dimensionless groups derived for an immiscible waterflood served as the basis for the
scaling. When these proved insufficient, the groups were modified and five new groups,
including two pressure groups and three saturation groups, were added to the scaling.
These 10 groups the effective aspect ratio, the dip angle group, the water-oil mobility
vi
ratio, the CO2-oil mobility ratio, the buoyancy number, the injection pressure group, the
producing pressure group, the initial oil saturation, the residual oil saturation to water,
and the residual oil saturation to gas were validated and proved to be the necessary
groups to completely scale continuous CO2 flooding.
Using a combination of Box-Behnken and factorial experimental designs, a total
of 322 simulations were run with different values of these groups. The results were used
to generate response surface fits for the five output model parameters (four for oil
recovery and one for CO2 storage). The group values were normalized to assist in
reducing the number of coefficients in each fit. The final versions of the screening model
equations have only 6-8 coefficients, which indicate the groups that are most important in
the response surfaces, but still have an acceptable level of accuracy. Only seven of the
ten dimensionless groups proved to be important for screening for CO2 flooding.
These equations can be used by operators to quickly estimate the oil recovery and
CO2 storage potential for any given reservoir and are ideal for screening large databases
of reservoirs to identify the most attractive CO2 flooding candidates.
vii
Table of Contents
List of Tables ......................................................................................................... xi
List of Figures ...................................................................................................... xiii
Chapter 1. Background and Objectives ..................................................................1
1.1. Introduction.............................................................................................1
1.2. Literature Review....................................................................................1
1.2.1. CO2 Prophet ................................................................................2
1.2.2. CO2 Predictive Model .................................................................2
1.2.3. Kinder Morgan Spreadsheets......................................................3
1.2.4. Rivas et al. and Diaz et al. ..........................................................3
1.3. Creating a New Gulf Coast Screening Model.........................................4
1.3.1. Scaling and Dimensionless Groups ............................................5
1.3.2. Experimental Method..................................................................5
1.4. Research Objectives and Organization ...................................................6
Chapter 2. Scaling CO2 Flooding............................................................................7
2.1. Initial Groups ..........................................................................................7
2.1.1. Effective Aspect Ratio ................................................................7
2.1.2. Dip Angle Group.........................................................................8
2.1.3. Mobility Ratios ...........................................................................9
2.1.4. Buoyancy Number ....................................................................10
2.1.5. Capillary Number......................................................................10
2.2. Initial Setup and Results .......................................................................11
2.2.1. Reservoir Description ...............................................................11
2.2.2. Initial Results ............................................................................13
2.3. New Forms of the Groups.....................................................................16
2.4. Additional Groups.................................................................................17
2.4.1. Injection Pressure Group...........................................................17
2.4.2. Producing Pressure Group ........................................................18
viii
2.4.3. Initial Oil Saturation .................................................................18

2.4.4. Residual Oil Saturation to Water ..............................................18
2.4.5. Residual Oil Saturation to Gas..................................................19
2.5. Group Validation ..................................................................................19
2.5.1. Effective Aspect Ratio ..............................................................19
2.5.2. Dip Angle Group.......................................................................21
2.5.3. Mobility Ratios .........................................................................23
2.5.4. Buoyancy Number ....................................................................26
2.5.5. Pressure Groups ........................................................................27
2.5.6. Initial Oil Saturation .................................................................29
2.5.7. Residual Oil Saturation to Water ..............................................30
2.5.8. Residual Oil Saturation to Gas..................................................32
2.6. Neglected Groups and Phenomena .......................................................33
2.6.1. Capillary Number......................................................................34
2.6.2. Dispersion .................................................................................35
2.6.3. Heterogeneity............................................................................37
2.7. Final Groups and Results ......................................................................37
2.8. Summary ...............................................................................................41
Chapter 3. Creating the Screening Model.............................................................43
3.1. Reservoir Description ...........................................................................43
3.2. Fluid Properties.....................................................................................44
3.2.1. Correlations...............................................................................44
3.2.2. Minimum Miscibility Pressure Calculation ..............................45
3.2.2.1. Model PMM ....................................................................45
3.2.2.2. True PMM .......................................................................48
3.3. Experimental Setup and Implementation..............................................52
3.3.1. Experimental Design.................................................................52
3.3.1.1. Box-Behnken Experimental Design .............................52
3.3.1.2. Factorial Experimental Design .....................................55
3.3.2. Model Inputs .............................................................................56
3.3.3. Screening Model Parameters ....................................................56
ix
3.3.3.1. Oil Recovery Parameters ..............................................56

3.3.3.2. CO2 Storage Parameter .................................................58
3.3.4. Model Outputs ..........................................................................59
3.3.5. Response Surfaces ....................................................................59
3.3.6. Normalization ...........................................................................60
3.4. Equations...............................................................................................62
3.4.1. Dimensionless Breakthrough Time...........................................62
3.4.2. First Dimensionless Recovery ..................................................63
3.4.3. Second Dimensionless Recovery..............................................64
3.4.4. Third Dimensionless Recovery.................................................64
3.4.5. Dimensionless CO2 Storage......................................................65
3.4.6. Dimensionless Groups Necessary for Screening ......................65
3.5. Sample Calculations..............................................................................66
3.6. Application............................................................................................68
3.7. Summary ...............................................................................................68
Chapter 4. Conclusions and Future Work.............................................................70
4.1. Conclusions...........................................................................................70
4.2. Future Work ..........................................................................................71
Nomenclature.........................................................................................................72
Appendix A: Oil Composition and Properties ......................................................74
Appendix B: Derivation of the New Buoyancy and Capillary Numbers..............75
Appendix C: Model Inputs and Outputs ...............................................................78
Appendix D: Response Surface Coefficients......................................................120
References............................................................................................................135
Vita ..137
List of Tables
Table 1.1: Parameters in Rivas et al. Model...........................................................4
Table 2.1: Dimensional Properties of Three Example Reservoirs........................14
Table 2.2: Dimensionless Group Values of Three Example Reservoirs ..............15
Table 2.3: Properties of Reservoirs Used to Test Capillary Group Sensitivity ....34
Table 2.4: Dimensional Properties of Sample Reservoirs S10-S13 .....................39
Table 2.5: Dimensionless Group Values of Sample Reservoirs S10-S13 ............39
Table 2.6: Dimensional Properties of Sample Reservoirs S14-S15 .....................40
Table 2.7: Dimensionless Group Values of Sample Reservoirs S14-S15 ............41
Table 3.1: Value Levels for the Dimensionless Groups .......................................53
Table 3.2: Normalized Group Values ...................................................................61
Table 3.3: Dimesionless Group Values for Sample Reservoirs............................66
Table 3.4: Normalized Group Values for Sample Reservoirs ..............................67
Table 3.5: Results for Sample Reservoirs.............................................................68
Table A-1: Oil Composition .................................................................................74
Table A-2: Thermodynamic Properties of the Oil ................................................74
Table C-1: Combined Box-Behnken and Factorial Experimental Design............78
Table C-2: Dimensionless Group Values Used in Each Simulation.....................88
Table C-3: Reservoir Property Values Used in Each Simulation .........................96
Table C-4: Model Parameter Results from Each Simulation..............................104
Table C-5: Normalized Dimensionless Group Values for Each Simulation ......112
Table D-1: Response Surface Coefficients for t Do ..............................................120
Table D-2: Response Surface Coefficients for RD1 .............................................123
xi

Table D-5: Response Surface Coefficients for SCO2 ...........................................132
xii
List of Figures
Figure 2.1:
Reservoir schematic depicting a typical line-drive pattern for a
dipping reservoir. ...........................................................................................12

Figure 2.2:
Dimensionless oil recovery versus dimensionless time for three
example reservoirs. The reservoirs have different properties but have the
same values for each of the six dimensionless groups...................................15
Figure 2.3:
Dimensionless oil recovery versus dimensionless time for three
example reservoirs with similar average pressure values.
The average
pressures are 555.6, 554.2, and 556.6 psi for reservoirs S4, S5, and S6
respectively. ...................................................................................................16
Figure 2.4:
Dimensionless oil recovery curves for three reservoirs with all
groups held constant except the aspect ratio.
Aspect ratios (RL in the
legend) of 0.55, 2.2, and 8.8 were used. ........................................................20

Figure 2.5:
Dimensionless CO2 storage curves for three reservoirs with all
groups held constant except the aspect ratio.
Aspect ratios (RL in the
legend) of 0.55, 2.2, and 8.8 were used. ........................................................20

Figure 2.6:
groups held constant except the dip angle group. Dip angle group (Na in the
legend) values of 0.2, 6.95, and 24 were used. ..............................................22
Figure 2.7:
groups held constant except the dip angle group. Dip angle group (Na in the
legend) values of 0.2, 6.95, and 24 were used. ..............................................22
xiii
Figure 2.8:
groups held constant except the water mobility ratio. Water-oil mobility
ratios (MoWater in the legend) of 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 were used......................23
Figure 2.9:
groups held constant except the water mobility ratio. Water-oil mobility
ratios (MoWater in the legend) of 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 were used......................24
Figure 2.10:
groups held constant except the CO2 mobility ratio. CO2-oil mobility ratios
(MoCO2 in the legend) of 8, 20, and 32 were used.......................................25
Figure 2.11:
groups held constant except the CO2 mobility ratio. CO2-oil mobility ratios
(MoCO2 in the legend) of 8, 20, and 32 were used.......................................25
Figure 2.12:
Dimensionless oil recovery curves for two reservoirs with all
groups held constant except the buoyancy number. Buoyancy number (Ng in
the legend) values of 0.004 and 0.100 were used. .........................................26
Figure 2.13:
Dimensionless CO2 storage curves for two reservoirs with all
groups held constant except the buoyancy number. Buoyancy number (Ng in
the legend) values of 0.004 and 0.100 were used. .........................................27
Figure 2.14:
Dimensionless oil recovery curves for four reservoirs with all
groups held constant except the injection and producing pressure groups.
Injection pressure group (Pinj in the legend) values of 1.69 and 1.11 were
used with producing pressure group (Pp in the legend) values of 1.35 and
1.03, respectively. ..........................................................................................28
xiv
Figure 2.15:
Dimensionless CO2 storage curves for four reservoirs with all
groups held constant except the injection and producing pressure groups.
Injection pressure group (Pinj in the legend) values of 1.69 and 1.11 were
used with producing pressure group (Pp in the legend) values of 1.35 and
1.03, respectively. ..........................................................................................28
Figure 2.16:
groups held constant except the initial oil saturation. Initial oil saturations
(Soi in the legend) of 0.30, 0.35, and 0.40 were used....................................29
Figure 2.17:
groups held constant except the initial oil saturation. Initial oil saturations
(Soi in the legend) of 0.30, 0.35, and 0.40 were used....................................30
Figure 2.18:
Dimensionless oil recovery curves for two reservoirs with all
groups held constant except the residual oil saturation to water. Residual oil
saturations (Sorw in the legend) to water of 0.35 and 0.40 were used. .........31
Figure 2.19:
Dimensionless CO2 storage curves for two reservoirs with all
groups held constant except the residual oil saturation to water. Residual oil
saturations (Sorw in the legend) to water of 0.35 and 0.40 were used. .........31
Figure 2.20:
groups held constant except the residual oil saturation to gas. Residual oil
saturations to gas (Sorg in the legend) of 0.00, 0.10, and 0.20 were used.....32
Figure 2.21:
groups held constant except the residual oil saturation to gas. Residual oil
saturations to gas (Sorg in the legend) of 0.00, 0.10, and 0.20 were used.....33
xv
Figure 2.22:
Dimensionless oil recovery curves for three reservoirs with
varying values - 0.0090 (circle), 0.0018 (diamond), 0.0003 (cross) - of the

capillary number. All other dimensionless groups were held constant. .......35
Figure 2.23:
Dimensionless oil recovery curves for three reservoirs with
varying levels of grid refinement.
All dimensionless groups were held
constant. Grids with 25x100 (triangle), 150x7 (circle), and 150x35 (square)
blocks are depicted.....36
Figure 2.24:
Dimensionless oil recovery versus dimensionless time for sample
reservoirs 10-13. The reservoirs have different properties but have the same
values for each of the ten final dimensionless groups. ..................................40
Figure 2.25:
Dimensionless oil recovery versus dimensionless time for sample
reservoirs 14-15. The reservoirs have different properties but have the same
values for each of the ten final dimensionless groups. ..................................41
Figure 3.1:
Ultimate recovery versus pressure for 1000 gridblocks at 140 oF.
The intersection of the two lines indicates PMM=1450 psi.............................46

Figure 3.2:

Figure 3.3:

Figure 3.4:

Figure 3.5:

Figure 3.6:

xvi
Figure 3.7:

Figure 3.8:

Figure 3.9:

Figure 3.10:
PMM versus the inverse of the number of gridblocks for 10, 100,
and 1000 gridblocks.......................................................................................52

Figure 3.11:
Pictorial representation of a 3-factor Box-Behnken experimental
design. 54
Figure 3.12:
Pictorial
representation
of
2-level,
3-factor
factorial
experimental design. ..55

Figure 3.13:
A typical dimensionless CO2 storage curve. Storage increases
linearly until oil breakthrough, represented by the square, and then remains
nearly constant throughout the rest of the flood. ...........................................59
xvii
Chapter 1. Background and Objectives

1.1. INTRODUCTION
Because of concerns over global warming, there are concerted efforts underway to
remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. The most important of these greenhouse
gases is carbon dioxide (CO2). One method under consideration for removal of CO2 from
the atmosphere is sequestration in oil reservoirs as part of enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
projects.
CO2 flooding, especially miscible CO2 flooding, has long been used for EOR
projects; therefore, the need exists to quickly identify the most economically attractive
reservoirs for CO2 flooding and storage.
This paper presents a screening model capable of quickly producing quantitative
estimates of oil recovery and CO2 storage potential for a given reservoir. Because of the
high concentration of man-made CO2 sources in the U.S. Gulf Coast, the model is
specific to Gulf Coast reservoirs, which are typified by high permeability and large dips.
As a basis for the model, this paper also presents, for the first time, the dimensionless
groups necessary to scale continuous CO2 flooding. Typically, CO2 is injected in slugs or
as part of a water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection scheme; however, for the purposes of
this research, CO2 storage is equal in importance to oil recovery and thus continuous
injection is desired.
1.2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Several screening models of varying levels of complexity and reservoir specificity
exist in the literature; however, no single model includes the effects of dip, contains a
CO2 storage component, and quickly produces quantitative results. These models include
1
CO2 Prophet (Dobitz and Prieditis, 1994), the CO2 Predictive Model (Paul et al., 1984),
Kinder Morgans scoping models, and models by Rivas et al. (1992) and Diaz et al.
(1996).
1.2.1. CO2 Prophet
CO2 Prophet is a streamtube-based model created in 1986 by Texaco in
conjunction with the Department of Energy (Dobitz and Prieditis, 1994). CO2 Prophet is
capable of modeling CO2 and water floods, as well as water-alternating-gas (WAG)
processes. The input parameters include reservoir pressure and temperature, porosity, the
minimum miscibility pressure, oil formation volume factor, API gravity, residual oil and
gas saturation, connate water saturation, initial oil saturation, pattern type and area, and
injection and production rates. The model allows up to ten injection and production wells
to be placed in predetermined or customized patterns. CO2 Prophet is not capable of
modeling dipping reservoirs, nor can the more complex thermodynamic properties of the
oil, such as critical temperature and pressure, be input into the model. CO2 Prophet is
also ill-suited for quickly screening large databases of reservoirs as each reservoir must
be simulated individually.
1.2.2. CO2 Predictive Model
Paul et al. (1984) developed the CO2 Predictive Model, a predictive and economic
model for CO2 flooding. The minimum reservoir inputs required include permeability,
porosity, depth, reservoir pressure, pay thickness and API gravity. One simplifying
assumption made for this model is that the water and gas injected in a WAG process are
treated as if they are injected simultaneously at the given WAG ratio instead of
separately. This leads to the model predicting higher recoveries than are actually seen2.
Like CO2 Prophet, the CO2 Predictive Model cannot model dipping reservoirs and is illsuited for quickly screening large databases of reservoirs.
1.2.3. Kinder Morgan Spreadsheets
Kinder Morgan has generated two scoping models, the San Andres and Morrow
Models, to use in determining the recovery and financial aspects of a CO2 flood. The
models are based on dimensionless curves calculated for two fields (San Andreas and
Morrow). These curves give the dimensionless CO2 and water injection schedules along
with dimensionless oil production; however, the curves are static and do not change with
changes in the reservoir properties. These dimensionless curves are combined with input
data for current oil rate, number of injectors and producers, porosity, reservoir depth,
initial oil saturation, formation volume factor, and water injection rate to find expected
oil recovery. Fixed financial factors such as royalty, oil and CO2 prices, tax rates, and
discount rates are added in to determine the economic feasibility of the project. The
model contains no input for permeability, temperature, pressure, API gravity, or dip
angle, though the dimensionless curves for each field account for some of these. While
capable of producing quick estimates of oil recovery and CO2 storage, the Kinder Morgan
spreadsheets are only applicable to the fields for which they were developed, and thus not
suitable for modeling different reservoirs.
1.2.4. Rivas et al. and Diaz et al.
Rivas et al. (1992) developed a CO2 flooding screening model that ranks
reservoirs based on how they compare to an ideal reservoir. Optimal and worst case
values for various reservoir parameters were determined from simulation. These are used
to linearly normalize the parameter values for a given reservoir, which are then used in a
series of equations to assign each reservoir a ranking between 1 and 100. The factors
3
considered most important were API gravity, temperature, permeability, oil saturation,
pressure/MMP, porosity, dip angle, and net oil sand thickness. These factors and their
relative weights in the model are summarized in Table 1.1. While this model does
include dip angle, it only produces qualitative results in the form of a reservoir ranking
and does not consider CO2 storage.
Table 1.1: Parameters in Rivas et al. Model.
PARAMETER
API Gravity
Oil Saturation
Pressure/MMP
Temperature
Net Pay Thickness
Permeability
Dip
Porosity
WEIGHTING FACTOR
0.24
0.20
0.19
0.14
0.11
0.07
0.03
0.02
The Diaz et al. model takes the same form as the Rivas et al. model. It uses the
same reservoir properties and weight factors, but was created specifically for Louisiana
reservoirs and thus has different optimal and worst case values for each parameter (Diaz
et al., 1996). The Diaz et al. model also includes a financial component.
1.3. CREATING A NEW GULF COAST SCREENING MODEL

The models from the literature were inadequate for quickly screening Gulf Coast
reservoirs. They either lacked the capability to model all pertinent effects (such as dip),
were too time-consuming, or did not produce quantitative data for oil recovery and CO2
storage. Therefore, a new model was created based on the dimensionless groups derived
from scaling CO2 flooding. These groups were then used in a Box-Behnken and factorial
experimental design to produce equations for dimensionless oil recovery and CO2
storage.
1.3.1. Scaling and Dimensionless Groups

Scaling is extrapolating results obtained at one scale size to another scale (Shook
et al., 1992). Typically, results from a smaller scale are extrapolated to a larger scale.
Scaling produces dimensionless groups, which serve as a basis for comparison between
various scales.
Dimensionless groups are combinations of properties such that the
dimensions of the properties composing the dimensionless group cancel each other out to
produce a final group with no dimensions.
Just as with dimensional variables, a process can be described by independent and
dependent dimensionless variables. When the independent dimensionless groups for that
group are equal, the dependent dimensionless groups will also be equal. This means
systems with completely different dimensional properties but similar dimensionless
properties will have a similar dimensionless response.
This is what allows for the
comparison between different scales inherent in scaling.

Continuous CO2 flooding had not heretofore been scaled; thus, it was necessary to
derive the dimensionless groups needed to describe CO2 flooding. In 1992, Shook et al.
derived the dimensionless groups necessary to scale an immiscible water flood using
inspectional analysis. Five groups - the effective aspect ratio, the dip angle group, the
water-oil mobility ratio, the buoyancy number, and the capillary number were
generated, and these groups served as the initial basis for scaling CO2 flooding. An
additional five groups the injection pressure group, the production pressure group, the
intial oil saturation, the residual oil saturation to water, and the residual oil saturation to
gas were also proposed to complete the scaling.
1.3.2. Experimental Method
The 10 dimensionless groups served as the basis for the screening model and both
Box-Behnken (Box and Behnken, 1960) and factorial experimental designs (Lane, 2005)
5
were used in developing the model. A total of 322 simulations (274 based on a BoxBehnken design and 48 based on a factorial design) were run to generate the
dimensionless equations for oil recovery and CO2 storage. Each of the five parameters in
the equations (four for oil recovery, one for CO2 storage) was modeled using response
surfaces (Experimental Design, 2006) with quadratic, linear and interaction terms.
1.4. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND ORGANIZATION
The research is divided into two parts. The first part focuses on derivation and
verification of the dimensionless groups necessary to scale CO2 flooding. The second
part focuses on the experimental design and mathematics of creating the screening model,
as well as the final form of the model itself.
The main objectives of this research are:
1. To scale, for the first time, the process of continuous CO2 flooding,
including the effects of dip.
2. To use the dimensionless groups from the scaling to create a screening
model for CO2 flooding in Gulf Coast reservoirs capable of quickly
estimating oil recovery and CO2 storage potential for a given reservoir.
Chapter 2 presents the scaling of CO2 flooding. This includes the process and
methods used to arrive at the final set of dimensionless groups along with the results at
each step. The creation of the screening model is then discussed in Chapter 3. The
experimental design and setup are explained, along with the mathematical manipulations
and steps used in arriving at the final form of the model. Chapter 4 summarizes the
conclusions of the research and recommends further improvements in this research area.
Chapter 2. Scaling CO2 Flooding

The first step in creating the screening model was to determine the important
dimensionless groups that govern recovery for CO2 flooding. This meant determining the
form, and minimum number, of the dimensionless groups necessary to describe the
process. The groups derived by Shook et al. for the immiscible water flood case served
as an initial basis for the scaling. After these groups proved insufficient, one of the
boundary conditions from Shook et al. was changed, and the groups re-derived to
produce a new form of the buoyancy number. Five new groups - the injection pressure
group, the producing pressure group, the initial oil saturation, and the residual oil
saturation to water and gas - were added while the capillary number was dropped to form
the final set of ten groups used to scale continuous CO2 flooding.
The effects of
dispersion and heterogeneity were neglected in the scaling.

2.1. INITIAL GROUPS
Shook et al. derived five groups - the effective aspect ratio, the dip angle group,
the water-oil mobility ratio, the buoyancy number, and the capillary number - to describe
the case of a two-phase (oil and water) water flood. As a result of the gaseous phase
caused by the injection of CO2, a second mobility ratio, the CO2-oil mobility ratio, was
added to form the initial set of six dimensionless groups that were investigated for their
effectiveness in scaling CO2 flooding.
2.1.1. Effective Aspect Ratio
The effective aspect ratio ( RL ) takes the following form:
RL =
7
L
H
kz
kx
where L is the length of the reservoir, H is the height, kz is the vertical permeability, and
kx is the horizontal permeability. The effective aspect ratio is related to crossflow within
the reservoir.
It is a measure of the rate of communication between fluids in the
horizontal direction relative to the rate of communication between fluids in the vertical
direction.
This can be seen in the formula for the group, which includes the length to
height ratio and the vertical to horizontal permeability ratio.

The aspect ratio also governs the approach to vertical equilibrium (Shook et al.,
1992). Vertical equilibrium represents a state of maximum crossflow and occurs when
the driving forces in the transverse direction sum to zero. The greater the aspect ratio, the
closer a reservoir is to vertical equilibrium. In theory, true vertical equilibrium only
occurs for an aspect ratio of infinity; however, vertical equilibrium is well approximated
for aspect ratios greater than ten (Lake, 1989). In general, the aspect ratio is inversely
related to oil recovery. This occurs because of the aspect ratios relationship to gravity
overriding and segregation of fluids within the reservoir. Lower aspect ratios indicate
that fluids are in better communication in the vertical direction relative to the horizontal
direction. In terms of oil production, this means fluids interact in the vertical direction to
a greater degree before they are produced from the reservoir. Thus, the potential for fluid
segregation because of density differences is greater. Increased segregation leads to a
smaller swept zone and a lower efficiency for the flood. Larger aspect ratios indicate a
reduced ability of the fluids to segregate and thus better sweep efficiencies.
2.1.2. Dip Angle Group
The dip angle group ( N ) takes the following form:
N =
L
tan
H
where is the dip angle of the reservoir with respect to the horizontal. It is a purely
geometrical group, as it contains no oil or rock properties, only the length, height, and .
Long, thin, dipping reservoirs will have greater values of N than shorter, thicker,
horizontal reservoirs. Long, thin reservoirs (high N ) lessen the potential impact of
gravity overriding while shorter, thicker reservoirs (low N ) increase the potential
impact of gravity overriding. Because gravity overriding is inversely related to recovery,
this leads to N being directly related to recovery. N can also have an effect on the
interface of the displacing and displaced fluids. A group value of zero results in a fluid
interface parallel to the direction of bulk fluid movement. A group value of infinity
results in a fluid interface perpendicular to the direction of bulk fluid movement. The
latter case results in greater sweep efficiencies than the former, but only if you inject
from the top. This results in a direct relationship between the dip angle group and oil
recovery, meaning increases in the value of the group result in increases in oil recovery.
2.1.3. Mobility Ratios
The mobility ratios ( M wo and M go ) take the following forms:
M wo =
o
krw
o
o
kro
w
M go =
o
krg
o
o
kro g
where o , w , and g are the viscosities of the oil, water, and CO2, respectively, and
o
kroo , krw
, and krgo are the end-point relative permeabilities of the oil, water, and CO2,
respectively. A mobility ratio is the ratio of the viscous forces of one fluid to the viscous
forces of another. The water mobility ratio relates the ability of oil and water to move
relative to each other and is generally directly related to oil recovery. The CO2 mobility
ratio relates the ability of oil and CO2 to move relative to each other and is generally
inversely related to oil recovery.
2.1.4. Buoyancy Number
The buoyancy number ( N go ) takes the following form:
N go =
k xro2 g cos H
uT
L
where ro2 is the end-point relative mobility of the oil, is oil CO2 the difference in
densities between oil and CO2, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and uT is the total
superficial velocity of the fluids. In the original scaling by Shook, is the difference
in densities between oil and water, but this was changed to maintain the term as the
difference between the injected phase and oil. The buoyancy number is the ratio of the
gravity forces, which are a result of the term, to the viscous forces in a reservoir.
While the group is sometimes called the gravity number, it is here denoted as the
buoyancy number because even in the case of = 0 , and thus N go = 0, gravity still
exists. Larger values of N go indicate larger density differences between fluids and;
therefore, higher potential for fluids within the reservoir to segregate.
As already
discussed, segregation leads to smaller sweep efficiencies, which negatively impacts

recovery. This causes N go to be inversely related to oil recovery.
2.1.5. Capillary Number
The capillary number ( N Pc ) takes the following form:
N Pc =
10
ro2
L uT
kx
where is the oil/water interfacial tension and is the porosity. The capillary number
is the ratio of the capillary forces, which are a result of the term, to the viscous forces
in an oil play. When two phases are miscible with each other, the interfacial tension
between them is reduced to zero. This results in increased oil recovery, meaning the
capillary number and oil recovery are inversely related.
2.2. INITIAL SETUP AND RESULTS

After the initial six dimensionless groups were determined, they were then tested
to see if they completely scaled CO2 flooding. If these groups completely scaled the
process, then any two reservoirs for which all six dimensionless groups were equal
should have the same dimensionless oil recovery (RD).
Therefore, reservoirs were
created such that their dimensional properties were different, but their dimensionless
groups were equal. These reservoirs were then simulated and their dimensionless oil
recoveries compared.
2.2.1. Reservoir Description

The simulations for all parts of the research were run using CMGs GEM
simulator. As this research was meant to generate a screening model for Gulf Coast
reservoirs, the reservoir under consideration was setup with typical Gulf Coast reservoirs
in mind. The reservoir was a homogeneous, 2-D, Cartesian, dipping reservoir with a
simple line-drive pattern and initially contained oil and water with Swi=1-Soi.
The
boundaries of the reservoir everywhere were no-flow. Thus, we did not consider water
influx at the bottom of the reservoir. Figure 2.1 presents a schematic of the reservoir.
Gulf Coast wells are typically in irregular patterns; therefore, it was decided to use a linedrive pattern as opposed to any standard patterns such as 5-spot or 9-spot patterns. Large
dip angles are common in Gulf Coast reservoirs; therefore, it was necessary to use a
11
dipping reservoir to make sure the effects of dip were modeled. High permeabilities are
also typical of Gulf Coast reservoirs and, thus, most simulations were run with
permeabilities in the 100-1000 md range.
Figure 2.1: Reservoir schematic depicting a typical line-drive pattern for a dipping
reservoir.
The composition and thermodynamic properties of the oil used are in Tables A-1
and A-2 in Appendix A. The same oil was used throughout the research. Pure CO2 was
continuously injected at a constant rate at the top of the reservoir over the entire vertical
height of the reservoir and oil was produced at the bottom of the reservoir, also over the
entire vertical height of the reservoir. The CO2 was injected continuously, as opposed to
in slugs or as part of a WAG process, because CO2 storage is as important as oil recovery
for the purposes of this research. For this portion of the research, the reservoir was
divided into 1050 gridblocks 150 x-direction gridblocks and 7 z-direction gridblocks.
The temperature was held constant throughout the reservoir. Phase behavior and fluid
properties as a function of pressure and temperature were calculated using the PengRobinson equation of state (Peng and Robinson, 1976). Three-phase Corey-type relative
permeability curves were used. The equations for the curves are as follows:
12
k rw
( S w S wr )
=k
(1 S wr S orw )
k row
(1 S w S orw )
=k
(1 S wr S orw )
o
rw
2.702
o
ro
2.502
k rg
Sg
=k
(1 S wr S org )
k rog
( S o + S w S wr S org )
=k
(1 S wr S org )
o
rg
2.702
o
ro
In these equations, krw, krow, krg, and krog are the relative permeabilities of water, oil to
o
, kroo . krgo are the end-point relative
water, gas, and oil to gas, respectively, and krw
permeabilities of water, oil, and gas, respectively. So, Sw, and Sg are the saturations of oil,
water, and gas.
Swr refers to the residual water saturation, Sorw is the residual oil
saturation to water, and Sorg is the residual oil saturation to gas. For the purposes of this
research, Sorg refers to the residual oil saturation to immiscible CO2.
2.2.2. Initial Results

Numerous reservoirs were designed such that their dimensional properties (such
as length or height) were different, but their dimensionless groups were equal. The
dimensionless oil recovery for each reservoir was then plotted versus dimensionless time.
The dimensionless oil recovery (RD) is the percentage of the oil in place at the beginning
of the flood recovered, and not the typical measure of the percent of the original oil in
place (%OOIP) recovered. These differ in that RD is based on the oil in place at the
beginning of the CO2 flood, while %OOIP is based on the oil in place at discovery. This
allows for scaling of reservoirs with water-swept residual oil as well as connate
reservoirs. The dimensionless time, tD, is the number of pore volumes of CO2 injected.
The formula for tD is:
13
tD =
qdt
LWH
Vinj
PV
= PVinj
where q is the injection rate, L,W, and H are the length, width, and height of the reservoir,
is the porosity, Vinj is the volume of CO2 injection, and PV is the pore volume of the
reservoir.
Tables 2.1 and 2.2 present the dimensional properties and dimensionless groups
for three sample reservoirs (S1-S3) and Figure 2.2 presents the dimensionless oil
recovery results for the same reservoirs.
Table 2.1: Dimensional Properties of Three Example Reservoirs
Reservoir
Parameters
S1
S2
S3
T (oF)
110
110
110
P (psia)
2400
2400
2400
L (ft)
500
600
536
W (ft)
125
80
100
H (ft)
55
80
33
kz (md)
154
109
129
kx (md)
501
243
1339
(deg)
12.5
15.0
7.1
3
o (kg/m )
857
857
857
3
CO2 (kg/m )
785
785
785
o
krw
0.34
0.26
0.30
o
ro
0.92
0.70
0.80
o
rg
0.76
0.58
0.66
0.616
0.616
0.616
1.648
1.648
1.648
0.068
2.90E+06
1.05E-05
1.63
0.33
0.068
1.19E+06
4.64E-06
1.63
0.33
0.068
1.85E+06
1.39E-05
1.63
0.33
w (cP)
o (cP)
CO (cP)
2
CO2 rate (scf/day)

uT (m/s)
(mN/m)
14
Table 2.2: Dimensionless Group Values of Three Example Reservoirs

Reservoir
Groups
S1
S2
S3
RL
5.0
5.0
5.0
N
2.0
2.0
2.0
o
Mw
1.0
1.0
1.0
M go
5
o
g
N x 10
N Pc x 10
20
20
20
200
200
200
2303
2303
2303
35
30
RD (%)
25
1
20
2
15
10
5
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
tD (PV)
Figure 2.2: Dimensionless oil recovery versus dimensionless time for three example
reservoirs. The reservoirs have different properties but have the same
values for each of the six dimensionless groups.
As Figure 2.2 shows, the results for these reservoirs with equal dimensionless
groups did not match, which indicated that these six initial groups were not sufficient to
scale CO2 flooding.
The task was to now determine what changes to the initial
dimensionless groups and what additional dimensionless groups were needed.

One helpful clue came from the initial results. While the initial groups produced
widely varying dimensionless recoveries for reservoirs with similar dimensionless group
values, a subset of these reservoirs did produce nearly equal dimensionless recoveries.
15
Those reservoirs that had similar pressure profiles tended to produce similar recovery
curves. Figure 2.3 shows recovery curves for three sample reservoirs (S4-S6) with nearly
identical average pressures of 555.6, 554.2, and 556.6 psi. The average pressure was
calculated as the time-averaged bottomhole pressure at the injection well.
35
30
RD (%)
25
4
20
5
15
10
5
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
tD (PV)
Figure 2.3: Dimensionless oil recovery versus dimensionless time for three example
reservoirs with similar average pressure values. The average pressures are
555.6, 554.2, and 556.6 psi for reservoirs S4, S5, and S6 respectively.
Based on these results, it seemed pressure must play an important part in scaling
CO2 flooding. Therefore, it was decided to change the constant injection rate boundary
condition from Shook et al. to a constant injection pressure boundary condition and then
re-derive the groups. This allowed us to better control the pressure in the formation with
time.
2.3. NEW FORMS OF THE GROUPS

The new constant injection pressure boundary condition was used in the same
inspectional analysis procedure used by Shook et al. to re-derive the groups.
This
resulted in the aspect ratio, the dip angle group, and the two mobility ratios remaining the
16
same; however, it created new forms of the buoyancy and capillary numbers. The
relevant derivations showing these changes can be found in Appendix B.
The new buoyancy number ( N go ) takes the following form:
N go =
H g cos
P
where P equals the difference between the injection and producing pressures. The new
capillary number ( N Pc ) takes the following form:
N Pc =
In each case, the
P k x
k x ro2
1
term of the groups is replaced by
. This is consistent with the
LuT
P
replacement of the constant injection rate with the constant injection pressure.
2.4. ADDITIONAL GROUPS

With the new flood now being controlled by a constant injection pressure and a
constant producing pressure, two new groups related to these pressures were proposed.
These were the injection pressure group and producing pressure group. To account for
the quantity of mobile oil present at the beginning of flooding, three rock properties - the
initial oil saturation, the residual oil saturation to water, and the residual oil saturation to
gas - were also proposed as additional dimensionless groups.
2.4.1. Injection Pressure Group

The injection pressure group takes the following form:
PinjD = Pinj / PMM
17
where Pinj is the injection pressure and PMM is the minimum miscibility pressure. PMM is
a function of temperature, pressure, and oil composition that measures the miscibility
between CO2 and oil. PMM is the lowest pressure at which the two fluids are multicontact
miscible. The greater the miscibility between CO2 and oil, the greater the displacement
efficiency of the CO2 flood. Because the injection pressure affects the overall reservoir
pressure, larger values of PinjD lead to greater values of dimensionless recovery.
However, it should be noted that once the PMM is reached, recovery tends to level off and
little additional oil is recovered at pressures above the PMM for the reservoir used here.
2.4.2. Producing Pressure Group

The producing pressure group takes the following form:
PpD = Pp / PMM
where Pp is the producing pressure. Like the injection pressure, the producing pressure
also affects the overall reservoir pressure, and thus larger values of PpD lead to greater
values of dimensionless recovery.
2.4.3. Initial Oil Saturation

The initial oil saturation is written as Soi. It represents the oil saturation at the
beginning of the CO2 flood, which may or may not be different from the oil saturation at
the time of discovery. Initial oil saturation affects the amount of mobile and residual oil
present at the beginning of the flood. As mobile oil is easier to produce than residual oil,
initial oil saturation can have a substantial effect on the efficiency of the flood.
2.4.4. Residual Oil Saturation to Water

The residual oil saturation to water is written as Sorw. It represents the minimum
amount of oil that will be left behind by water flooding. In essence, it represents the
18
maximum ability of water to recover oil. Much like Soi, Sorw affects the amount of mobile
and residual oil present at the beginning of the flood, thus having a significant effect on
oil recovery.
2.4.5. Residual Oil Saturation to Gas

The residual oil saturation to gas is written as Sorg. It represents the minimum
amount of oil that will be left behind by gas flooding. In essence, it represents the
maximum ability of gas (in this case CO2) to recover oil. Sorg also affects the amount of
mobile and residual oil present at the beginning of the flood. However, because there is
no gas present in the reservoir at the start of the flood, the effect of Sorg is mitigated as
compared to the effect of Sorw.
2.5. GROUP VALIDATION

To show the proposed groups were necessary for the scaling, it was necessary to
show that each had a significant impact on dimensionless recovery. Therefore, sensitivity
tests were run for each group. Reservoirs were created with all group values held
constant, while the group under study was varied among two or three values. The
dimensionless recovery results for each group were then plotted.
2.5.1. Effective Aspect Ratio

Three reservoirs were created with the same values of every group except RL. The
different RL values tested were RL = 0.55, 2.2, and 8.8. Figures 2.4 and 2.5 show the
dimensionless recovery and storage curves for these reservoirs.
dimensionless CO2 storage, and has units of pore volumes.
19
SCO2 denotes the
100
RL=0.55
RD (%)
80
RL=2.2
RL=8.8
60
40
20
0
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
tD (PV)
Figure 2.4: Dimensionless oil recovery curves for three reservoirs with all groups held
constant except the aspect ratio. Aspect ratios (RL in the legend) of 0.55,
2.2, and 8.8 were used.
1.0
RL=0.55
SCO2 (PV)
0.8
RL=2.2
RL=8.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
tD (PV)
Figure 2.5: Dimensionless CO2 storage curves for three reservoirs with all groups held
constant except the aspect ratio. Aspect ratios (RL in the legend) of 0.55,
2.2, and 8.8 were used.
The results showed that the aspect ratio has a significant effect on recovery and
thus must be included in the scaling. In fact, the differences in the three curves actually
grew over the course of the floods, meaning the group has an important effect on ultimate
20
recovery.
The results also indicated that the aspect ratio is inversely related to
dimensionless recovery, which supports the conclusions drawn earlier about the aspect
ratios relationship to recovery.
The CO2 storage curves have the same relationship to each other as the recovery
curves. The main difference is that differences between the storage curves are smaller
than the differences between the recovery curves. This is partially a function of how CO2
is stored and of the units used in each curve. The amount of CO2 stored in a reservoir
depends on the available volume for CO2 storage and the density of the CO2 at reservoir
conditions. Every simulation was run at the same temperature and pressure; therefore,
CO2 storage depended only on the available volume. The volume available is a function
of the amount of oil swept out of the reservoir. Therefore, the more oil produced, the
greater the available volume for CO2 storage. However, as oil only fills a portion of the
reservoir, the amount of oil swept out will only partially affect the amount of CO2 stored.
Furthermore, the oil recovery is reported as the percentage of the oil recovered, while
CO2 storage is reported as pore volumes of CO2 stored. In the case of these reservoirs,
the initial oil saturation was 0.35, meaning only 0.35 pore volumes of oil could be swept
out by the flood. Therefore, absolute differences in the percentage of the oil recovered
would only translate to 35% of that difference in units of pore volumes. Most, though not
all, of the differences can be accounted for due to the difference in units. This same
analysis holds true for every other dimensionless group.
2.5.2. Dip Angle Group

Three reservoirs were created with the same values of every group except N .
The different values tested were N = 0.20, 6.95, and 24.0. Figures 2.6 and 2.7 show the
21
100
Na=0.2
RD (%)
80
Na=6.95
Na=24
60
40
20
0
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
tD (PV)
constant except the dip angle group. Dip angle group (Na in the legend)
values of 0.2, 6.95, and 24 were used.
1.0
Na=0.2
SCO2 (PV)
0.8
Na=6.95
Na=24
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
tD (PV)
constant except the dip angle group. Dip angle group (Na in the legend)
values of 0.2, 6.95, and 24 were used.
The results showed that the dip angle group has an effect on recovery and thus
must be included in the scaling. The differences were most pronounced at dimensionless
times in the middle of the floods, while the effect on ultimate recovery was not as
22
significant. The results also indicated that the dip angle group is directly related to
dimensionless recovery, as stated by Shook et al. and discussed earlier.
2.5.3. Mobility Ratios

Three reservoirs were created with the same values of every group except M wo .
The different M wo values tested were M wo = 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0. Figures 2.8 and 2.9 show
the dimensionless recovery and storage curves for these reservoirs.
100
MoWater=0.3
RD (%)
80
MoWater=1
MoWater=3
60
40
20
0
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
tD (PV)
constant except the water mobility ratio. Water-oil mobility ratios
(MoWater in the legend) of 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 were used.
23
1.0
MoWater=0.3
SCO2 (PV)
0.8
MoWater=1
MoWater=3
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
tD (PV)
constant except the water mobility ratio. Water-oil mobility ratios
(MoWater in the legend) of 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 were used.
The results showed that the water-oil mobility ratio has an effect on recovery and
thus must be included in the scaling.
The differences were most pronounced at
dimensionless times in the middle of the floods, while the effect on ultimate recovery was
not as significant. This is because the ability of oil to move relative to water has a greater
effect on the rate at which oil reaches the production well than on the ultimate amount of
oil displaced. The results also indicated that the water mobility ratio is directly related to
dimensionless recovery.
Three reservoirs were created with the same values of every group except M go .
The different M go values tested were M go = 8, 20, and 32. Figures 2.10 and 2.11 show
the dimensionless recovery and storage curves for these reservoirs.
24
100
MoCO2=8
RD (%)
80
MoCO2=20
MoCO2=32
60
40
20
0
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
tD (PV)
constant except the CO2 mobility ratio. CO2-oil mobility ratios (MoCO2 in
the legend) of 8, 20, and 32 were used.
1.0
MoCO2=8
SCO2 (PV)
0.8
MoCO2=20
MoCO2=32
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
tD (PV)
constant except the CO2 mobility ratio. CO2-oil mobility ratios (MoCO2 in
the legend) of 8, 20, and 32 were used.
The results showed that the CO2-oil mobility ratio has an effect on recovery and
thus must be included in the scaling. As with the water-oil mobility ratio, the differences
were most pronounced at dimensionless times in the middle of the floods, while the effect
25
on ultimate recovery was not as large. This is because the ability of oil to move relative
to CO2 has a greater effect on the rate at which oil reaches the production well than on the
ultimate amount of oil displaced. The results also indicated that the CO2 mobility ratio is
inversely related to dimensionless recovery.
2.5.4. Buoyancy Number

Two reservoirs were created with the same values of every group except N go . The
different N go values tested were N go = 0.004 and 0.100. Figures 2.12 and 2.13 show the
100
Ng=0.004
80
RD (%)
Ng=0.100
60
40
20
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
tD (PV)
Figure 2.12: Dimensionless oil recovery curves for two reservoirs with all groups held
constant except the buoyancy number. Buoyancy number (Ng in the
legend) values of 0.004 and 0.100 were used.
26
1.0
Ng=0.004
SCO2 (PV)
0.8
Ng=0.100
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
tD (PV)
Figure 2.13: Dimensionless CO2 storage curves for two reservoirs with all groups held
constant except the buoyancy number. Buoyancy number (Ng in the
legend) values of 0.004 and 0.100 were used.
The results showed that the buoyancy number has a significant effect on recovery
and thus must be included in the scaling. The buoyancy number affects the amount of oil
displaced by the flood and thus the differences between the two floods remain large even
at the end of the flood. The results also indicated that the buoyancy number is inversely
related to dimensionless recovery as was discussed earlier.
2.5.5. Pressure Groups

Four reservoirs were created with the same values of every group except PinjD and
PpD. The different values tested were PinjD = 1.69 with PpD = 1.35 and PinjD = 1.11 with
PpD = 1.03. Figures 2.14 and 2.15 show the dimensionless recovery and storage curves
for these reservoirs.
27
100
Pinj=1.11, Pp=1.03
80
Pinj=1.11, Pp=1.03
RD (%)
Pinj=1.69, Pp=1.35
60
Pinj=1.69, Pp=1.35
40
20
0
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
tD (PV)
Figure 2.14: Dimensionless oil recovery curves for four reservoirs with all groups held
constant except the injection and producing pressure groups. Injection
pressure group (Pinj in the legend) values of 1.69 and 1.11 were used with
producing pressure group (Pp in the legend) values of 1.35 and 1.03,
respectively.
1.0
Pinj=1.11, Pp=1.03
SCO2 (PV)
0.8
Pinj=1.11, Pp=1.03
Pinj=1.69, Pp=1.35
0.6
Pinj=1.69, Pp=1.35
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
tD (PV)
Figure 2.15: Dimensionless CO2 storage curves for four reservoirs with all groups held
constant except the injection and producing pressure groups. Injection
pressure group (Pinj in the legend) values of 1.69 and 1.11 were used with
producing pressure group (Pp in the legend) values of 1.35 and 1.03,
respectively.
28
The results showed that the injection and producing pressure groups had a
significant effect on recovery and thus must be included in the scaling. Both groups
govern the miscibility of the flood and thus affect the amount of oil that is displaced in
the flood. The differences in recovery actually grew over the course of the floods as the
groups affect the total oil displaced at all times. The results also indicated that the two
pressure groups are directly related to dimensionless recovery. This is because increasing
values of each group indicate increasing miscibility between CO2 and oil and thus greater
oil recovery.
2.5.6. Initial Oil Saturation

Three reservoirs were created with the same values of every group except Soi.
The different Soi values tested were Soi = 0.40, 0.35, and 0.30. Figures 2.16 and 2.17
show the dimensionless recovery and storage curves for these reservoirs.
100
Soi=.30
RD (%)
80
Soi=.35
Soi=.40
60
40
20
0
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
tD (PV)
constant except the initial oil saturation. Initial oil saturations (Soi in the
legend) of 0.30, 0.35, and 0.40 were used.
29
1.0
Soi=.30
SCO2 (PV)
0.8
Soi=.35
Soi=.40
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
tD (PV)
constant except the initial oil saturation. Initial oil saturations (Soi in the
legend) of 0.30, 0.35, and 0.40 were used.
The results showed that the initial oil saturation has a significant effect on
recovery and thus must be included in the scaling. The initial oil saturation affects the
amount of mobile oil at the beginning of the flood. Mobile oil is recovered quicker than
residual oil and thus initial oil saturation has a significant effect on dimensionless
recovery early in the flood. This also means initial oil saturation has a significant effect
on the oil breakthrough time. If mobile oil is present at the beginning of the flood, the oil
breakthrough time will occur almost immediately whereas a reservoir starting at residual
oil saturation will have a later oil breakthrough time. As expected, the results indicated
that the initial oil saturation is directly related to dimensionless recovery.
2.5.7. Residual Oil Saturation to Water

Two reservoirs were created with the same values of every group except Sorw.
The different Sorw values tested were Sorw = 0.40 and 0.35. Figures 2.18 and 2.19 show
the dimensionless recovery curves for these reservoirs.
30
100
Sorw=.35
80
RD (%)
Sorw=.40
60
40
20
0
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
tD (PV)
Figure 2.18: Dimensionless oil recovery curves for two reservoirs with all groups held
constant except the residual oil saturation to water. Residual oil saturations
(Sorw in the legend) to water of 0.35 and 0.40 were used.
1.0
Sorw=.35
SCO2 (PV)
0.8
Sorw=.40
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
tD (PV)
Figure 2.19: Dimensionless CO2 storage curves for two reservoirs with all groups held
constant except the residual oil saturation to water. Residual oil saturations
(Sorw in the legend) to water of 0.35 and 0.40 were used.
The results showed that the residual oil saturation to water has an effect on
recovery and thus must be included in the scaling. The residual oil saturation to water
31
affects the amount of mobile oil at the beginning of the flood. Mobile oil is recovered
quicker than residual oil and thus Sorw has a significant effect on dimensionless recovery
early in the flood. This also means Sorw has an effect on the oil breakthrough time. If the
Sorw is low and mobile oil is present at the beginning of the flood, the oil breakthrough
time will occur almost immediately whereas a reservoir starting at Sorw will have a later
oil breakthrough time.
2.5.8. Residual Oil Saturation to Gas

Three reservoirs were created with the same values of every group except Sorg.
The different Sorg values tested were Sorg = 0.00, 0.10, and 0.20. Figures 2.20 and 2.21
show the dimensionless recovery and storage curves for these reservoirs.
100
Sorg=0.00
RD (%)
80
Sorg=0.10
Sorg=0.20
60
40
20
0
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
tD (PV)
constant except the residual oil saturation to gas. Residual oil saturations to
gas (Sorg in the legend) of 0.00, 0.10, and 0.20 were used.
32
1.0
Sorg=0.00
SCO2 (PV)
0.8
Sorg=0.10
Sorg=0.20
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
tD (PV)
constant except the residual oil saturation to gas. Residual oil saturations to
gas (Sorg in the legend) of 0.00, 0.10, and 0.20 were used.
The results showed that the residual oil saturation to gas has an effect on recovery
and thus must be included in the scaling. While the effect was fairly small, it was evident
over almost the entire course of the floods and has an impact on the total oil recovered.
The residual oil saturation to gas affects the amount of mobile oil in the presence of gas.
However, at the beginning of the flood, most of the oil in the reservoir is contacted only
by water, and thus the early dimensionless recovery is not affected by Sorg. Throughout
the rest of the flood, though, Sorg does impact dimensionless recovery. The results
indicated that Sorg is inversely related to dimensionless oil recovery.
2.6. NEGLECTED GROUPS AND PHENOMENA

Several groups and phenomena had minimal effects on recovery; therefore, these
groups were either neglected or dropped from the scaling.
33
2.6.1. Capillary Number

The capillary number was one of the original groups derived by Shook et al.;
however, the gravity effects of the floods under consideration in this research
overwhelmed any capillary effects that were present. Large changes in the groups value
resulted in minimal changes in the dimensionless recovery. Three sample reservoirs (S7S9) were generated with the same values of all dimensionless groups except for the
capillary number and their dimensionless recoveries were compared. Table 2-3 shows
the parameter values used to achieve the respective capillary group values and Figure
2.22 shows the dimensionless recovery curves for these three reservoirs.
Table 2.3: Properties of Reservoirs Used to Test Capillary Group Sensitivity
Reservoir
Parameters
S7
S8
S9
(mN/m)
5.63
7.85
10.40
P (psi)
1000
800
600
0.25
0.20
0.25
k x (md)
1879.4
127.1
19.8
N Pc
.0003
34
.0018
.0090
25
1
2
20
RD (%)
3
15
10
5
0
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
tD (PV)
Figure 2.22: Dimensionless oil recovery curves for three reservoirs with varying values 0.0090 (circle), 0.0018 (diamond), 0.0003 (cross) - of the capillary number.
All other dimensionless groups were held constant.
As can be seen, recovery for the three reservoirs is nearly identical over the entire
course of the floods. The effects of the capillary number were thus considered negligible
and dropped from the scaling.
2.6.2. Dispersion
To determine the effects of dispersion on recovery, several reservoirs with
different levels of dispersion were simulated.
Changes in dispersion were actually
modeled by changes in the numerical dispersion, which is a function of the number of

gridblocks used.
Three reservoirs with different numbers of x- and z-direction
gridblocks, but constant dimensionless group values, were simulated. Thus, we are also
testing grid sensitivity. Figure 2.23 shows the dimensionless recovery curves for these
reservoirs.
35
50
RD (%)
40
30
20
10
0
0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
Dimensionless time (tD)
Figure 2.23: Dimensionless oil recovery curves for three reservoirs with varying levels of
grid refinement. All dimensionless groups were held constant. Grids with
25x100 (triangle), 150x7 (circle), and 150x35 (square) blocks are depicted.
The results show that while the oil breakthrough time and the slope of the curve at
the breakthrough time are affected by changes in the number of gridblocks, specifically
the number of x-direction gridblocks. Both reservoirs with 150 x-direction gridblocks
broke through at the same dimensionless, while the reservoir with 25 x-direction
gridblocks broke through much earlier. This occurs because of the way in which the
simulator treats gridblock properties. Fluids travel between connected gridblocks, and
every gridblock has constant properties; therefore, any fluid saturation in a gridblock is
spread over the whole gridblock. When oil first travels a sufficient distance to move into
a subsequent gridblock, the oil is then evenly spread over the whole gridblock, meaning
the saturation jumps the length of a gridblock instantaneously. With fewer gridblocks,
this jump is larger; thus, small amounts of oil reach the production well faster than with a
larger number of gridblocks. After a time, these differences even out and production
curves start to look the same even with variations in the number of gridblocks. This is
36
why recovery for the three reservoirs is similar after tD~0.5. The effects of dispersion
were thus considered negligible for recoveries and dropped from the scaling.
2.6.3. Heterogeneity
The effects of heterogeneity were not included in the scaling. One reason for this
is that heterogeneity is difficult to measure and quantify. Completely describing the
heterogeneity of a reservoir would introduce more dimensionless groups than would be
practical for this research (Li and Lake, 1995). Finally, for reservoirs typical of the Gulf
Coast region, the gravity effects of CO2 flooding tend to overwhelm most of the effects
from heterogeneity (Lake, 1989). Therefore, heterogeneity effects were not included in
the scaling.
2.7. FINAL GROUPS AND RESULTS

After validation, a total of ten groups were included in the scaling. These 10
groups were then tested to see if they completely scaled CO2 flooding.
The final ten dimensionless groups were:
RL =
L
H
N =
L
tan
H
Dip Angle Group
M wo =
o
krw
o
o
kro
w
Mobility Ratio (water-oil)
M go =
o
krg
o
o
kro g
Mobility Ratio (CO2-oil)
N go =
H g cos
P
Buoyancy Number
kz
kx
Effective Aspect Ratio
37
PinjD =
PipD =
Pinj
PMM
Pp
PMM
Injection Pressure Group
Producing Pressure Group
Soi
Initial Oil Saturation
Sorw
Residual Oil Saturation to Water
Sorg
Residual Oil Saturation to Gas

If these ten dimensionless groups completely scaled CO2 flooding, then any
reservoirs with equal values of these groups should have the same dimensionless
recoveries. Tables 2.4-2.7 present the dimensional properties and dimensionless groups
for six such reservoirs (S10-S15) and Figures 2.24 and 2.25 present the dimensionless oil
recovery results for the same reservoirs.
The results showed that the dimensionless recoveries for reservoirs with equal
dimensionless group values were within 5-10% of each other at all times during the
floods. These results, combined with the validation results of Section 2.5, indicated that
these ten dimensionless groups were, in fact, the only necessary groups to scale
continuous CO2 flooding.
38
Table 2.4: Dimensional Properties of Sample Reservoirs S10-S13

Reservoir
Parameters
S10
S11
S12
L (ft)
1100
878
1130
W (ft)
80
100
80
H (ft)
240
240
231
S13
653
80
234
kz (md)
50
95
54
169
kx (md)
(deg)
o (kg/m3)
200
8.0
240
10.0
250
7.5
250
13.0
856
856
853
853
CO (kg/m )
768
768
741
741
o
rw
0.27
0.23
0.24
0.24
o
ro
0.70
0.60
0.70
0.70
o
rg
0.56
0.48
0.59
0.59
0.616
0.616
0.516
0.516
1.621
1.621
1.489
1.489
0.065
2500
2000
1479
0.065
2500
2000
1479
0.062
3033
2426
1794
0.062
3033
2426
1794
w (cP)
o (cP)
CO (cP)
2
Pinj (psi)
Pp (psi)
PMM (psi)
Table 2.5: Dimensionless Group Values of Sample Reservoirs S10-S13

Reservoir
Groups
S10
S11
S12
S13
RL
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
N
0.64
0.64
0.64
0.64
M wo
o
g
o
g
N * 10
PinjD
PpD
Soi
Sorw
Sorg
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
20
20
20
20
1815
1.69
1.35
0.35
0.35
0.10
1815
1.69
1.35
0.35
0.35
0.10
1815
1.69
1.35
0.35
0.35
0.10
1815
1.69
1.35
0.35
0.35
0.10
39
100
RD (%)
80
60
40
20
0
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
tD (PV)
Figure 2.24: Dimensionless oil recovery versus dimensionless time for sample reservoirs
10-13. The reservoirs have different properties but have the same values for
each of the ten final dimensionless groups.
Table 2.6: Dimensional Properties of Sample Reservoirs S14-S15
Reservoir
Parameters
S14
S15
L (ft)
1100
878
W (ft)
80
100
H (ft)
240
240
kz (md)
50
95
kx (md)
(deg)
o (kg/m3)
200
8.0
240
10.0
856
856
CO (kg/m )
768
768
o
rw
0.27
0.23
o
ro
0.70
0.60
o
rg
0.56
0.48
0.616
0.616
1.621
1.621
0.065
2500
2000
1479
0.065
2500
2000
1479
w (cP)
o (cP)
CO (cP)
2
Pinj (psi)
Pp (psi)
PMM (psi)
40
Table 2.7: Dimensionless Group Values of Sample Reservoirs S14-S15

Reservoir
Groups
S14
S15
RL
6.9
6.9
N
0.64
0.64
M wo
o
g
o
g
N * 10
PinjD
PpD
Soi
Sorw
Sorg
1.0
1.0
20
20
1815
1.11
1.03
0.35
0.35
0.10
1815
1.11
1.03
0.35
0.35
0.10
70
60
RD (%)
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
tD (PV)
Figure 2.25: Dimensionless oil recovery versus dimensionless time for sample reservoirs
14-15. The reservoirs have different properties but have the same values for
each of the ten final dimensionless groups.
2.8. SUMMARY
An initial set of six dimensionless groups based on derivations by Shook et al.
(1996) were used as a basis to scale continuous CO2 flooding. These proved insufficient;
therefore, new groups were proposed for the process. Based on an observed dependency
41
of recovery on reservoir pressure, two new pressure groups were added to the scaling.
Furthermore, due to different efficiencies in recovering mobile oil and residual oil, three
saturation groups were added to the scaling to account for the amount of mobile oil
present at the beginning of the flood.
Finally, capillary pressure, dispersion, and
heterogeneity effects were neglected in the scaling owing to their negligible, or

secondary, effects on recovery.
The necessity of each of the final ten groups was
validated through sensitivity tests used to prove that changes in the values of the groups
did, in fact, produce changes in dimensionless recovery. With the groups necessary to
scale continuous CO2 flooding now in hand, the task now was to create a screening model
based on these dimensionless groups capable of quickly estimating oil recovery and CO2
storage potential for a given reservoir.
42
Chapter 3. Creating the Screening Model

The 10 dimensionless groups used to scale continuous CO2 flooding served as the
basis for the screening model. The experimental design used to create the model was a
combination of Box-Behnken and factorial experimental designs. Based on the setup of
these designs, reservoirs with various combinations of values for each group were
generated for a total of 322 simulations. The results of these simulations were then used
to generate response surface fits for each parameter of the screening model. These
response surface fits were then simplified to create the most efficient form of the
equations that make up the screening model.
3.1. RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION

As described earlier, the reservoir was a homogeneous, two-dimensional,
Cartesian, dipping reservoir initially containing oil and water with Swi=1-Soi.
The
composition and thermodynamic properties of the oil used are in Tables A-1 and A-2. A
total of 1.2 pore volumes of pure CO2 was continuously injected at a constant pressure
(Pinj) at the top of the reservoir over the entire vertical height of the reservoir and oil was
produced at a constant pressure (Pp) at the bottom of the reservoir, also over the entire
vertical height of the reservoir. For property calculation purposes, the reservoir pressure
was assumed to be the average of Pinj and Pp.
For this portion of the research, the reservoir was divided into 1000 gridblocks
50 x-direction gridblocks and 20 z-direction gridblocks. The change from 7 to 20 zdirection gridblocks was made to allow for more vertical resolution. The change from
150 to 50 x-direction gridblocks was made to keep the total number of gridblocks as low
as possible, to allow for quicker simulations, without sacrificing accuracy.
temperature was held constant throughout the reservoir.
43
The
3.2. FLUID PROPERTIES

Phase behavior and fluid properties in the simulator were calculated using the
Peng-Robinson equation of state and the oil described in Appendix A. However, to
generate reservoirs with specific values of the dimensionless groups, it was necessary to
be able to estimate some fluid properties before a simulation took place. Therefore,
correlations for fluid viscosities, fluid densities, and PMM versus temperature and pressure
were generated through regression of the simulator output at various temperatures and
pressures.
3.2.1. Correlations
The viscosities of water, oil, and CO2 in units of cP were calculated as follows:
w = 126.7 /(2.4182((T -32) /1.8-8.435 + (8078.4 + ((T -32) /1.8)2 )0.5 ) -120)
o (P < 1750) = (-0.00000594T 2 + 0.00130T + 0.0865)( P /1000) + (0.0000322T 2
- 0.0155T + 2.51)
o (P > 1750) = (0.00000402T 2 - 0.00190T + 0.343)(P /1000) + (0.0000366T 2

- 0.0172T + 2.66)
CO (P < 1750) = (0.000455T 2 - 0.174T +16.9) P3 /1E11 + (-0.000857T 2

2
+ 0.340T -33.6)P2 /1E8 + (0.000541T 2 - 0.224T + 23.0) P /1E5

+ (-0.00106T 2 + 0.484T -35.8) /1000
CO (P > 1750) = (2.16( P /1000)2 -14.2(P /1000) + 24.7)T 2 /1E6

2
+ (-0.579(P /1000)2 + 3.83(P /1000) - 7.23)T /1000

+ (0.0340(P /1000)2 - 0.215(P /1000) + 0.499)
The densities of the oil and CO2 in units of kg/m3 were calculated as follows:
44
oil = (0.0000225P - 0.367)T + (0.00116 P + 888.8)

CO (T = 140) = 331/(-4.82 E -10 P3 + 3.47 E - 6 P 2 - 0.00853P + 7.66)
2
CO (T = 170) = 331/(-3.08E -10 P 3 + 2.46 E - 6 P 2 - 0.00675P + 7.00)

2
CO (T = 200) = 331/(-3.05E -10 P 3 + 2.45E - 6 P 2 - 0.00684 P + 7.37)

2
where T is the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and P is the pressure in psi. The
simulations for the model were run at only three different temperatures T=140, 170, and
200 oF and that is why three equations were used in calculating CO2 .
3.2.2. Minimum Miscibility Pressure Calculation

3.2.2.1. Model PMM
An estimate of the minimum miscibility pressure (PMM) was necessary to
calculate the injection and producing pressure groups. Several correlations exist in the
literature, including those described by Jarrell et al. (2002). However, for this research,
the estimate of PMM was determined from grid-sensitivity studies using the simulator
based on the given oil characterization. As discussed earlier, oil recovery tends to level
off as the pressure increases beyond the PMM; therefore, it was necessary to run
simulations and generate recovery versus pressure curves to calculate PMM for a given
temperature.
A non-dipping, one-dimensional reservoir with 1000 x-direction gridblocks was
used to estimate PMM for the model. CO2 was injected and produced at a constant
pressure at opposite ends of the reservoir. A difference of only 150 psi was maintained
between the injection and production pressures for each simulation to ensure the pressure
45
throughout the reservoir was fairly constant. The reservoir pressure was assumed to be
the arithmetic average of the injection and producing pressures and the recovery was the
ultimate recovery at tD=1.2.
The ultimate recovery versus pressure curves generally have three main sections.
In the low pressure section of the curve, ultimate recovery varies linearly with pressure.
In the high pressure section of the curve, ultimate recovery levels off and again varies
linearly with pressure. In between, there is a transition zone between the two linear
section. To determine the PMM from these curves, the linear sections of the curve are
extended towards each other until they intersect. The pressure at which this intersection
occurs is the minimum miscibility pressure. Figures 3.1-3.3 show the recovery versus
pressure curves at T=140, 170, and 200 oF.
Ultimate Recovery (PV)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Pressure (psi)
Figure 3.1: Ultimate recovery versus pressure for 1000 gridblocks at 140 oF.
intersection of the two lines indicates PMM=1450 psi.
46
The
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Pressure (psi)
The
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Pressure (psi)
The
The values obtained from these curves were used to produce a quadratic estimate
of PMM versus T for the fluid characterization used as follows:
PMM = .05T 2 + 28.5T 1560
47
3.2.2.2. True PMM

1000 gridblocks were used to estimate PMM for the model. 1000 gridblocks were
sufficient to obtain accurate results without being time-consuming. However, PMM is
only truly defined for the case when there are an infinite number of gridblocks. While
this is impossible to do with simulation, the results at several levels of grid sensitivity can
be used to extrapolate the value of PMM at an infinite number of gridblocks. Therefore,
the same simulations run for the case of 1000 gridblocks were rerun with 100 gridblocks
and 10 gridblocks. The recovery versus pressure curves for these simulations are shown
in Figures 3.4-3.9.
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Pressure (psi)
48
The
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Pressure (psi)
The
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Pressure (psi)
49
The
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Pressure (psi)
The
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Pressure (psi)
50
The
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Pressure (psi)
The
The results at each temperature must now be extrapolated to an infinite number of

gridblocks. This is done by plotting the PMMs against the inverse of the number of
gridblocks, and then extrapolating the data to the point of intersection with the vertical
axis. This is where the inverse of the number of gridblocks equals zero, and thus where
the number of gridblocks equals infinity. The PMMs versus the inverse of the number of
gridblocks are plotted in Figure 3.10.
Extrapolating the data from Figure 3.10, the estimated minimum miscibility
pressures are PMM=1420 psi at T=140 oF, PMM=1800 psi at T=170 oF, and PMM=2110 psi
at T=200 oF. These results are quite close to the values at 1000 gridblocks, meaning the
PMM used in the model is a good approximation of the true PMM for this oil and phase
behavior.
51
3500
3000
PMM
2500
2000
1500
140 F
1000
170 F
500
200 F
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
-1
Refinement (gridblocks )
Figure 3.10: PMM versus the inverse of the number of gridblocks for 10, 100, and 1000
gridblocks.
3.3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND IMPLEMENTATION

A combination of Box-Behnken (Box and Behnken, 1960) and factorial (Lane,
2005) experimental designs were used in the creation of the screening model. These
designs specified the value of the groups to be used in each simulation. The screening
model parameters were then modeled with response surface fits that used normalized
values of the groups in the equations.
3.3.1. Experimental Design

Experimental designs describe methods that can be used to efficiently conduct
experiments. They attempt to minimize the number of runs needed to capture all of the
desired effects for each of the variables.
3.3.1.1. Box-Behnken Experimental Design

A Box-Behnken experimental design is an independent quadratic design requiring
three levels (high, low, and intermediate) for each factor to capture quadratic effects
(NIST/SEMATECH, 2006). In the design, the low, intermediate, and high values are
52
coded as -1, 0, and +1. To use this design, it was necessary to calculate high, low and
intermediate values for each of the 10 groups. This was done by investigating a database
of reservoirs (BEG Gulf Coast CO2 Candidates Database, 2005) and calculating the
group values for each reservoir. The 5th percentile of these values was used for the low
value, the 50th percentile of these values was used for the intermediate value, and the 95th
percentile of these values was used as the high value for the groups. These values are
summarized in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1: Value Levels for the Dimensionless Groups
Group
Low
Intermediate
RL
0.1
6.0
N
0
1.5
Mw o
0.4
1.7
Mg o
10
20
Ngo
0.001
0.020
PinjD
0.6
1.2
PpD
0.5
0.8
Soi
0.2
0.4
Sorw
0.15
0.40
Sorg
0.05
0.15
High
10.0
6.0
3.0
45
0.100
1.5
1.1
0.7
0.55
0.25
The treatment combinations in a Box-Behnken experimental design are at the

midpoints of the process space, which means a Box-Behnken design never uses all
factors at their extreme values. Figure 3.11 is a pictorial representation of a 3-factor BoxBehnken design.
53
Figure 3.11: Pictorial representation of a 3-factor Box-Behnken experimental design.

To model the 10 dimensionless groups, a total of 274 simulations were run based
on the Box-Behnken experimental design. The Box-Behnken experimental design calls
for 170 experiments to model 10 factors. These are shown in the first 170 entries in
Table C-1.
These 170 experiments, of course, do not represent every possible
combination of the group values. To model a larger portion of the possible combinations,
it was decided to modify the original Box-Behnken setup to create an additional 170
experiments. This was accomplished by simply moving the first two columns of the
design to the end of the table. These are shown in the second 170 entries in Table C-1.
No experiments from the original design were duplicated after this change.
One problem that occurred in the Box-Behnken setup was that a total of 56 runs
called for a producing pressure greater than the injection pressure. This is a non-physical
situation and thus could not be included in the modeling. These runs, along with any
other runs not used in the modeling, are highlighted in gray in Table C-1.
The original 170 experiments include 10 experiments used to center the model
that set every group to its intermediate value. When the second set of 170 experiments
were created, these 10 experiments were dropped. These are highlighted in gray in Table
C-1.
54
3.3.1.2. Factorial Experimental Design

A factorial design is an experimental design in which every level of every factor
is paired with every level of every other factor (Lane, 2005). Unlike Box-Behnken
designs, factors are combined at their most extreme values. Figure 3.12 is a pictorial
representation of a 2-level, 3-factor factorial design.
Figure 3.12: Pictorial representation of a 2-level, 3-factor factorial experimental design.

The factorial experimental design was added to the modeling to focus on the six
groups that most affected recovery based on initial results from the Box-Behnken
experiments. These six groups were RL, N go , PinjD, PpD, Soi, and Sorw. A total of 48
simulations were run according to a factorial experimental design, for a total of 322
simulations run to create the model. Only the high and low levels of these groups were
used in the factorial experimental design, while the other four groups were held at their
intermediate values.
For six factors and two levels of each factor, a factorial
experimental design calls for 64 experiments, which represents every possible

combination of each level of each factor. These are shown in the last 64 entries of Table
C-1. However, like the Box-Behnken design, 16 experiments called for the non-physical
55
situation of a producing pressure greater than the injection pressure.
These are
highlighted in gray in Table C-1.
3.3.2. Model Inputs

Table C-1 dictates the combinations of the group levels to be used in each
simulation and Table 2.8 indicates the values of each group that correspond to the high,
low, and intermediate levels for each group. Combining these tables gives the group
values to be used in each of the 322 simulations. These are shown in Table C-2.
Based on the dimensionless group values to be used and the formula for each
dimensionless group, the reservoir and fluid properties needed to achieve these
dimensionless group values can be calculated. The properties that must be input into the
simulator for each simulation are shown in Table C-3. While properties such as fluid
viscosities are needed to calculate the dimensionless groups, they are not inputs in the
simulator, but rather are functions of other inputs such as temperature and the phase
behavior of the fluids.
3.3.3. Screening Model Parameters

The purpose of the screening model is to produce a quick look at the oil recovery
and CO2 storage potential for a given reservoir. Therefore, only five parameters were
chosen to model these two results.
3.3.3.1. Oil Recovery Parameters

Four parameters were used to model oil recovery.
The first is t oD , the
dimensionless oil breakthrough time. t oD is the dimensionless time at which the first
significant amounts of oil are recovered in units of pore volumes (of CO2 injected).
Recovery at all points before this time is assumed to be zero. When significant mobile
oil is present at the beginning of the flood, t oD is near zero as oil will be produced almost
56
immediately. When only residual oil is present, t oD will be larger because the residual oil
must first be swept out by the CO2. Typical values of t oD for these cases are 0.3 - 0.5 PV.
The other three parameters used to model oil recovery were three dimensionless
recoveries. These were the dimensionless oil recovery at tD = 0.8 (RD1), tD = 1.0 (RD2),
and tD = 1.2 (RD3). The dimensionless recovery at any given time is the percentage of the
oil in place at the beginning of the flood that has been recovered. This is different than
the typical measure of the percentage of the original oil in place (%OOIP) recovered as
that is based on the oil present at discovery, which is not necessarily the oil in place at the
beginning of the flood. The second recovery point is at tD = 0.8 because from t oD until
this time, RD is a nearly linear function of tD; therefore, no intermediate values are
necessary to accurately plot RD vs tD. RD3 is modeled at tD = 1.2 because 1.2 pore
volumes of CO2 injected is the last dimensionless time considered. RD2 is modeled at
tD=1.0 to give an intermediate value between RD1 and RD3 to give a more accurate
portrayal of the shape of the actual recovery curve.

Initially, an attempt was made to model oil recovery with a decaying exponential
function of the form:
o
RD = A(1 e B (tD tD ) )
where A is the ultimate recovery and B governs the rate of approach to ultimate recovery.
While the A and B parameters can be adjusted to effectively model almost any recovery
curve, the equation was ill-suited for the purposes of this screening model.
The main drawback is that the same curve can be very closely approximated by
different values of the A and B parameters. This makes it difficult to tell which values to
use for a given curve, which is related to a given set of dimensionless groups. Because
the modeler does not know the effect of the dimensionless groups on the parameters
beforehand, this non-uniqueness makes it difficult to determine how the groups are truly
57
affecting the parameters. For example, if an increase in a certain group should produce
an increase in A, but the modeler perceives a lower value of A gives the best fit, this
effect will be incorrectly modeled.
3.3.3.2. CO2 Storage Parameter

Only one parameter was used to model CO2 storage. This was the pore volumes
of CO2 stored, SCO2 , at the final dimensionless time, tD = 1.2. Only one parameter was
needed for CO2 storage because, while oil recovery changes over the course of the flood,
after a certain point, the amount of CO2 stored is nearly constant. The amount of CO2
stored is just the difference between the CO2 injected and the CO2 produced; therefore,
the amount of CO2 stored is simply the amount of CO2 injected until CO2 breaks through.
For a short period of time after breakthrough, the amount of CO2 stored is still nearly the
same as the amount of CO2 injected, but from this moment until tD=1.2, the amount of
CO2 stored essentially remains constant. Figure 3.13 shows a typical CO2 storage curve.
This means that while the amount of CO2 stored is a primary concern, there is no real
value in modeling CO2 storage versus time at any time other than the final dimensionless
time.
58
0.60
0.50
SCO2
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
Dimensionless time (tD)
1.2
Figure 3.13: A typical dimensionless CO2 storage curve. Storage increases linearly until
oil breakthrough, represented by the square, and then remains nearly
constant throughout the rest of the flood.
3.3.4. Model Outputs

The five model parameters were determined for each of the 322 simulations run to
create the screening model. These results are shown Table C-4.
3.3.5. Response Surfaces

Each of the five model parameters was modeled with a response surface fit. A
response surface fit involves fitting an equation to the observed values of a dependent
variable using the effects of multiple independent variables (Experimental Design
2006). The model parameters are the dependent variables and the dimensionless groups
are the independent variables.
A response surface is essentially the multivariable
equivalent to a y vs. x fit. Response surface fits may include any number of effects;
however, the fits used in this research only include linear, quadratic, and interaction
effects in the following form:
59
Parameter = c1 x12 + c2 x22 + ... + c10 x102 +

c11 x1 + c12 x2 + ... + c20 x10 +
c21 x1 x2 + c22 x1 x3 + ... + c65 x9 x10 +
intercept
where the cis are coefficients and the xis correspond to the dimensionless groups. The
quadratic effects are represented by the squared terms in the first line of the fit. The
linear effects are represented by the second line. The interaction effects are represented
by the third line of the fit and involve every possible combination of two groups
multiplied together.
One result of using this response surface fit is the large number of coefficients
used in the fitting equation. The fit above involves 65 coefficients plus an intercept term,
for a total of 66 terms in each response surface fit. This makes the equations quite
unwieldy and unsuitable for a quick screening model as desired in this research.
Therefore, a way must be found to reduce the number of coefficients used in each
equation.
However, determining which coefficients are most significant and which
should be dropped from the fits is problematic because the values of the various
dimensionless groups are sometimes several orders of magnitude different. Therefore, a
coefficient that is small and appears insignificant could, in fact, be more important than a
larger, and apparently more important, coefficient. To solve this problem, the values of
the dimensionless groups were normalized.
3.3.6. Normalization
Normalization was used to transform dimensionless group values that differed by
several orders of magnitude into values that all varied from the same low to high values.
The group levels in Table 2.8 were transformed such that the low value for each group
was set equal to -1 and the high value for each group was set equal to +1, with other
60
values varying linearly along the same scale. Any value for any group can be normalized
using the following equations:
X = 1 + 2( X L) /( H L)
where X is the normalized value of the group, X is the group value to be normalized, and
H and L are the high and low values for the group as listed in Table 2.8. The normalized
values for the group levels are shown in Table 2.9. The reason the intermediate values
are not all normalized to zero is that they were determined from the median of values in
reservoir databases and are not necessarily the averages of the high and low values.
Table 3.2: Normalized Group Values
Low
-1
RL
Intermediate
0.19
High
1
-1
-0.50
M wo
-1
0.00
M go
-1
-0.43
N go
-1
-0.62
PinjD
-1
0.33
PpD
-1
0.00
Soi
-1
-0.20
Sorw
-1
0.25
Sorg
-1
0.00
The normalized values for each group were the variables used to generate the
response surface fits. The values used for each run are shown in Table C-5. The
statistical value of normalizing the groups comes in reducing the number of coefficients
in the response surface fits. The groups are now all of the same order of magnitude and
vary from the same low to high values; therefore, the coefficients in the fit that are the
61
most important are now simply the coefficients that are the largest. The number of
coefficients in each fit can now be reduced as much as possible while still maintaining an
acceptable relative error in the fits.
3.4. EQUATIONS
The five screening model parameters were modeled with the normalized
dimensionless group values using response surface fits with 66 coefficients each. These
66 coefficients were reduced to the most important 6-8 coefficients while still
maintaining an acceptable relative error in the fits.
3.4.1. Dimensionless Breakthrough Time

All 66 coefficients for the response surface fit for t Do can be found in Table D-1.
When all of the coefficients were used, the absolute error of the fit was 0.072 PV. The
smallest coefficients were dropped from the fit with the absolute error assessed at each
step. When only six coefficients remained, the absolute error was still only 0.118 PV. At
this point, a further reduction in the number of coefficients resulted in a significant jump
in the absolute error; therefore, it was decided that the optimum number of coefficients
was six. The equation with these six coefficients is as follows:
tDo = 0.346 + 0.102PinjD - 0.301Soi - 0.118( Sorw - 0.135)2 - 0.142( PinjD - 0.433)( Soi + 0.098)
+ 0.090( PpD + 0.075)(Soi + 0.098)
The numbers inside the parentheses with the normalized values are the means of
the normalized values used in the 322 simulations.
All of the non-linear terms have
been centered by their means.

The four most important groups in modeling t Do were Soi, Sorw, PinjD, and PpD.
Both Soi and Sorw are important in determining whether or not mobile oil is present at the
beginning of the flood. If mobile oil is present, oil will be produced almost immediately
62
and t Do will be close to zero, whereas if only residual oil is present, oil will be produced
much later in the flood and t Do will be higher. Both PinjD and PpD are important in
determining the degree of miscibility in the flood, which affects the amount of residual
oil that will be recovered. If the combination of the groups dictates that the flood is
miscible, residual oil will be recovered in large quantities, leading to a lower t Do . If the
flood is immiscible, then residual oil will be recovered in smaller quantities, leading to a
higher t Do .
3.4.2. First Dimensionless Recovery

All 66 coefficients for the response surface fit for RD1 can be found in Table D-2.
When all of the coefficients were used, the absolute error of the fit was 4.7% recovery.
When only seven coefficients remained, the absolute error was 7.8% recovery. This error
was considered acceptable because of the uncertainties that are inherent in determining
reservoir properties. At this point, a further reduction in the number of coefficients
resulted in a significant jump in the absolute error; therefore, it was decided that the
optimum number of coefficients was seven. The equation with these seven coefficients is
as follows:
RD1 = 38.4 - 7.21RL - 7.15M go -12.4 N go + 11.4 PpD + 26.4Soi - 7.53( Soi + 0.098) 2
The five dimensionless groups used in modeling RD1 were RL, M go , N go , PpD, and
Soi. By far the most important group was Soi. Soi plays a large role in the presence or
absence of mobile oil at the beginning of the flood. Mobile oil is easier to recover than
residual oil; therefore, floods with larger Soi, and thus larger amounts of mobile oil, will
have larger dimensionless recoveries. The negative coefficients for RL, M go , and N go
reaffirm the earlier observations from the group validation that these groups are inversely
63
related to recovery. The positive coefficient for PpD reaffirms the earlier observation that
PpD is directly related to recovery.
3.4.3. Second Dimensionless Recovery

When only eight coefficients remained, the absolute error was 7.6% recovery. At this
point, a further reduction in the number of coefficients resulted in a significant jump in
the absolute error; therefore, it was decided that the optimum number of coefficients was
eight. The equation with these eight coefficients is as follows:
RD 2 = 46.7 - 9.61RL - 7.54M go -11.8N go + 6.77 PinjD + 7.86PpD + 27.1Soi -11.7( Soi + 0.098)2
The six dimensionless groups used in modeling RD2 were RL, M go , N go , PinjD, PpD,
and Soi. As with RD1, Soi is the most important group, there are negative coefficients for
RL, M go , and N go , and a positive coefficient for PpD. The positive coefficient for PinjD
reaffirms the earlier observation that PinjD is directly related to recovery.
3.4.4. Third Dimensionless Recovery

When only eight coefficients remained, the absolute error was 7.2% recovery. At this
point, a further reduction in the number of coefficients resulted in a significant jump in
the absolute error; therefore, it was decided that the optimum number of coefficients was
eight. The equation with these eight coefficients is as follows:
RD3 = 48.9 - 9.84RL - 6.45M go -10.2 N go + 10.2PinjD + 6.66PpD + 26.4Soi -11.6( Soi + 0.098)2
64
Just as with RD2, the six dimensionless groups used in modeling RD3 were RL,
o
g
M , N go , PinjD, PpD, and Soi. As with RD2, Soi is the most important group, there are
negative coefficients for RL, M go , and N go , and positive coefficients for PinjD and PpD.
3.4.5. Dimensionless CO2 Storage

All 66 coefficients for the response surface fit for SCO2 can be found in Table D-5.
When all of the coefficients were used, the absolute error of the fit was 0.024 PV. When
only six coefficients remained, the absolute error was 0.056 PV. At this point, a further
reduction in the number of coefficients resulted in a significant jump in the absolute
error; therefore, it was decided that the optimum number of coefficients was six. The
equation with these six coefficients is as follows:
SCO 2 = 0.571 + 0.161PinjD - 0.080 PpD + 0.050( PinjD - 0.433) 2 + 0.033( PpD + 0.075) 2
- 0.113( PinjD - 0.433)( PpD + 0.075)
The two most important groups in modeling SCO2 were PinjD, and PpD. As stated
earlier, the amount of CO2 stored in a reservoir depends on the available volume for CO2
storage and the density of the CO2 at reservoir conditions. Because they affect the
miscibility of the flood, PinjD and PpD both affect the amount of oil recovered and thus the
amount of room made available for CO2 storage. CO2 is a gas, which means it is
compressible; therefore, its density is dependent on pressure. PinjD and PpD affect the
overall pressure in the reservoir, which means they affect the density of CO2 and also the
amount of CO2 stored.
3.4.6. Dimensionless Groups Necessary for Screening

While all 10 dimensionless groups are present in the response surface fits, when
the equations are reduced to the most important coefficients, not every group is still
present. N , M wo , and Sorg are not present in any of the reduced equations, which are the
65
equations recommended by this research for screening reservoirs.

o
g
Only seven
o
g
dimensionless groups RL, M , N , PinjD, PpD, Soi, and Sorw are highly important for
the quick-look purposes of this screening model. So while it takes 10 dimesionless
groups to completely scale continuous CO2 flooding, only seven are relevant for the
purposes of screening reservoirs.
This is important as it reduces the amount of
information that must be known about a reservoir to make an accurate estimate of its oil
recovery and CO2 storage potential.
3.5. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

Sample calculations were done for 10 selected Gulf Coast reservoirs found in the
National Petroleum Councils public database (NPC Public Database, 1984). Tables 3.33.5 present the group values, normalized group values, and sample results for these 10
reservoirs.
Table 3.3: Dimesionless Group Values for Sample Reservoirs
PinjD
PpD
RL
M go
N go
Reservoir
Soi
Sorw
3.4
3.7
0.050
1.5
0.8
0.55
0.43
5.9
35.0
0.053
1.2
0.8
0.45
0.40
4.5
37.6
0.003
1.8
1.4
0.49
0.27
8.9
20.8
0.003
1.1
0.9
0.59
0.23
6.1
62.2
0.008
0.8
0.7
0.35
0.35
0.8
38.3
0.056
1.0
0.7
0.71
0.29
5.5
28.2
0.072
1.2
1.0
0.41
0.35
4.6
24.8
0.006
1.4
1.1
0.70
0.50
4.9
45.3
0.004
1.1
1.0
0.35
0.30
10
3.6
31.2
0.008
1.3
0.9
0.78
0.50
The dimensionless group values must be converted to their normalized group

values before being entered into the equations. For RL in Reservoir 1:
66
RL = 1 + 2( RL L) /( H L) = 1 + 2(3.4 0.1) /(10 0.1) = 0.34

The same procedure is then used for each group for each reservoir to produce a
table of normalized group values.
Table 3.4: Normalized Group Values for Sample Reservoirs
PinjD
PpD
Reservoir
RL
M go
N go
Soi
Sorw
-0.34
-1.36
-0.01
1.11
0.00
0.40
0.40
0.17
0.43
0.05
0.29
0.00
0.00
0.26
-0.12
0.58
-0.95
1.56
2.00
0.16
-0.40
0.78
-0.38
-0.95
0.11
0.33
0.56
-0.60
0.21
1.99
-0.87
-0.46
-0.43
-0.40
0.00
-0.85
0.62
0.10
-0.19
-0.27
1.04
-0.30
0.08
0.04
0.43
0.33
0.80
-0.16
0.00
-0.10
-0.15
-0.90
0.79
0.98
1.00
0.75
-0.03
1.02
-0.95
0.11
0.67
-0.40
-0.25
10
-0.30
0.21
-0.87
0.55
0.44
1.32
0.77
The normalized groups values are then entered into the equations for the
screening model parameters. For t Do in Reservoir 1:
RD1 = 38.4 - 7.21(-0.34) - 7.15(-1.36) -12.4(-0.01) + 11.4(0.00) + 26.4(0.40)

- 7.53(0.40 + 0.098) 2 = 59.4%.
The same procedure is then used for each model parameter for each reservoir to produce
quick-look results for each of the sample reservoirs.
One important observation from these sample calculations is the efficiency of the
sample floods. Ultimate recoveries (RD3) upwards of 79% are predicted for four of the
reservoirs. This indicates that continuous CO2 flooding in a dipping reservoir can be a
highly successful recovery method. While traditional CO2 injection methods typically
involves WAG or slug injection, this research has shown that very high recoveries can be
67
achieved for continuous CO2 injection, a process originally used in this research to ensure
the maximization of CO2 storage.
Table 3.5: Results for Sample Reservoirs
t Do
RD2
Reservoir
RD1
RD 3
SCO2
0.29
59.4
75.8
80.1
0.77
0.38
33.4
43.1
46.7
0.62
0.43
73.3
84.5
88.8
0.60
0.18
62.7
66.8
66.6
0.59
0.39
17.4
21.5
23.7
0.54
0.07
53.5
58.6
61.0
0.57
0.42
36.9
44.6
47.8
0.60
0.13
79.8
85.4
87.1
0.62
0.43
39.4
44.5
46.2
0.59
10
0.00
74.6
77.6
79.6
0.63
3.6. APPLICATION
The simplicity of the screening model makes it ideal for quickly screening large
databases of reservoirs for their oil recovery and CO2 storage potential. Operators can
use the equations as a quick first look to identify optimal candidate Gulf of Mexico
reservoirs for CO2 flooding. These can then be studied further and modeled with more
complexity before a final decision is made.
3.7. SUMMARY
The 10 dimensionless groups used to scale continuous CO2 flooding served as the
basis for creating the screening model. A combination of Box-Behnken and factorial
experimental designs were used to specify the input group values and reservoir properties
for each of the 322 simulations used in the model. The results of these simulations were
then used to generate response surface fits for each parameter of the model. Normalized
68
values of the groups were used in the response surface fits to assist in reducing the
number of coefficients in each fit. The number of coefficients was reduced from 66 to
only six to eight in each equation while still maintaining an acceptable level of error in
the fits.
69
Chapter 4. Conclusions and Future Work

4.1. CONCLUSIONS
We have successfully scaled continuous CO2 flooding for the first time. The
resulting dimensionless groups were then used as the basis for creating a screening model
for oil recovery and CO2 storage. Using relatively simple equations for a few parameters,
reservoirs can now be quickly screened for oil recovery and CO2 storage potential. The
main conclusions of this research are:
1. Continuous CO2 flooding was scaled for the first time. It required 10
dimensionless groups and included the effects of dip on recovery. While
they served as the basis for the scaling, the dimensionless groups used to
scale waterflooding proved insufficient for CO2 flooding and, thus, were
changed and more groups were added to to create the final set of 10
dimensionless groups.
2. The 10 dimensionless groups used in the scaling served as the basis for a
heuristic model capable of estimating oil recovery and CO2 storage
potential for any given reservoir.
3. The relatively large response surface fits can be reduced to just the 6-8
most important coefficients while still maintaining an acceptable level of
accuracy.
4. While 10 dimensionless groups are needed to completely scale continuous
CO2 flooding, only seven groups are important for screening purposes.
5. Continuous CO2 flooding is capable of achieving very high recoveries in
addition to maximizing the amount of CO2 stored.
70
6. The screening model is ideal for use by operators in quickly screening

large databases of reservoirs for the most attractive CO2 flooding
candidates.
4.2. FUTURE WORK

The screening model has several limitations that could be addressed with future
work. Among the factors that can be studied are:
1. Heterogeneity was not included in the scaling.
While heterogeneity
effects are somewhat overwhelmed by gravity effects in dipping

reservoirs, they are an important factor in many reservoirs, and should be
addressed in future scaling and modeling.
2. The reservoir used in this research was a simple Cartesian reservoir with
no-flow boundaries.
Future work could be done on more complex
reservoir geometries to determine the effect of geometry and a strong

water drive on recovery and storage.
3. Screening models for reservoirs less specific to the Gulf Coast region
should be created. This research focused on dipping, high permeability
reservoirs with largely gravity stabilized floods. These factors are not
present in every region and efforts should be made to model the widest
array of reservoir types possible.
71
Nomenclature
g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
H = height of reservoir (m)
krgo = end-point relative permeability of gas
kroo = end-point relative permeability of oil
o
k rw
= end-point relative permeability of water
kx = horizontal permeability (md)
kz = vertical permeability (md)
L = length of reservoir (m)
uT =fluid velocity (m/s)
M wo = water-oil mobility ratio
M go = CO2-oil mobility ratio

N = dip angle group
N go = buoyancy number
N Pc = global capillary number
P = difference between Pinj and Pp (Pa)
Pinj = injection pressure (Pa)
PinjD = injection pressure group
PMM = minimum miscibility pressure (Pa)
Pp = production pressure (Pa)
PpD = producing pressure group
RD = dimensionless oil recovery
RL = effective aspect ratio
SCO2 = dimensionless CO2 storage
Soi = initial oil saturation
Sorw = residual oil saturation to water
Sorg = residual oil saturation to gas
Swi = initial water saturation
t Do = dimensionless oil breakthrough time
X = normalized group value
= dip angle
w = viscosity of water (Pa-s)
o = viscosity of oil (Pa-s)

g = viscosity of gas (Pa-s)
ro2 = end-point mobility of oil
=difference between oil and water densities (kg/m3)
72
= interfacial tension (kg/s2)

= porosity
73
Appendix A: Oil Composition and Properties

Table A-1: Oil Composition
Component
Mole Fraction
CO2
0.0192
C1
0.0693
C2-C3
0.1742
C4-C6
0.1944
C7-C16
0.3138
C17-C29
0.1549
C30+
0.0742
Table A-2: Thermodynamic Properties of the Oil
Specific gravity
Boiling Point (oF)
Pc (atm)
Vc (dm3/mol)
Tc (oF)
Acentric factor
Molecular Weight
Volume shift
parameter
Parachor (atm)
Binary Interaction
Parameters
CO2
C1
C2-C3
C4-C6
C7-C16
C17-C29
C30+
CO2
0.4927
-152.524
72.799
0.0931
304.20
0.2250
44.010
C1
0.2654
-257.139
45.400
0.0998
190.60
0.0080
16.043
C2-C3
0.4850
-87.221
44.932
0.1731
338.81
0.1260
36.013
C4-C6
0.6259
88.368
33.238
0.3104
466.12
0.2439
70.520
C7-C16
0.7370
333.189
20.676
0.5759
614.35
0.6386
147.182
C17-C29
0.8644
589.090
15.675
0.8251
767.01
1.0002
301.476
C30+
1.1047
883.166
15.636
0.9235
968.91
1.2810
562.805
126.5
39.9
102.1
205.4
416.3
762.4
1109.6
0
5.00E-02
5.00E-02
5.00E-02
9.00E-02
9.00E-02
9.00E-02
5.00E-02
0
5.03E-03
2.11E-02
4.92E-02
7.03E-02
7.75E-02
5.00E-02
5.03E-03
0
5.66E-03
2.36E-02
3.94E-02
4.51E-02
5.00E-02
2.11E-02
5.66E-03
0
6.34E-03
1.57E-02
1.95E-02
9.00E-02
4.92E-02
2.36E-02
6.34E-03
0
2.15E-03
3.71E-03
9.00E-02
7.03E-02
3.94E-02
1.57E-02
2.15E-03
0
2.12E-04
9.00E-02
7.75E-02
4.51E-02
1.95E-02
3.71E-03
2.12E-04
0
74
Appendix B: Derivation of the New Buoyancy and Capillary Numbers

Shook et al. derived dimensionless groups for the case of a waterflood using
inspectional analysis. Essentially, the equations governing fluid flow in a reservoir were
converted into dimensionless forms, and, through certain assumptions and mathematical
manipulations of these dimensionless equations, the dimensionless groups were
extracted. The full derivation of the groups can be found in the paper by Shook et al.
While these dimensionless groups proved insufficient for scaling continuous CO2
flooding, it was observed that pressure had a significant effect on oil recovery. For this
reason, the constant injection rate boundary condition used by Shook et al. was changed
to a constant injection pressure boundary condition (P at x=0) and the other pressure
boundary condition (P at x=L) was slightly modified. These changes are shown below:
H
1
u1x dz = uT
H 0
at x = 0, t
was changed to
P1 = P2 = Pinj
at x = 0, t
and
P1 = P2 = Pwf + ( g cos )( H z )
at x = L, t
was changed to
P1 = P2 = Pp
at x = L, t .
where Pwf is the well flowing pressure. Using the same multiplicative (subscript 1) and
additive (subscript 2) scaling factors as in Shook et al., the boundary conditions were
linearly transformed into the following forms:
75
P11* P1D + P12* = P21* P2 D + P22* = Pinj
at x1* xD + x2* = 0, 0 z1* z D + z2* H , t D
P11* P1D + P12* = P21* P2 D + P22* = Pp
at x1* xD + x2* = L, 0 z1* z D + z2* H , t D
Next, P1D and P2D are set equal to each other and are now just denoted PD. These
equations are then transformed into dimensionless equations of the following form:
PD =
PD =
Pinj P2*
P1*
Pp P2*
P1*
at xD =
x2* z2*
H z2*
,
, tD
D
x1* z1*
z1*
L x2* z2*
H z2*
at xD =
, * zD
, tD
x1*
z1
z1*
For the injection pressure boundary condition, PD is set equal to zero, and for the
producing pressure boundary condition, PD is set equal to one. Which condition is set to
one and which to zero is arbitrary as both give the same results in the end. Based on
setting the first PD, P2* = Pinj . P2* is then inserted into the second PD equation above with
PD=1 to give P1* = Pp Pinj = P . However, since the sign does not matter, we can just
write P1* = P .
These values are now substituted into the relevant dimensionless groups from the
original Shook et al. scaling. These are:
z1* 1 g cos
P1*
z1* 2 g cos
P1*
kx
P1*
76
From the original scaling, z1* = H . Inserting this and P1* = P into the first and
second groups and subtracting the first group from the second gives the new form of the
buoyancy number as:
N go =
H g cos
P
Substituting P1* = P into the third group gives the new form of the capillary number as:
N Pc =
k
x
P
All other groups remain the same for both the constant injection rate and constant
injection pressure boundary conditions.
77
Appendix C: Model Inputs and Outputs

Table C-1: Combined Box-Behnken and Factorial Experimental Design
PpD
PinjD
RL
N go
M go
N
M wo
Soi
Sorw
Run #
1
0
1
0
0
0
-1
-1
0
0
2
0
-1
0
0
0
1
-1
0
0
3
0
-1
0
0
0
-1
1
0
0
4
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
5
0
-1
0
0
0
-1
-1
0
0
6
0
1
0
0
0
1
-1
0
0
7
0
1
0
0
0
-1
1
0
0
8
0
-1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
9
1
-1
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
10
-1
1
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
11
-1
-1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
12
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
13
-1
-1
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
14
1
1
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
15
1
-1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
16
-1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
17
0
1
-1
0
0
0
-1
-1
0
18
0
-1
1
0
0
0
-1
-1
0
19
0
-1
-1
0
0
0
1
-1
0
20
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
-1
0
21
0
-1
-1
0
0
0
-1
1
0
22
0
1
1
0
0
0
-1
1
0
23
0
1
-1
0
0
0
1
1
0
24
0
-1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
25
0
1
0
-1
0
-1
0
0
-1
26
0
-1
0
1
0
-1
0
0
-1
27
0
-1
0
-1
0
1
0
0
-1
28
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
-1
29
0
-1
0
-1
0
-1
0
0
1
30
0
1
0
1
0
-1
0
0
1
31
0
1
0
-1
0
1
0
0
1
32
0
-1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
33
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
34
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
-1
35
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
36
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
37
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
78
Sorg
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
1
1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
0
0
0
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
79
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
0
0
0
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
1
80
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
-1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
81
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
82
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
0
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
0
0
0
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
83
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
-1
1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
84
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
-1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
85
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
86
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-1
0
0
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
0
0
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
0
0
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
87
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Table C-2: Dimensionless Group Values Used in Each Simulation

PpD
PinjD
RL
N go
M go
N
M wo
Run #
1
6
6
1.7
20
0.02
0.6
0.5
2
6
0
1.7
20
0.02
1.5
0.5
3
6
6
1.7
20
0.02
1.5
1.1
4
6
0
1.7
20
0.02
0.6
0.5
5
6
6
1.7
20
0.02
1.5
0.5
6
6
0
1.7
20
0.02
1.5
1.1
7
10
0
1.7
20
0.001
1.2
0.8
8
0.1
6
1.7
20
0.001
1.2
0.8
9
0.1
0
1.7
20
0.1
1.2
0.8
10
10
6
1.7
20
0.1
1.2
0.8
11
0.1
0
1.7
20
0.001
1.2
0.8
12
10
6
1.7
20
0.001
1.2
0.8
13
10
0
1.7
20
0.1
1.2
0.8
14
0.1
6
1.7
20
0.1
1.2
0.8
15
6
6
0.4
20
0.02
1.2
0.5
16
6
0
3
20
0.02
1.2
0.5
17
6
0
0.4
20
0.02
1.2
1.1
18
6
6
3
20
0.02
1.2
1.1
19
6
0
0.4
20
0.02
1.2
0.5
20
6
6
3
20
0.02
1.2
0.5
21
6
6
0.4
20
0.02
1.2
1.1
22
6
0
3
20
0.02
1.2
1.1
23
6
0
1.7
10
0.02
1.5
0.8
24
6
6
1.7
45
0.02
1.5
0.8
25
6
6
1.7
10
0.02
1.5
0.8
26
6
0
1.7
45
0.02
1.5
0.8
27
10
1.5
1.7
20
0.02
1.2
0.8
28
0.1
1.5
1.7
20
0.02
1.2
0.8
29
0.1
1.5
1.7
20
0.02
1.2
0.8
30
10
1.5
1.7
20
0.02
1.2
0.8
31
0.1
1.5
1.7
20
0.02
1.2
0.8
32
10
1.5
1.7
20
0.02
1.2
0.8
33
10
1.5
1.7
20
0.02
1.2
0.8
34
0.1
1.5
1.7
20
0.02
1.2
0.8
35
6
1.5
3
10
0.001
1.2
0.8
36
6
1.5
0.4
45
0.001
1.2
0.8
37
6
1.5
0.4
10
0.1
1.2
0.8
38
6
1.5
3
45
0.1
1.2
0.8
39
6
1.5
0.4
10
0.001
1.2
0.8
40
6
1.5
3
45
0.001
1.2
0.8
88
Soi
Sorw
Sorg
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.7
0.2
0.7
0.2
0.7
0.2
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.15
0.15
0.55
0.55
0.15
0.15
0.55
0.55
0.15
0.15
0.55
0.55
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.25
0.25
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
6
6
10
0.1
0.1
10
0.1
10
10
0.1
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
0.1
10
10
0.1
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
0.1
10
10
0.1
10
0.1
0.1
10
6
6
6
6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0
6
0
6
0
6
0
6
0
6
0
6
0
6
0
6
6
0
3
0.4
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
3
0.4
0.4
3
0.4
3
3
0.4
0.4
3
0.4
3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.4
3
0.4
3
10
45
10
45
10
45
10
45
10
45
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
10
45
45
10
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
0.1
0.1
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.001
0.1
0.001
0.1
0.001
0.1
0.001
0.1
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.001
0.1
0.001
0.1
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.001
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.001
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
89
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.6
1.5
1.5
0.6
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.5
1.1
1.1
0.5
0.5
1.1
1.1
0.5
0.5
1.1
1.1
0.5
0.5
1.1
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.5
1.1
0.5
0.5
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.5
1.1
1.1
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.15
0.15
0.55
0.55
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.25
0.25
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
0.1
10
10
0.1
10
0.1
0.1
10
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
0.1
10
10
0.1
10
0.1
0.1
10
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
10
0.1
0.1
10
6
0
0
6
6
0
0
6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.4
3
0.4
3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.4
3
3
0.4
3
0.4
0.4
3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.4
3
3
0.4
3
0.4
0.4
3
0.4
3
0.4
3
20
20
20
20
10
45
10
45
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
10
45
10
45
10
45
10
45
10
45
10
45
10
45
10
45
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.001
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.001
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.001
0.1
0.001
0.1
0.001
0.1
0.001
0.1
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
90
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.1
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.5
1.1
1.1
0.5
0.5
1.1
1.1
0.5
0.5
1.1
1.1
0.5
0.5
1.1
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.7
0.2
0.7
0.2
0.7
0.2
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.15
0.15
0.55
0.55
0.15
0.15
0.55
0.55
0.15
0.15
0.55
0.55
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.15
0.15
0.55
0.55
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
0.1
10
0.1
10
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0
6
0
6
0
6
0
6
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.4
0.4
3
3
0.4
0.4
3
3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
45
10
10
45
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
10
45
10
45
10
45
10
45
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
10
10
45
45
10
10
45
45
20
20
0.001
0.1
0.001
0.1
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.001
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.001
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.001
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
91
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
0.6
1.5
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.55
0.15
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.55
0.15
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.55
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.25
0.05
0.05
0.25
0.05
0.25
0.25
0.05
0.05
0.25
0.05
0.25
0.05
0.25
0.05
0.25
0.05
0.25
0.25
0.05
0.25
0.05
0.05
0.25
0.05
0.25
0.25
0.05
0.15
0.15
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
6
6
6
6
10
0.1
0.1
10
0.1
10
10
0.1
6
6
6
6
10
0.1
0.1
10
0.1
10
10
0.1
0.1
10
0.1
10
0.1
10
0.1
10
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0
6
0
6
0
6
0
6
0
6
0
6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0
6
6
0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.4
0.4
3
3
0.4
0.4
3
3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.4
3
0.4
3
0.4
3
0.4
3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.4
3
0.4
3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
10
10
45
45
10
10
45
45
10
10
45
45
10
45
10
45
10
45
10
45
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.001
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.001
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.001
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.001
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.001
0.001
0.1
0.1
92
1.5
0.6
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
0.5
0.5
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.15
0.55
0.55
0.15
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.55
0.15
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.55
0.15
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.05
0.25
0.25
0.05
0.25
0.05
0.05
0.25
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
0.1
10
0.1
10
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
0.1
10
10
0.1
10
0.1
0.1
10
6
6
6
6
0.1
10
10
0.1
10
0.1
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0
6
0
6
0
6
0
6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0
6
0
6
0
6
0
6
0
6
0
6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.4
0.4
3
3
0.4
0.4
3
3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.4
0.4
3
3
0.4
0.4
3
3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.4
3
0.4
3
0.4
3
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
10
10
45
45
10
10
45
45
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.001
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.001
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.001
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.001
0.001
93
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
0.6
1.5
1.5
0.6
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.5
0.5
1.1
0.5
0.5
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.1
1.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.15
0.55
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.15
0.55
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.55
0.15
0.15
0.55
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.05
0.25
0.05
0.25
0.05
0.25
0.05
0.25
0.25
0.05
0.05
0.25
0.05
0.25
0.25
0.05
0.25
0.05
0.05
0.25
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
0.1
10
0.1
10
0.1
10
0.1
10
0.1
10
6
6
6
6
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
6
0
0
6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.4
3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.4
3
0.4
3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
20
20
10
10
45
45
10
10
45
45
10
10
45
45
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
0.1
0.1
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
94
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.1
1.1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.7
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.15
0.55
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.15
0.55
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
95
1.5
1.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.55
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
Table C-3: Reservoir Property Values Used in Each Simulation

Run
#
T
o
( F)
L (ft)
200
391.5
140
607.0
140
1053.3
200
5
6
kz (md)
kx
(md)
15.1
2.67
50
13
0.23
0.35
121.4
23.04
16
0.41
0.60
78.2
39.65
200
24
0.22
0.35
73.4
14.7
2.88
0.39
0.60
140
889.2
211.6
61.19
30
55
0.47
0.69
0.32
2175
725
0.4
0.4
0.25
140
357.0
71.4
33.12
23
0.22
0.34
0.21
2175
1595
0.4
0.4
0.25
170
17.1
3.4
0.40
0.1
0.53
0.85
0.47
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.05
170
50.6
3.8
5.5E-05
24
0.22
0.35
0.20
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.05
H (ft)
o
k rw
k roo
Pinj
Pp
(psia)
(psia)
0.18
1284
0.27
2175
0.21
0.32
krgo
Soi
Sorw
Sg
1070
0.4
0.4
0.05
725
0.4
0.4
0.05
2175
1595
0.4
0.4
0.05
1284
1070
0.4
0.4
0.25
170
1713.5
342.7
0.08
205
0.37
0.60
0.34
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.05
10
170
2510.2
597.5
2832.8
500
55
0.34
0.54
0.30
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.05
11
170
17.1
3.4
8.0E-05
0.2
0.22
0.35
0.20
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.25
12
170
2066.9
3.4
0.08
300
0.5
0.37
0.60
0.34
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.25
13
170
1713.5
342.7
740.00
185
0.41
0.66
0.37
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.25
14
170
2907.9
484.7
0.28
1000
45
0.22
0.35
0.20
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.25
15
170
2256.1
107.8
16.86
205
16
0.09
0.60
0.30
2208
920
0.2
0.4
0.15
16
170
518.2
103.6
43.20
30
0.79
0.70
0.35
2208
920
0.2
0.4
0.15
17
170
101.2
20.2
21.60
15
0.05
0.35
0.22
2208
2024
0.2
0.4
0.15
18
170
1394.0
20.3
5.36
700
0.48
0.46
0.29
2208
2024
0.2
0.4
0.15
19
170
518.2
103.6
36.00
25
0.13
0.85
0.42
2208
920
0.7
0.4
0.15
20
170
1528.9
113.5
31.72
160
24
0.40
0.35
0.17
2208
920
0.7
0.4
0.15
21
170
584.3
20.7
4.52
100
12
0.09
0.60
0.38
2208
2024
0.7
0.4
0.15
22
170
809.9
20.2
5.29
235
0.48
0.46
0.29
2208
2024
0.7
0.4
0.15
23
140
2529.7
101.2
30.24
525
0.56
0.85
0.24
2175
1160
0.4
0.15
0.15
24
140
3181.8
103.1
37.78
1000
11
0.11
0.16
0.21
2175
1160
0.4
0.15
0.15
25
140
1964.7
106.4
81.82
775
18
0.23
0.35
0.10
2175
1160
0.4
0.55
0.15
26
140
1770.8
101.2
35.27
300
0.11
0.16
0.21
2175
1160
0.4
0.55
0.15
27
170
2945.9
68.6
22.76
420
0.53
0.85
0.47
2208
1472
0.2
0.15
0.05
28
170
983.6
68.9
0.01
115
0.22
0.35
0.20
2208
1472
0.7
0.15
0.05
29
170
592.1
69.6
3.3E-03
24
10
0.37
0.60
0.34
2208
1472
0.2
0.55
0.05
30
170
494.5
70.1
38.15
19
12
0.34
0.54
0.30
2208
1472
0.7
0.55
0.05
31
170
983.6
68.9
0.01
115
0.22
0.35
0.20
2208
1472
0.2
0.15
0.25
32
170
1473.9
68.7
32.60
150
0.37
0.60
0.34
2208
1472
0.7
0.15
0.25
33
170
397.2
71.0
31.91
10
15
0.41
0.66
0.37
2208
1472
0.2
0.55
0.25
34
170
274.4
73.9
0.01
22
0.22
0.35
0.20
2208
1472
0.7
0.55
0.25
35
170
1472.7
3.4
0.06
300
0.2
0.66
0.60
0.17
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.05
36
170
1472.7
3.4
0.15
750
0.2
0.04
0.28
0.36
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.05
37
170
727.0
484.7
1999.99
125
45
0.05
0.35
0.10
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.05
38
170
1095.0
388.1
470.44
104
28
0.24
0.22
0.27
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.05
39
170
1472.7
3.4
0.04
210
0.2
0.12
0.85
0.24
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.25
40
170
1472.7
3.4
0.03
140
0.2
0.31
0.28
0.36
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.25
41
170
799.7
447.4
1013.88
90
40
0.66
0.60
0.17
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.25
42
170
627.5
597.5
2610.69
80
55
0.03
0.22
0.27
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.25
96
43
170
600.7
107.3
159.55
50
15
0.22
0.35
0.09
2208
920
0.2
0.4
0.15
44
170
1117.1
104.7
3.8E-03
43
0.20
0.31
0.35
2208
920
0.2
0.4
0.15
45
170
435.4
20.3
1.6E-03
72
0.51
0.85
0.27
2208
2024
0.2
0.4
0.15
46
170
110.2
21.1
17.54
4.8
16
0.11
0.18
0.26
2208
2024
0.2
0.4
0.15
47
170
1783.8
104.0
0.01
260
0.38
0.60
0.15
2208
920
0.7
0.4
0.15
48
170
895.3
105.2
58.04
42
10
0.20
0.31
0.35
2208
920
0.7
0.4
0.15
49
170
580.3
20.3
37.84
310
0.21
0.35
0.11
2208
2024
0.7
0.4
0.15
50
170
580.3
20.3
3.9E-03
320
0.11
0.18
0.26
2208
2024
0.7
0.4
0.15
51
170
890.8
5.2
0.04
29
0.5
0.76
0.67
0.33
2208
920
0.4
0.15
0.15
52
170
1209.3
676.5
1126.54
100
40
0.05
0.35
0.17
2208
920
0.4
0.15
0.15
53
170
174.0
1.0
0.03
22
0.5
0.09
0.60
0.38
2208
2024
0.4
0.15
0.15
54
170
444.0
107.7
148.37
70
20
0.48
0.46
0.29
2208
2024
0.4
0.15
0.15
55
170
1484.6
5.2
0.18
400
0.3
0.05
0.35
0.17
2208
920
0.4
0.55
0.15
56
170
4476.5
526.2
397.97
800
10
0.68
0.60
0.30
2208
920
0.4
0.55
0.15
57
170
435.1
1.0
0.01
50
0.2
0.65
0.61
0.39
2208
2024
0.4
0.55
0.15
58
170
373.4
110.8
209.33
66
24
0.05
0.35
0.22
2208
2024
0.4
0.55
0.15
59
140
1741.5
101.6
0.02
700
0.05
0.35
0.20
2175
1160
0.4
0.15
0.15
60
140
1090.6
102.2
91.30
104
0.47
0.41
0.23
2175
1160
0.4
0.15
0.15
61
140
874.1
102.7
82.91
60
10
0.09
0.60
0.34
2175
1160
0.4
0.55
0.15
62
140
1090.6
102.2
0.01
104
0.47
0.41
0.23
2175
1160
0.4
0.55
0.15
63
140
2174.1
5.1
0.08
400
0.2
0.56
0.85
0.24
2175
1160
0.2
0.4
0.15
64
140
2753.3
526.3
1315.56
1000
16
0.11
0.16
0.21
2175
1160
0.2
0.4
0.15
65
140
1087.1
5.1
0.11
145
0.4
0.15
0.23
0.30
2175
1160
0.7
0.4
0.15
66
140
1291.1
625.4
1689.16
200
36
0.40
0.60
0.17
2175
1160
0.7
0.4
0.15
67
200
660.4
14.7
1.07
60
0.56
0.85
0.45
1284
1070
0.4
0.4
0.05
68
140
1864.2
131.9
46.85
260
23
0.24
0.35
0.16
2175
725
0.4
0.4
0.05
69
140
1785.1
71.4
33.41
580
0.22
0.34
0.21
2175
1595
0.4
0.4
0.05
70
200
391.5
15.1
2.72
51
13
0.23
0.35
0.18
1284
1070
0.4
0.4
0.25
71
140
1821.0
121.4
23.20
145
0.41
0.60
0.27
2175
725
0.4
0.4
0.25
72
140
1053.3
78.2
39.65
200
24
0.22
0.35
0.21
2175
1595
0.4
0.4
0.25
73
170
514.1
3.4
1.7E-05
38
0.37
0.60
0.34
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.05
74
170
1178.2
3.4
0.07
82
0.44
0.71
0.40
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.05
75
170
1713.5
342.7
1400.00
350
0.22
0.35
0.20
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.05
76
170
2510.2
597.5
0.28
500
55
0.34
0.54
0.30
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.05
77
170
428.4
3.4
0.06
0.53
0.85
0.47
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.25
78
170
1178.2
3.4
1.4E-05
165
0.22
0.35
0.20
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.25
79
170
1713.5
342.7
0.08
205
0.37
0.60
0.34
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.25
80
170
2510.2
597.5
2832.78
500
55
0.34
0.54
0.30
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.25
81
170
1554.7
103.6
37.44
234
0.05
0.35
0.17
2208
920
0.2
0.4
0.15
82
170
4468.3
104.7
15.80
800
0.68
0.60
0.30
2208
920
0.2
0.4
0.15
83
170
469.4
21.0
5.74
80
15
0.09
0.61
0.39
2208
2024
0.2
0.4
0.15
84
170
506.2
20.2
6.91
120
0.37
0.35
0.22
2208
2024
0.2
0.4
0.15
85
170
2127.0
108.4
17.29
185
17
0.09
0.60
0.30
2208
920
0.7
0.4
0.15
86
170
2591.1
103.6
13.82
240
0.79
0.70
0.35
2208
920
0.7
0.4
0.15
87
170
506.2
20.2
9.22
160
0.05
0.35
0.22
2208
2024
0.7
0.4
0.15
88
170
873.0
20.4
5.43
275
0.48
0.46
0.29
2208
2024
0.7
0.4
0.15
97
89
140
925.4
134.1
75.57
100
41
0.40
0.60
0.17
2175
1160
0.4
0.15
0.15
90
140
1517.8
101.2
4.8E+01
300
0.11
0.16
0.21
2175
1160
0.4
0.15
0.15
91
140
3541.5
101.2
30.27
1030
0.56
0.85
0.24
2175
1160
0.4
0.55
0.15
92
140
1492.7
110.8
59.47
300
24
0.11
0.16
0.21
2175
1160
0.4
0.55
0.15
93
170
983.6
68.9
3.3E-03
67
0.37
0.60
0.34
2208
1472
0.2
0.15
0.05
94
170
1179.6
68.8
27.90
82
0.44
0.71
0.40
2208
1472
0.7
0.15
0.05
95
170
1964.4
68.6
55.66
456
0.22
0.35
0.20
2208
1472
0.2
0.55
0.05
96
170
1964.4
68.6
0.00
300
0.34
0.54
0.30
2208
1472
0.7
0.55
0.05
97
170
2945.9
68.6
22.76
420
0.53
0.85
0.47
2208
1472
0.2
0.15
0.25
98
170
274.4
73.9
0.01
22
0.22
0.35
0.20
2208
1472
0.7
0.15
0.25
99
170
592.1
69.6
3.5E-03
25
10
0.37
0.60
0.34
2208
1472
0.2
0.55
0.25
100
170
738.7
69.2
36.87
42
0.34
0.54
0.30
2208
1472
0.7
0.55
0.25
101
170
294.5
3.4
0.14
28
0.05
0.35
0.10
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.05
102
170
736.3
3.4
0.04
50
0.4
0.31
0.28
0.36
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.05
103
170
1578.9
362.4
569.09
300
19
0.78
0.71
0.20
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.05
104
170
1758.2
358.4
747.77
500
17
0.03
0.22
0.27
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.05
105
170
736.3
3.4
0.06
75
0.4
0.66
0.60
0.17
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.25
106
170
589.1
3.4
0.06
50
0.5
0.04
0.28
0.36
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.25
107
170
799.7
447.4
1689.81
150
40
0.05
0.35
0.10
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.25
108
170
1216.4
378.1
452.28
130
25
0.24
0.22
0.27
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.25
109
170
2228.7
103.9
0.01
285
0.54
0.85
0.21
2208
920
0.2
0.4
0.15
110
170
2970.6
103.8
45.78
375
0.20
0.31
0.35
2208
920
0.2
0.4
0.15
111
170
580.3
20.3
22.58
185
0.36
0.60
0.19
2208
2024
0.2
0.4
0.15
112
170
870.3
20.3
2.0E-03
360
0.11
0.18
0.26
2208
2024
0.2
0.4
0.15
113
170
367.9
114.4
183.62
19
25
0.22
0.35
0.09
2208
920
0.7
0.4
0.15
114
170
1275.7
104.4
0.01
100
0.20
0.31
0.35
2208
920
0.7
0.4
0.15
115
170
580.3
20.3
1.6E-03
130
0.51
0.85
0.27
2208
2024
0.7
0.4
0.15
116
170
580.3
20.3
18.92
155
0.11
0.18
0.26
2208
2024
0.7
0.4
0.15
117
170
2226.9
5.2
0.08
400
0.2
0.09
0.60
0.30
2208
920
0.4
0.15
0.15
118
170
1911.2
567.3
396.46
125
24
0.79
0.70
0.35
2208
920
0.4
0.15
0.15
119
170
435.1
1.0
0.02
90
0.2
0.37
0.35
0.22
2208
2024
0.4
0.15
0.15
120
170
303.7
116.9
208.00
39
30
0.06
0.46
0.29
2208
2024
0.4
0.15
0.15
121
170
1113.5
5.2
0.04
45
0.4
0.76
0.67
0.33
2208
920
0.4
0.55
0.15
122
170
1099.3
732.9
1600.00
100
45
0.05
0.35
0.17
2208
920
0.4
0.55
0.15
123
170
435.1
1.0
0.01
60
0.2
0.09
0.60
0.38
2208
2024
0.4
0.55
0.15
124
170
874.6
102.8
134.31
270
10
0.48
0.46
0.29
2208
2024
0.4
0.55
0.15
125
140
2900.1
101.3
73.24
600
0.09
0.58
0.33
2175
1160
0.4
0.15
0.15
126
140
730.0
103.4
0.01
53
12
0.41
0.35
0.20
2175
1160
0.4
0.15
0.15
127
140
1452.0
101.7
0.02
360
0.05
0.35
0.20
2175
1160
0.4
0.55
0.15
128
140
1452.0
101.7
88.38
180
0.47
0.41
0.23
2175
1160
0.4
0.55
0.15
129
140
869.6
5.1
0.08
69
0.5
0.15
0.23
0.30
2175
1160
0.2
0.4
0.15
130
140
1865.8
553.8
903.92
285
24
0.56
0.85
0.24
2175
1160
0.2
0.4
0.15
131
140
2174.1
5.1
0.08
400
0.2
0.56
0.85
0.24
2175
1160
0.7
0.4
0.15
132
140
2753.3
526.3
1052.45
800
16
0.11
0.16
0.21
2175
1160
0.7
0.4
0.15
133
170
3682.1
68.6
11.86
950
1.6
0.37
0.60
0.34
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.15
134
170
1473.9
68.7
10.01
128
0.44
0.71
0.40
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.15
98
135
170
494.5
70.1
20.96
29
12
0.22
0.35
0.20
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.15
136
200
1409.0
82.2
13.47
110
0.31
0.54
0.37
2568
1712
0.4
0.4
0.15
137
140
1391.7
48.6
6.59
150
0.58
0.85
0.39
1740
1160
0.4
0.4
0.15
138
170
738.7
69.2
20.54
65
0.22
0.35
0.20
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.15
139
170
1179.6
68.8
11.88
97
0.37
0.60
0.34
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.15
140
170
1964.4
68.6
13.18
300
0.34
0.54
0.30
2208
1472
0.4
0.4
0.15
141
200
2346.5
82.0
20.65
470
0.20
0.35
0.24
2568
1712
0.4
0.4
0.15
142
140
2087.1
48.6
9.17
470
0.41
0.60
0.27
1740
1160
0.4
0.4
0.15
143
170
589.1
3.4
0.10
83
0.5
0.22
0.35
0.10
2208
1472
0.2
0.4
0.25
144
170
1472.7
3.4
0.02
100
0.2
0.37
0.60
0.75
2208
1472
0.2
0.4
0.05
145
170
1263.8
375.1
634.33
200
24
0.41
0.66
0.18
2208
1472
0.2
0.4
0.05
146
170
1986.1
354.8
241.24
210
15
0.22
0.35
0.44
2208
1472
0.2
0.4
0.25
147
200
703.6
4.1
0.06
50
0.5
0.34
0.60
0.21
2568
1712
0.7
0.4
0.05
148
170
1472.7
3.4
0.02
95
0.2
0.43
0.69
0.87
2208
1472
0.7
0.4
0.25
149
170
1986.1
354.8
1148.75
1000
15
0.22
0.35
0.10
2208
1472
0.7
0.4
0.25
150
170
1216.4
378.1
382.70
110
25
0.21
0.34
0.43
2208
1472
0.7
0.4
0.05
151
170
1179.6
68.8
12.25
100
0.12
0.85
0.47
2208
1472
0.2
0.55
0.05
152
170
538.8
69.8
33.25
55
11
0.05
0.35
0.20
2208
1472
0.2
0.15
0.25
153
170
657.2
69.4
12.04
30
0.66
0.60
0.34
2208
1472
0.2
0.15
0.05
154
170
1179.6
68.8
13.47
110
0.59
0.54
0.30
2208
1472
0.2
0.55
0.25
155
170
538.8
69.8
30.23
50
11
0.05
0.35
0.20
2208
1472
0.7
0.15
0.05
156
170
1473.9
68.7
15.65
200
0.09
0.60
0.34
2208
1472
0.7
0.55
0.25
157
170
1179.6
68.8
10.78
88
0.72
0.66
0.37
2208
1472
0.7
0.55
0.05
158
170
1473.9
68.7
21.12
270
0.39
0.35
0.20
2208
1472
0.7
0.15
0.25
159
140
724.7
5.1
1.5E-05
30
0.6
0.56
0.85
0.49
2175
1160
0.4
0.4
0.05
160
140
1087.1
5.1
0.36
165
0.4
0.23
0.35
0.20
2175
1160
0.4
0.4
0.25
161
140
1180.6
660.4
0.31
100
40
0.40
0.60
0.34
2175
1160
0.4
0.4
0.25
162
140
1731.2
562.9
2484.55
235
26
0.30
0.46
0.26
2175
1160
0.4
0.4
0.05
163
170
1554.7
103.6
53.28
333
0.22
0.35
0.09
2208
920
0.4
0.4
0.25
164
170
1735.3
111.0
73.68
500
21
0.20
0.31
0.08
2208
920
0.4
0.4
0.05
165
170
5700.5
103.6
7.85
660
0.54
0.85
0.95
2208
920
0.4
0.4
0.05
166
170
1528.9
113.5
49.56
250
24
0.10
0.16
0.18
2208
920
0.4
0.4
0.25
167
170
506.2
20.2
8.06
140
0.36
0.60
0.19
2208
2024
0.4
0.4
0.05
168
170
298.7
22.2
19.82
100
24
0.18
0.31
0.10
2208
2024
0.4
0.4
0.25
169
170
506.2
20.2
4.61
80
0.21
0.35
0.50
2208
2024
0.4
0.4
0.25
170
170
699.6
20.6
9.33
300
10
0.10
0.16
0.23
2208
2024
0.4
0.4
0.05
171
200
630.8
14.7
1.07
55
0.56
0.85
0.45
1284
1070
0.2
0.55
0.15
172
140
875.8
124.1
41.93
58
12
0.24
0.35
0.16
2175
725
0.2
0.15
0.15
173
140
616.8
72.5
21.89
44
10
0.34
0.54
0.33
2175
1595
0.2
0.55
0.15
174
200
1261.4
14.7
2.53
520
0.23
0.35
0.18
1284
1070
0.7
0.15
0.15
175
140
1308.4
122.6
23.70
75
0.41
0.60
0.27
2175
725
0.7
0.55
0.15
176
140
1228.9
71.7
33.07
270
0.22
0.35
0.21
2175
1595
0.7
0.15
0.15
177
170
1713.5
68.5
48.00
300
0.09
0.60
0.34
2208
1472
0.2
0.4
0.15
178
170
581.6
96.9
0.02
75
45
0.04
0.28
0.16
2208
1472
0.2
0.4
0.15
179
170
1028.1
68.5
0.01
125
0.39
0.35
0.20
2208
1472
0.2
0.4
0.15
180
170
1011.1
75.0
110.13
200
24
0.24
0.22
0.12
2208
1472
0.2
0.4
0.15
99
181
170
1713.5
68.5
4.5E-03
280
0.12
0.85
0.47
2208
1472
0.7
0.4
0.15
182
170
822.5
79.1
138.89
150
30
0.04
0.28
0.16
2208
1472
0.7
0.4
0.15
183
170
1028.1
68.5
33.33
75
0.66
0.60
0.34
2208
1472
0.7
0.4
0.15
184
170
521.9
111.3
0.04
78
52
0.24
0.22
0.12
2208
1472
0.7
0.4
0.15
185
140
632.4
5.1
0.07
30
0.40
0.60
0.34
2175
1160
0.4
0.15
0.15
186
140
580.0
5.1
0.14
50
0.21
0.31
0.18
2175
1160
0.4
0.55
0.15
187
140
2529.7
505.9
914.40
635
0.23
0.35
0.20
2175
1160
0.4
0.55
0.15
188
140
4293.0
715.5
1200.00
1200
45
0.36
0.55
0.31
2175
1160
0.4
0.15
0.15
189
170
1484.6
5.2
0.15
120
0.3
0.10
0.67
0.33
2208
920
0.4
0.4
0.15
190
170
742.3
5.2
2.9E-05
60
0.6
0.40
0.35
0.17
2208
920
0.4
0.4
0.15
191
170
1209.3
676.5
0.35
113
40
0.09
0.60
0.30
2208
920
0.4
0.4
0.15
192
170
1139.8
708.6
2705.37
70
43
0.51
0.46
0.23
2208
920
0.4
0.4
0.15
193
170
435.1
1.0
1.0E-05
190
0.2
0.05
0.35
0.22
2208
2024
0.4
0.4
0.15
194
170
435.1
1.0
0.03
57
0.2
0.64
0.60
0.38
2208
2024
0.4
0.4
0.15
195
170
586.8
104.8
398.87
125
15
0.09
0.61
0.39
2208
2024
0.4
0.4
0.15
196
170
373.4
110.8
0.06
66
24
0.37
0.35
0.22
2208
2024
0.4
0.4
0.15
197
170
367.9
114.4
0.02
25
25
0.38
0.60
0.15
2208
920
0.4
0.55
0.15
198
170
1783.8
104.0
74.84
220
0.44
0.69
0.17
2208
920
0.4
0.15
0.15
199
170
2970.6
103.8
0.01
625
0.22
0.35
0.39
2208
920
0.4
0.15
0.15
200
170
1783.8
104.0
42.52
125
0.26
0.41
0.45
2208
920
0.4
0.55
0.15
201
170
580.3
20.3
1.6E-03
130
0.51
0.85
0.27
2208
2024
0.4
0.15
0.15
202
170
580.3
20.3
39.06
320
0.21
0.35
0.11
2208
2024
0.4
0.55
0.15
203
170
580.3
20.3
7.3E-04
60
0.36
0.60
0.86
2208
2024
0.4
0.55
0.15
204
170
580.3
20.3
14.04
115
0.24
0.41
0.58
2208
2024
0.4
0.15
0.15
205
140
2529.7
101.2
51.84
900
0.09
0.60
0.17
2175
1160
0.4
0.4
0.15
206
140
741.2
176.4
254.95
125
55
0.36
0.31
0.09
2175
1160
0.4
0.4
0.15
207
140
944.5
132.1
102.09
145
40
0.04
0.23
0.30
2175
1160
0.4
0.4
0.15
208
140
2529.7
101.2
14.40
250
0.70
0.60
0.77
2175
1160
0.4
0.4
0.15
209
170
736.3
3.4
0.05
60
0.4
0.53
0.85
0.24
2208
1472
0.2
0.4
0.05
210
170
1472.7
3.4
0.05
260
0.2
0.22
0.35
0.44
2208
1472
0.2
0.4
0.25
211
170
854.2
429.1
908.55
100
37
0.37
0.60
0.17
2208
1472
0.2
0.4
0.25
212
170
1216.4
378.1
417.49
120
25
0.21
0.34
0.43
2208
1472
0.2
0.4
0.05
213
170
420.8
3.4
0.12
51
0.7
0.22
0.35
0.10
2208
1472
0.7
0.4
0.25
214
170
1472.7
3.4
0.03
145
0.2
0.37
0.60
0.75
2208
1472
0.7
0.4
0.05
215
170
1986.1
354.8
574.37
500
15
0.41
0.66
0.18
2208
1472
0.7
0.4
0.05
216
170
1263.8
375.1
364.74
115
24
0.22
0.35
0.44
2208
1472
0.7
0.4
0.25
217
170
1964.4
68.6
19.78
450
0.09
0.60
0.34
2208
1472
0.2
0.15
0.05
218
170
1179.6
68.8
13.47
110
0.10
0.71
0.40
2208
1472
0.2
0.55
0.25
219
170
1473.9
68.7
20.34
260
0.39
0.35
0.20
2208
1472
0.2
0.55
0.05
220
170
738.7
69.2
13.27
42
0.59
0.54
0.30
2208
1472
0.2
0.15
0.25
221
170
397.2
71.0
11.49
10
15
0.12
0.85
0.47
2208
1472
0.7
0.55
0.05
222
170
983.6
68.9
28.28
160
0.05
0.35
0.20
2208
1472
0.7
0.15
0.25
223
170
592.1
69.6
12.44
25
10
0.66
0.60
0.34
2208
1472
0.7
0.15
0.05
224
170
1473.9
68.7
12.99
166
0.59
0.54
0.30
2208
1472
0.7
0.55
0.25
225
140
1449.4
5.1
2.3E-05
185
0.3
0.40
0.60
0.34
2175
1160
0.4
0.4
0.25
226
140
2174.1
5.1
0.17
310
0.2
0.46
0.70
0.40
2175
1160
0.4
0.4
0.05
100
227
140
1073.2
715.5
7.1E-01
160
45
0.23
0.35
0.20
2175
1160
0.4
0.4
0.05
228
140
1865.8
553.8
2422.79
275
24
0.30
0.46
0.26
2175
1160
0.4
0.4
0.25
229
170
2591.1
103.6
22.46
390
0.54
0.85
0.21
2208
920
0.4
0.4
0.05
230
170
1528.9
113.5
73.34
370
24
0.20
0.31
0.08
2208
920
0.4
0.4
0.25
231
170
1554.7
103.6
10.40
65
0.38
0.60
0.67
2208
920
0.4
0.4
0.25
232
170
1735.3
111.0
44.21
300
21
0.10
0.16
0.18
2208
920
0.4
0.4
0.05
233
170
506.2
20.2
13.82
240
0.21
0.35
0.11
2208
2024
0.4
0.4
0.25
234
170
699.6
20.6
16.32
525
10
0.18
0.31
0.10
2208
2024
0.4
0.4
0.05
235
170
708.7
20.2
2.59
88
0.38
0.63
0.90
2208
2024
0.4
0.4
0.05
236
170
373.2
21.4
11.26
95
19
0.10
0.16
0.23
2208
2024
0.4
0.4
0.25
237
200
630.8
14.7
1.66
85
0.39
0.60
0.32
1284
1070
0.2
0.15
0.15
238
140
1048.6
123.3
22.39
45
10
0.48
0.71
0.32
2175
725
0.2
0.55
0.15
239
140
769.6
72.1
22.12
70
0.34
0.54
0.33
2175
1595
0.2
0.15
0.15
240
200
1261.4
14.7
1.10
225
0.56
0.85
0.45
1284
1070
0.7
0.55
0.15
241
140
447.7
132.9
47.57
15
24
0.24
0.35
0.16
2175
725
0.7
0.15
0.15
242
140
616.8
72.5
24.87
50
10
0.34
0.54
0.33
2175
1595
0.7
0.55
0.15
243
170
1028.1
68.5
0.01
225
0.05
0.35
0.20
2208
1472
0.2
0.4
0.15
244
170
1011.1
75.0
123.89
225
24
0.04
0.28
0.16
2208
1472
0.2
0.4
0.15
245
170
1713.5
68.5
28.80
180
0.78
0.71
0.39
2208
1472
0.2
0.4
0.15
246
170
1588.9
71.0
0.01
525
15
0.24
0.22
0.12
2208
1472
0.2
0.4
0.15
247
170
1028.1
68.5
48.89
110
0.09
0.60
0.34
2208
1472
0.7
0.4
0.15
248
170
502.0
119.5
0.03
55
55
0.04
0.28
0.16
2208
1472
0.7
0.4
0.15
249
170
1028.1
68.5
0.01
135
0.39
0.35
0.20
2208
1472
0.7
0.4
0.15
250
170
822.5
79.1
129.63
140
30
0.24
0.22
0.12
2208
1472
0.7
0.4
0.15
251
140
328.9
5.1
0.12
14
0.23
0.35
0.20
2175
1160
0.4
0.55
0.15
252
140
869.8
5.1
0.13
110
0.21
0.31
0.18
2175
1160
0.4
0.15
0.15
253
140
2529.7
505.9
396.00
275
0.56
0.85
0.49
2175
1160
0.4
0.15
0.15
254
140
3505.2
1011.9
7499.97
2500
60
0.12
0.18
0.10
2175
1160
0.4
0.55
0.15
255
170
2226.9
5.2
2.2E-05
415
0.2
0.09
0.60
0.30
2208
920
0.4
0.4
0.15
256
170
1484.6
5.2
0.10
85
0.3
0.79
0.70
0.35
2208
920
0.4
0.4
0.15
257
170
1554.7
598.4
3703.70
250
30
0.05
0.35
0.17
2208
920
0.4
0.4
0.15
258
170
1466.9
611.1
0.22
125
32
0.51
0.46
0.23
2208
920
0.4
0.4
0.15
259
170
435.1
1.0
0.04
72
0.2
0.09
0.67
0.43
2208
2024
0.4
0.4
0.15
260
170
435.1
1.0
5.4E-06
100
0.2
0.37
0.35
0.22
2208
2024
0.4
0.4
0.15
261
170
405.4
109.2
0.05
72
22
0.09
0.60
0.38
2208
2024
0.4
0.4
0.15
262
170
586.8
104.8
424.40
133
15
0.48
0.46
0.29
2208
2024
0.4
0.4
0.15
263
170
1487.3
104.2
0.02
333
0.22
0.35
0.09
2208
920
0.4
0.15
0.15
264
170
1117.1
104.7
96.56
110
0.38
0.60
0.15
2208
920
0.4
0.55
0.15
265
170
2970.6
103.8
3.1E-03
250
0.37
0.58
0.64
2208
920
0.4
0.55
0.15
266
170
1117.1
104.7
46.53
53
0.22
0.35
0.39
2208
920
0.4
0.15
0.15
267
170
435.4
20.3
2.4E-03
112
0.36
0.60
0.19
2208
2024
0.4
0.55
0.15
268
170
290.6
20.4
20.62
42
0.42
0.69
0.22
2208
2024
0.4
0.15
0.15
269
170
580.3
20.3
2.7E-03
220
0.21
0.35
0.50
2208
2024
0.4
0.15
0.15
270
170
870.3
20.3
10.30
190
0.24
0.41
0.58
2208
2024
0.4
0.55
0.15
271
140
1032.9
125.1
131.97
250
36
0.05
0.35
0.10
2175
1160
0.4
0.4
0.15
272
140
1517.8
101.2
44.00
275
0.70
0.60
0.17
2175
1160
0.4
0.4
0.15
101
273
140
2529.7
101.2
25.06
435
0.11
0.70
0.90
2175
1160
0.4
0.4
0.15
274
140
1492.7
110.8
61.05
308
24
0.19
0.16
0.21
2175
1160
0.4
0.4
0.15
275
140
1316.7
390.8
2643.04
300
24
0.22
0.35
0.21
2175
1595
0.7
0.55
0.15
276
140
1316.7
390.8
1541.77
175
24
0.38
0.60
0.37
2175
1595
0.7
0.15
0.15
277
140
1370.6
387.9
1601.59
200
23
0.42
0.66
0.40
2175
1595
0.2
0.55
0.15
278
140
2069.2
369.6
2712.32
850
15
0.22
0.35
0.21
2175
1595
0.2
0.15
0.15
279
200
2676.3
1249.3
3486.50
160
35
0.34
0.60
0.41
3210
1070
0.7
0.55
0.15
280
140
1287.6
858.4
2933.33
66
45
0.47
0.69
0.32
2175
725
0.7
0.15
0.15
281
140
3517.8
628.4
3190.96
1000
15
0.24
0.35
0.16
2175
725
0.2
0.55
0.15
282
140
1821.0
700.9
4074.07
275
30
0.23
0.34
0.16
2175
725
0.2
0.15
0.15
283
200
576.9
74.8
201.51
120
11
0.23
0.35
0.18
1284
1070
0.7
0.55
0.15
284
200
1578.0
73.6
113.01
520
0.39
0.60
0.32
1284
1070
0.7
0.15
0.15
285
200
633.9
74.5
110.55
80
10
0.43
0.66
0.35
1284
1070
0.2
0.55
0.15
286
200
633.9
74.5
200.37
145
10
0.23
0.35
0.18
1284
1070
0.2
0.15
0.15
287
140
1022.8
3.6
0.19
160
0.3
0.38
0.60
0.37
2175
1595
0.7
0.55
0.15
288
140
1534.2
3.6
0.16
300
0.2
0.45
0.70
0.43
2175
1595
0.7
0.15
0.15
289
140
767.1
3.6
0.33
152
0.4
0.22
0.35
0.21
2175
1595
0.2
0.55
0.15
290
140
1022.8
3.6
0.26
210
0.3
0.29
0.46
0.28
2175
1595
0.2
0.15
0.15
291
140
869.5
6.1
0.17
34
0.6
0.58
0.85
0.39
2175
725
0.7
0.55
0.15
292
140
1304.2
6.1
0.40
185
0.4
0.24
0.35
0.16
2175
725
0.7
0.15
0.15
293
140
1738.9
6.1
0.23
190
0.3
0.41
0.60
0.27
2175
725
0.2
0.55
0.15
294
140
1043.3
6.1
0.31
92
0.5
0.31
0.46
0.21
2175
725
0.2
0.15
0.15
295
200
157.7
0.7
0.02
0.4
0.39
0.60
0.32
1284
1070
0.7
0.55
0.15
296
200
126.1
0.7
0.03
0.5
0.20
0.31
0.16
1284
1070
0.7
0.15
0.15
297
200
157.7
0.7
0.03
12
0.4
0.23
0.35
0.18
1284
1070
0.2
0.55
0.15
298
200
210.2
0.7
0.06
50
0.3
0.11
0.16
0.09
1284
1070
0.2
0.15
0.15
299
140
1565.8
379.9
0.12
205
20
0.54
0.85
0.52
2175
1595
0.7
0.55
0.15
300
140
1071.1
412.3
0.33
225
30
0.22
0.35
0.21
2175
1595
0.7
0.15
0.15
301
140
833.2
466.1
0.25
80
40
0.38
0.60
0.37
2175
1595
0.2
0.55
0.15
302
140
1942.9
371.4
0.17
475
16
0.34
0.54
0.33
2175
1595
0.2
0.15
0.15
303
140
1718.1
715.7
0.43
250
32
0.24
0.35
0.16
2175
725
0.7
0.55
0.15
304
140
2077.0
675.3
0.22
210
26
0.41
0.60
0.27
2175
725
0.7
0.15
0.15
305
140
1111.5
1058.2
0.50
55
55
0.45
0.66
0.30
2175
725
0.2
0.55
0.15
306
140
3517.8
628.4
0.32
1000
15
0.24
0.35
0.16
2175
725
0.2
0.15
0.15
307
200
425.3
76.0
0.01
28
15
0.56
0.85
0.45
1284
1070
0.7
0.55
0.15
308
200
633.9
74.5
0.02
180
10
0.19
0.28
0.15
1284
1070
0.7
0.15
0.15
309
200
529.4
75.0
0.01
62
12
0.39
0.60
0.32
1284
1070
0.2
0.55
0.15
310
200
790.9
74.1
0.03
375
0.14
0.22
0.11
1284
1070
0.2
0.15
0.15
311
140
306.9
3.6
3.4E-05
25
0.22
0.35
0.21
2175
1595
0.7
0.55
0.15
312
140
383.6
3.6
3.7E-05
43
0.8
0.20
0.31
0.19
2175
1595
0.7
0.15
0.15
313
140
279.0
3.6
1.3E-05
1.1
0.54
0.85
0.52
2175
1595
0.2
0.55
0.15
314
140
306.9
3.6
6.4E-05
47
0.12
0.18
0.11
2175
1595
0.2
0.15
0.15
315
140
1738.9
6.1
2.3E-05
190
0.3
0.41
0.60
0.27
2175
725
0.7
0.55
0.15
316
140
1304.2
6.1
4.5E-05
210
0.4
0.21
0.31
0.14
2175
725
0.7
0.15
0.15
317
140
1043.3
6.1
4.1E-05
121
0.5
0.24
0.35
0.16
2175
725
0.2
0.55
0.15
318
140
869.5
6.1
7.8E-05
160
0.6
0.12
0.18
0.08
2175
725
0.2
0.15
0.15
102
319
200
315.3
0.7
2.7E-06
49
0.2
0.23
0.35
0.18
1284
1070
0.7
0.55
0.15
320
200
210.2
0.7
1.6E-06
13
0.3
0.39
0.60
0.32
1284
1070
0.7
0.15
0.15
321
200
315.3
0.7
1.5E-06
28
0.2
0.40
0.61
0.32
1284
1070
0.2
0.55
0.15
322
200
210.2
0.7
2.7E-06
22
0.3
0.23
0.35
0.18
1284
1070
0.2
0.15
0.15
103
Table C-4: Model Parameter Results from Each Simulation

t Do
Run #
RD1
RD2
RD3
1
0.474
19.8
22.6
24.2
2
0.644
19.9
47.5
59.1
3
0.409
47.7
57.9
67.3
4
0.480
4.8
6.5
7.3
5
0.659
18.1
40.8
51.1
6
0.377
35.8
44.9
57.1
7
0.463
55.9
61.3
62.0
8
0.456
60.3
64.9
65.6
9
0.469
57.0
66.9
68.1
10
0.462
24.1
36.3
44.4
11
0.468
56.4
64.3
65.1
12
0.464
39.9
42.2
45.3
13
0.452
16.6
23.2
27.8
14
0.490
50.9
69.7
73.5
15
0.943
0.1
1.0
4.3
16
0.644
0.1
0.2
0.4
17
0.190
10.5
13.0
16.7
18
0.574
15.0
27.2
35.3
19
0.000
58.7
63.9
70.0
20
0.000
56.5
67.0
69.5
21
0.000
67.5
75.4
77.7
22
0.000
61.0
65.6
72.6
23
0.002
54.4
63.8
67.2
24
0.002
32.7
39.1
41.8
25
0.545
43.6
65.4
67.4
26
0.513
33.4
46.5
51.0
27
0.524
4.6
10.8
17.5
28
0.000
78.4
80.6
81.0
29
0.742
15.3
28.9
30.4
30
0.000
59.4
65.1
68.0
31
0.593
40.0
42.2
43.2
32
0.000
63.5
67.3
68.1
33
0.599
0.8
1.6
2.2
34
0.000
72.8
78.6
79.0
35
0.484
54.5
60.4
61.4
36
0.393
45.6
51.1
52.4
37
0.342
30.5
37.3
41.8
38
0.480
22.2
30.3
36.5
39
0.390
53.3
55.9
56.4
40
0.498
41.3
43.8
44.3
104
SCO2
0.495
0.901
0.680
0.445
0.914
0.658
0.642
0.648
0.687
0.658
0.653
0.627
0.583
0.755
0.675
0.709
0.471
0.630
0.765
0.755
0.601
0.625
0.711
0.627
0.778
0.776
0.605
0.653
0.676
0.641
0.575
0.618
0.633
0.681
0.661
0.609
0.572
0.637
0.583
0.624
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
0.490
0.286
0.690
0.882
0.509
0.293
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.588
0.652
0.417
0.267
0.003
0.003
0.394
0.554
0.728
0.705
0.000
0.000
0.451
0.657
0.403
0.532
0.643
0.397
0.463
0.463
0.378
0.492
0.464
0.467
0.469
0.415
0.474
0.930
0.222
38.4
12.6
0.1
0.0
40.9
8.6
59.9
44.8
75.0
74.7
38.7
28.1
70.3
32.9
22.5
10.7
54.4
21.0
75.3
30.9
28.3
42.1
17.7
1.1
65.7
61.1
18.2
18.1
46.7
5.9
19.1
47.3
58.1
57.5
11.5
51.1
48.2
57.5
55.0
28.2
0.1
0.0
13.7
44.5
14.3
0.2
24.5
49.8
11.5
73.1
53.2
79.3
81.3
54.0
30.9
72.5
38.0
34.9
28.5
62.7
23.9
80.6
35.8
34.4
70.0
39.5
2.8
73.0
67.8
21.1
45.5
55.5
7.3
39.4
51.4
65.5
61.6
18.6
70.1
55.1
65.9
65.1
35.4
0.3
0.2
18.5
105
49.1
19.7
0.8
28.2
53.2
16.1
74.6
60.4
80.3
82.7
55.1
33.3
74.1
40.8
43.0
39.9
64.5
30.0
82.3
41.8
36.6
72.8
40.9
9.2
74.1
71.2
22.7
63.1
62.0
8.1
43.1
56.6
66.3
62.2
24.5
73.1
56.3
66.8
67.0
40.3
0.4
0.9
21.4
0.686
0.471
0.495
0.732
0.638
0.505
0.751
0.733
0.635
0.651
0.665
0.448
0.503
0.515
0.751
0.797
0.647
0.489
0.680
0.661
0.644
0.825
0.739
0.637
0.784
0.732
0.486
0.971
0.659
0.450
0.797
0.659
0.666
0.635
0.529
0.777
0.618
0.650
0.685
0.695
0.701
0.727
0.504
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
0.583
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.534
0.509
0.622
0.000
0.747
0.000
0.408
0.000
0.687
0.000
0.386
0.488
0.466
0.270
0.488
0.388
0.359
0.496
0.873
0.644
0.530
0.562
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.004
0.007
0.002
0.002
0.657
0.473
0.387
0.406
0.002
0.002
12.6
59.8
57.7
64.1
64.3
54.4
37.2
42.2
18.1
39.2
63.8
0.8
74.5
1.9
75.9
24.8
57.5
61.9
46.7
38.8
13.6
51.9
44.3
25.8
21.7
0.5
0.1
12.8
44.8
60.5
55.6
81.4
50.7
58.3
20.4
64.7
35.2
19.9
14.5
52.6
32.6
41.7
55.1
21.1
67.5
63.1
70.0
72.5
64.4
39.5
60.8
38.0
42.1
70.7
2.8
79.6
3.8
79.6
33.1
65.2
63.6
53.6
54.1
16.4
57.3
48.8
31.2
28.5
7.6
0.3
25.8
50.2
68.9
72.1
83.4
53.6
61.2
26.3
67.1
37.2
37.0
17.5
57.7
40.7
45.3
73.8
106
30.2
70.4
64.8
75.9
76.8
68.9
45.2
64.3
48.5
43.2
74.4
6.4
80.2
6.8
80.1
34.2
65.8
64.1
55.8
58.8
18.1
58.0
49.8
36.6
31.4
11.6
0.4
35.0
53.8
71.0
78.4
84.5
59.6
61.7
31.7
68.7
39.1
42.3
20.1
60.6
45.8
47.2
76.0
0.618
0.729
0.738
0.604
0.629
0.731
0.647
0.766
0.812
0.609
0.649
0.677
0.681
0.582
0.649
0.651
0.653
0.613
0.638
0.690
0.405
0.633
0.594
0.570
0.643
0.729
0.620
0.627
0.614
0.718
0.907
0.655
0.530
0.554
0.712
0.606
0.334
0.730
0.638
0.617
0.601
0.503
0.779
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
0.509
0.546
0.724
0.704
0.000
0.000
0.472
0.471
0.471
0.444
0.537
0.471
0.470
0.466
0.446
0.546
0.591
0.647
0.729
0.376
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.681
0.293
0.670
0.633
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.495
0.493
0.512
0.502
0.603
0.598
0.604
0.619
0.384
0.363
0.377
47.7
30.7
10.1
4.8
71.3
43.6
41.3
43.0
39.7
49.9
38.9
47.6
45.9
37.8
49.0
39.7
14.3
16.7
5.4
1.4
76.1
61.5
59.6
43.3
1.6
8.3
15.4
0.7
68.7
59.6
66.1
64.1
49.8
46.3
44.3
27.6
31.4
34.4
24.3
22.0
66.4
58.2
37.4
69.1
46.7
23.6
14.8
80.7
46.2
49.2
52.3
49.2
53.5
53.4
54.0
51.1
49.4
51.1
55.1
21.4
23.9
17.3
2.1
78.2
62.1
62.7
48.4
4.6
13.6
27.3
1.4
75.5
66.8
70.5
70.3
72.1
63.5
72.0
32.4
47.0
49.5
46.0
29.4
69.8
63.9
40.8
107
75.2
59.6
27.6
23.0
81.2
48.5
55.3
55.2
54.6
55.2
56.5
55.6
56.3
54.2
52.0
56.8
22.3
26.1
22.3
2.7
78.9
65.3
65.7
50.4
9.7
16.1
30.0
2.7
76.7
69.1
73.5
72.0
74.9
64.6
77.3
37.5
48.8
54.3
48.9
38.8
71.6
65.8
43.6
0.855
0.796
0.714
0.787
0.749
0.541
0.650
0.637
0.649
0.656
0.665
0.635
0.658
0.648
0.619
0.658
0.608
0.615
0.687
0.525
0.646
0.686
0.652
0.491
0.574
0.473
0.624
0.668
0.621
0.626
0.683
0.635
0.790
0.731
0.859
0.643
0.689
0.744
0.688
0.778
0.648
0.623
0.552
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
0.382
0.524
0.834
0.504
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.351
0.641
0.713
0.878
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.535
0.500
0.003
0.502
0.629
0.522
0.634
0.318
0.396
0.228
0.402
0.641
0.006
0.004
0.670
0.002
0.404
0.415
0.002
0.404
0.524
0.311
0.519
0.645
0.662
0.875
0.412
58.6
0.3
1.1
15.3
49.0
50.1
65.5
1.5
39.7
23.5
0.7
76.7
67.8
59.7
72.6
53.4
39.7
19.6
31.2
39.4
23.8
32.9
10.5
68.9
60.9
21.0
64.6
23.9
41.7
38.0
13.7
72.2
60.0
60.3
31.2
40.8
45.9
29.3
35.6
21.5
13.3
0.8
1.4
62.3
0.5
17.8
22.9
50.9
63.0
70.9
2.4
43.8
29.0
2.4
80.7
74.3
62.5
80.0
63.5
60.8
26.6
42.8
46.3
54.4
57.7
21.7
72.6
64.9
24.3
71.2
50.0
49.8
62.3
21.3
75.0
65.0
67.0
39.4
48.7
63.9
40.3
53.3
26.6
17.0
1.5
2.7
108
64.1
0.7
27.0
27.4
51.9
72.3
77.1
5.1
45.0
30.2
9.6
81.2
74.9
64.7
81.0
64.4
63.7
32.2
49.7
47.3
58.0
66.8
30.9
74.8
66.7
29.0
73.3
54.8
51.9
66.8
24.1
76.7
66.8
70.4
43.8
53.8
67.7
44.0
54.7
27.9
19.0
3.7
4.7
0.618
0.511
0.791
0.654
0.457
0.960
0.664
0.503
0.617
0.648
0.695
0.668
0.636
0.642
0.701
0.727
0.761
0.652
0.717
0.685
0.791
0.876
0.724
0.607
0.639
0.440
0.665
0.814
0.668
0.781
0.651
0.611
0.653
0.660
0.488
0.686
0.782
0.680
0.757
0.644
0.592
0.643
0.583
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.223
0.203
0.785
0.677
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.493
0.493
0.510
0.449
0.576
0.601
0.608
0.613
0.371
0.386
0.377
0.380
0.140
0.970
0.432
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.636
0.376
0.584
0.697
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.532
0.002
0.003
0.519
0.505
74.5
70.5
62.2
41.5
25.8
1.6
1.6
4.6
65.9
65.9
67.3
57.5
50.1
51.9
44.4
18.1
32.1
30.2
19.1
24.3
54.0
65.6
38.1
28.7
0.9
0.0
25.3
43.0
54.8
59.8
36.9
1.4
0.8
24.3
63.8
75.6
73.8
59.6
40.6
59.9
27.4
20.7
37.7
75.3
75.1
68.3
43.8
33.2
2.3
16.8
11.7
69.3
71.8
73.0
60.5
72.4
67.9
72.1
24.3
44.8
48.4
33.9
40.1
62.9
70.5
44.2
33.1
1.2
2.5
33.5
45.9
66.9
65.1
41.6
2.3
1.5
31.7
71.7
80.8
79.3
69.3
59.7
68.1
31.1
32.0
61.6
109
75.8
76.0
71.7
46.8
34.8
2.8
20.6
14.1
73.5
73.3
76.3
66.7
75.1
69.2
77.6
28.2
51.6
51.0
37.5
44.3
64.7
72.3
49.3
39.7
1.4
10.9
38.5
47.4
74.8
68.2
42.8
5.6
4.9
33.2
72.9
81.5
79.8
72.9
63.3
68.6
34.4
42.8
63.8
0.628
0.638
0.662
0.489
0.496
0.479
0.675
0.592
0.678
0.618
0.653
0.676
0.811
0.732
0.892
0.633
0.732
0.707
0.685
0.764
0.618
0.652
0.572
0.559
0.450
0.906
0.565
0.462
0.935
0.634
0.599
0.523
0.678
0.663
0.622
0.667
0.675
0.657
0.776
0.705
0.538
0.800
0.758
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
0.634
0.416
0.646
0.318
0.396
0.319
0.396
0.002
0.618
0.663
0.004
0.415
0.004
0.001
0.368
0.410
0.522
0.323
0.517
0.000
0.000
0.358
0.256
0.000
0.000
0.980
0.889
0.000
0.000
0.452
0.123
0.000
0.000
0.511
0.498
0.000
0.000
0.973
0.791
0.000
0.000
0.545
0.084
26.6
10.6
19.2
59.6
67.1
65.5
25.4
44.0
19.1
18.4
23.6
64.1
55.8
64.5
17.5
43.0
47.4
23.2
29.7
49.9
54.3
11.5
12.1
41.2
49.3
0.0
0.4
29.0
34.8
0.4
0.8
71.6
75.8
17.5
35.9
50.5
55.5
0.0
1.5
48.6
51.9
0.3
1.0
47.2
13.7
49.1
63.4
70.8
71.7
31.0
61.2
37.3
47.9
27.2
70.6
65.1
73.4
21.9
52.0
65.3
41.3
35.3
54.9
57.6
15.8
16.4
46.5
54.1
0.0
1.7
32.1
37.8
0.6
1.0
77.5
82.1
30.5
49.9
64.0
69.0
3.8
28.6
49.6
52.8
0.5
1.3
110
49.1
17.7
62.6
65.0
72.6
74.5
36.9
62.4
44.0
62.6
29.4
72.4
68.0
75.2
33.6
57.4
67.1
48.1
41.1
58.5
61.7
18.8
20.7
49.9
62.7
1.8
4.1
34.7
40.4
0.8
1.3
80.6
83.4
41.3
54.0
71.9
76.4
23.8
35.6
50.1
53.3
0.7
1.5
0.697
0.546
0.923
0.575
0.657
0.614
0.558
0.710
0.733
0.929
0.629
0.668
0.594
0.596
0.569
0.710
0.756
0.686
0.759
0.572
0.562
0.614
0.526
0.556
0.834
0.816
0.720
0.314
0.324
0.445
0.430
0.711
0.677
0.690
0.591
0.956
0.930
0.927
0.767
0.490
0.474
0.556
0.446
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
0.000
0.000
0.671
0.553
0.000
0.000
1.070
0.892
0.000
0.000
0.490
0.118
0.000
0.000
0.631
0.546
0.000
0.000
1.014
0.866
0.000
0.000
0.417
0.089
78.8
81.9
39.9
57.8
47.8
52.4
0.0
0.3
50.7
53.8
0.2
1.0
79.6
84.2
39.6
59.8
49.9
54.6
0.0
0.9
49.6
52.8
0.3
1.1
86.2
87.8
60.1
68.0
62.3
67.0
1.2
21.2
51.5
54.5
0.5
1.3
86.4
87.3
57.5
65.5
65.7
70.5
2.6
38.6
50.3
53.4
0.5
1.4
111
88.6
89.6
65.3
70.8
77.4
81.1
31.5
53.2
51.9
54.9
0.7
1.6
87.9
88.8
62.4
69.2
79.3
82.0
37.4
48.3
50.7
53.8
0.7
1.6
0.732
0.700
0.711
0.617
1.156
1.136
1.156
1.034
0.508
0.490
0.573
0.467
0.717
0.683
0.691
0.593
1.096
1.039
1.075
0.846
0.499
0.482
0.562
0.451
Table C-5: Normalized Dimensionless Group Values for Each Simulation

Run
RL
M wo
M go
N go
PinjD
PpD
Soi
Sorw
Sorg
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
112
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
0.19
0.19
0.19
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
0.19
0.19
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-0.62
-0.62
113
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.00
0.00
0.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-1.00
-1.00
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-1.00
-1.00
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
-0.50
-0.50
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-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
117
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
-0.62
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
118
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
-0.20
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-0.43
-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
119
-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
1.00
-1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Appendix D: Response Surface Coefficients

Table D-1: Response Surface Coefficients for t Do
Term
Coefficient
Intercept
M wo
0.346
-0.019
0.047
0.056
M go
0.019
N go
0.000
PinjD
0.102
-0.092
-0.301
0.099
-0.005
RL
N
PpD
Soi
Sorw
Sorg
RL
0.004
-0.053
-0.036
o
w
M go
N go
-0.014
0.019
0.044
-0.013
PinjD
PpD
Soi
-0.059
-0.118
RL M wo
0.071
0.007
0.023
RL M go
-0.011
o
g
-0.010
Sorw
Sorg
RL N
RL N
RL PinjD
RL PpD
RL Soi
-0.012
-0.006
0.024
120
N M wo
0.002
-0.005
0.004
N M go
0.001
RL Sorw
RL Sorg
N N
o
g
-0.002
N Sorg
-0.018
-0.021
-0.027
0.052
0.002
M wo M go
0.015
o
w
0.005
N PinjD
N PpD
N Soi
N Sorw
M N
o
g
M wo PinjD
-0.019
o
w
M PpD
0.007
o
w
M Sorw
-0.062
0.009
M wo Sorg
0.009
o
g
-0.025
M Soi
o
w
M N
o
g
o
g
M PinjD
0.021
M go PpD
-0.007
o
g
M Soi
0.010
M go Sorw
0.044
o
g
M Sorg
0.002
N PinjD
0.009
N go PpD
-0.008
o
g
0.008
o
g
N Soi
N S orw
-0.007
N go S org
0.008
PinjD PpD
-0.062
-0.142
0.009
-0.007
0.090
o
g
PinjD Soi
PinjD Sorw
PinjD Sorg
PpD Soi
121
PpD Sorw
PpD Sorg
Soi Sorw
Soi Sorg
Sorw Sorg
-0.026
-0.007
-0.060
0.015
-0.018
Only the largest coefficients were used in the simplified form of the equation for
t Do . The simplified equation is:
tDo = 0.346 + 0.102PinjD - 0.301Soi - 0.118( Sorw - 0.135)2 - 0.142( PinjD - 0.433)( Soi + 0.098)
+ 0.090( PpD + 0.075)(Soi + 0.098)
122
Table D-2: Response Surface Coefficients for RD1

Coefficient
Term
Intercept
M wo
38.39
-7.21
0.48
-1.24
M go
-7.15
RL
N
-12.44
o
g
-1.16
11.36
26.39
-4.46
-1.88
3.16
PinjD
PpD
Soi
Sorw
Sorg
RL
0.17
-1.71
M wo
M go
N go
7.37
-5.91
-3.74
-7.53
PinjD
PpD
Soi
2.29
-0.38
-1.61
RL N
o
w
-0.35
1.85
RL M go
-2.74
RL N go
-3.63
RL PinjD
0.81
-5.77
1.68
0.79
-1.05
Sorw
Sorg
RL M
RL PpD
RL Soi
RL Sorw
RL Sorg
123
N M wo
-0.33
N M
o
g
-0.82
N N
o
g
-0.34
N Sorg
-0.32
0.35
0.51
-1.05
-0.78
M wo M go
1.19
M wo N go
1.72
o
w injD
M P
1.50
M wo PpD
1.75
M wo Soi
M Sorw
0.21
2.26
M wo Sorg
0.29
M go N go
-0.93
N PinjD
N PpD
N Soi
N Sorw
o
w
o
g
-1.34
o
g
M PpD
-1.69
M go Soi
-1.81
M PinjD
o
g
0.43
o
g
M Sorg
-0.17
N go PinjD
0.03
M Sorw
N PpD
-2.06
N go Soi
-1.43
o
g
o
g
0.72
o
g
N S org
0.99
PinjD PpD
3.29
0.90
-1.05
2.51
-2.26
0.03
-1.63
N S orw
PinjD Soi
PinjD Sorw
PinjD Sorg
PpD Soi
PpD Sorw
PpD Sorg
124
Soi Sorw
Soi Sorg
Sorw Sorg
1.11
0.01
0.68
RD1. The simplified equation is:
RD1 = 38.4 - 7.21RL - 7.15M go -12.4 N go + 11.4 PpD + 26.4Soi - 7.53( Soi + 0.098) 2
125

Coefficient
Term
Intercept
M wo
46.69
-9.61
2.21
0.46
M go
-7.54
RL
N
-11.77
o
g
6.77
7.86
27.14
-3.91
-2.73
4.28
PinjD
PpD
Soi
Sorw
Sorg
RL
-1.48
-2.17
M wo
M go
N go
5.54
-5.17
-2.15
-11.74
PinjD
PpD
Soi
2.21
-1.65
-1.01
RL N
o
w
-0.48
1.72
RL M go
-5.18
RL N go
-4.90
RL PinjD
-2.26
-3.33
2.77
0.23
-1.41
Sorw
Sorg
RL M
RL PpD
RL Soi
RL Sorw
RL Sorg
126
N M wo
-0.39
N M
o
g
-1.74
N N
o
g
1.62
N Sorg
0.30
0.52
1.68
0.46
-0.88
M wo M go
-0.16
M wo N go
2.36
o
w injD
M P
3.87
M wo PpD
0.85
M wo Soi
M Sorw
-0.64
2.51
M wo Sorg
-0.68
M go N go
-1.74
N PinjD
N PpD
N Soi
N Sorw
o
w
o
g
-2.38
o
g
M PpD
-2.29
M go Soi
-1.50
M PinjD
o
g
0.72
o
g
M Sorg
-0.68
N go PinjD
-2.23
M Sorw
N PpD
-0.67
N go Soi
-1.02
o
g
o
g
0.84
o
g
N S org
0.66
PinjD PpD
3.77
0.23
-1.18
2.04
-3.25
0.99
-0.85
N S orw
PinjD Soi
PinjD Sorw
PinjD Sorg
PpD Soi
PpD Sorw
PpD Sorg
127
Soi Sorw
Soi Sorg
Sorw Sorg
1.80
0.75
0.66
RD 2 = 46.7 - 9.61RL - 7.54M go -11.8N go + 6.77 PinjD + 7.86PpD + 27.1Soi -11.7( Soi + 0.098)2
128

Coefficient
Term
Intercept
M wo
48.85
-9.85
2.82
0.88
M go
-6.45
RL
N
-10.24
o
g
10.22
6.66
26.45
-2.93
-3.14
4.19
PinjD
PpD
Soi
Sorw
Sorg
RL
-1.79
-2.31
M wo
M go
N go
4.75
-1.79
0.42
-11.57
PinjD
PpD
Soi
1.22
-1.40
-0.54
RL N
o
w
-0.06
2.34
RL M go
-5.48
RL N go
-5.49
RL PinjD
-4.59
-1.00
3.27
0.02
-1.80
Sorw
Sorg
RL M
RL PpD
RL Soi
RL Sorw
RL Sorg
129
N M wo
-0.08
N M
o
g
-1.42
N N
o
g
2.38
N Sorg
0.83
0.15
1.44
0.78
-0.75
M wo M go
-0.30
M wo N go
2.81
o
w injD
M P
3.75
M wo PpD
0.81
M wo Soi
M Sorw
-0.75
2.47
M wo Sorg
-0.86
M go N go
-2.20
N PinjD
N PpD
N Soi
N Sorw
o
w
o
g
-2.70
o
g
M PpD
-2.34
M go Soi
-0.94
M PinjD
o
g
1.36
o
g
M Sorg
-0.22
N go PinjD
-1.95
M Sorw
N PpD
-1.19
N go Soi
-1.14
o
g
o
g
0.50
o
g
N S org
0.63
PinjD PpD
-1.59
-1.04
-0.53
1.28
-3.00
0.49
0.04
N S orw
PinjD Soi
PinjD Sorw
PinjD Sorg
PpD Soi
PpD Sorw
PpD Sorg
130
Soi Sorw
Soi Sorg
Sorw Sorg
1.44
1.04
0.60
RD3 = 48.9 - 9.84RL - 6.45M go -10.2 N go + 10.2PinjD + 6.66PpD + 26.4Soi -11.6( Soi + 0.098)2
131
Table D-5: Response Surface Coefficients for SCO2

Term
Coefficient
Intercept
M wo
0.5706
-0.0453
0.0211
0.0403
M go
-0.0144
N go
-0.0174
PinjD
0.1608
-0.0803
0.0168
0.0329
-0.0090
RL
N
PpD
Soi
Sorw
Sorg
RL
0.0156
-0.0056
-0.0160
N
M wo
M go
N go
0.0018
0.0498
0.0334
-0.0012
PinjD
PpD
Soi
-0.0028
-0.0082
RL M wo
0.0052
0.0091
0.0174
RL M go
-0.0261
o
g
-0.0385
Sorw
Sorg
RL N
RL N
RL PinjD
RL PpD
RL Soi
RL Sorw
RL Sorg
-0.0401
0.0322
-0.0056
-0.0075
0.0007
132
N M wo
0.0019
N M
o
g
0.0040
N N
o
g
0.0298
N Sorg
0.0084
-0.0051
0.0002
0.0038
0.0000
M wo M go
0.0045
M wo N go
0.0240
o
w injD
M P
0.0097
M wo PpD
0.0039
M wo Soi
M Sorw
-0.0221
-0.0133
M wo Sorg
0.0015
M go N go
-0.0277
N PinjD
N PpD
N Soi
N Sorw
o
w
o
g
-0.0060
o
g
M PpD
-0.0198
M go Soi
0.0012
M PinjD
o
g
0.0096
o
g
M Sorg
0.0050
N go PinjD
0.0064
M Sorw
N PpD
-0.0116
N go Soi
-0.0223
o
g
o
g
-0.0019
o
g
N S org
0.0047
PinjD PpD
-0.1127
0.0222
0.0065
0.0003
-0.0056
-0.0024
0.0038
N S orw
PinjD Soi
PinjD Sorw
PinjD Sorg
PpD Soi
PpD Sorw
PpD Sorg
133
Soi Sorw
Soi Sorg
Sorw Sorg
-0.0213
0.0070
-0.0010
SCO2 . The simplified equation is:
SCO 2 = 0.571 + 0.161PinjD - 0.080 PpD + 0.050( PinjD - 0.433) 2 + 0.033( PpD + 0.075) 2
- 0.113( PinjD - 0.433)( PpD + 0.075)
134
References
BEG (Bureau of Economic Geology) Gulf Coast CO2 Candidates Database, 2005.
Box, G.E.P. and Behnken, D.W.: Some New Three Level Designs for the Study of
Quantitative Variables, Technometrics, 2, 455-475, 1960.
Diaz, D., Bassiouni, Z., Kimbrell, W., and Wolcott, J.: Screening Criteria for
Application of Carbon Dioxide Miscible Displacement in Waterflooded
Reservoirs Containing Light Oil, paper SPE 35431 presented at the 1996 SPE
Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, April 21-24.
Dobitz, J.K., and Prieditis, John: A Stream Tube Model for the PC, paper SPE 27750
presented at the 1994 SPE/DOE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa,
Oklahoma, April 17-20.
Experimental Design, StatSoft Electronic Textbook, 2006.
Jarrell, Perry M., Fox, Charles E., Stein, Michael H., and Webb, Steven L., Practical
Aspects of CO2 Flooding, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Inc., Richardson,
Texas, 2002.
Lake, Larry W., Enhanced Oil Recovery, Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New
Jersey, 1989.
Lane, David M.: Factorial Design, Hyperstat Online, 2005.
Li, Dachang, and Lake, L.W., The University of Texas at Austin, Scaling Fluid Flow
Through Heterogeneous Permeable Media, paper SPE 26648, SPE Advanced
Technology Series, Volume 3, Number 1, March 1995, p. 188-197.
NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods, Section 5.3.3.6.2, February 3,
2006.
NPC (National Petroleum Council) Public Database, 1984.
Paul, G.W., Scientific Software-Intercomp; Lake, L.W., U. of Texas; Gould, T.L.,
Scientific Software-Intercomp: A Simplified Predictive Model for CO2 Miscible
Flooding, paper SPE 13238 presented at the 1984 SPE Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas, September 16-19.
Peng, D.Y., and Robinson, D.B., "A New Two-Constant Equation of State," Ind. Eng.
Chem. Eng. Fundam., Vol. 15, 1976, pp. 59-64.
135
Rivas, O., Embid S. and Bolivar F.: Ranking Reservoirs for CO2 Flooding Processes,
paper SPE 23641 presented at the 1992 SPE Latin American Petroleum
Engineering Conference, Caracas, March 8-11.
Shook, M., Lake, L.W., and Li, D.: Scaling Immiscible Flow Through Permeable
Media By Inspectional Analysis, In Situ, 16(4), 311-349, 1992.
136
Vita
Derek James Wood was born on November 23rd, 1981 in Houston, Texas to Steve
and Cindy Wood. He graduated with a bachelors degree in Chemical Engineering in
May 2004 from the University of Texas at Austin. He enrolled as a Masters student in
Petroleum Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin in August 2004. He has
worked as a Graduate Research Assistant with Dr. Larry W. Lake and Dr. Russell T.
Johns through May 2006. After graduating Derek will return to Houston to pursue a
career in reservoir engineering.
Permanent Address: 17418 Rustic Canyon Trail

Houston, TX 77090
This thesis was typed by Derek James Wood.
137

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Creating a Quick Screening Model for CO2 Flooding and Storage in

Master of Science in Engineering

The University of Texas at Austin

Creating a Quick Screening Model for CO2 Flooding and Storage in

Creating a Quick Screening Model for CO2 Flooding and Storage in

Derek James Wood, M.S.E.

Supervisor: Larry W. Lake

2.4.3. Initial Oil Saturation .................................................................18

3.3.3.1. Oil Recovery Parameters ..............................................56

Table D-4: Response Surface Coefficients for RD3 .............................................129

Reservoir schematic depicting a typical line-drive pattern for a

dipping reservoir. ...........................................................................................12

Dimensionless oil recovery versus dimensionless time for three

Dimensionless oil recovery versus dimensionless time for three

example reservoirs with similar average pressure values.

Dimensionless oil recovery curves for three reservoirs with all

groups held constant except the aspect ratio.

Aspect ratios (RL in the

legend) of 0.55, 2.2, and 8.8 were used. ........................................................20

Dimensionless CO2 storage curves for three reservoirs with all

groups held constant except the aspect ratio.

Aspect ratios (RL in the

legend) of 0.55, 2.2, and 8.8 were used. ........................................................20

Dimensionless oil recovery curves for three reservoirs with all

Dimensionless CO2 storage curves for three reservoirs with all

Dimensionless oil recovery curves for three reservoirs with all

Dimensionless CO2 storage curves for three reservoirs with all

Dimensionless oil recovery curves for three reservoirs with all

Dimensionless CO2 storage curves for three reservoirs with all

Dimensionless oil recovery curves for two reservoirs with all

Dimensionless CO2 storage curves for two reservoirs with all

Dimensionless oil recovery curves for four reservoirs with all

Dimensionless CO2 storage curves for four reservoirs with all

Dimensionless oil recovery curves for three reservoirs with all

Dimensionless CO2 storage curves for three reservoirs with all

Dimensionless oil recovery curves for two reservoirs with all

Dimensionless CO2 storage curves for two reservoirs with all

Dimensionless oil recovery curves for three reservoirs with all

Dimensionless CO2 storage curves for three reservoirs with all

Dimensionless oil recovery curves for three reservoirs with

varying values - 0.0090 (circle), 0.0018 (diamond), 0.0003 (cross) - of the

Dimensionless oil recovery curves for three reservoirs with

varying levels of grid refinement.

All dimensionless groups were held

Dimensionless oil recovery versus dimensionless time for sample

Dimensionless oil recovery versus dimensionless time for sample

Ultimate recovery versus pressure for 1000 gridblocks at 140 oF.

The intersection of the two lines indicates PMM=1450 psi.............................46

Ultimate recovery versus pressure for 1000 gridblocks at 170 oF.

The intersection of the two lines indicates PMM=1840 psi.............................47

Ultimate recovery versus pressure for 1000 gridblocks at 200 oF.

The intersection of the two lines indicates PMM=2140 psi.............................47

Ultimate recovery versus pressure for 100 gridblocks at 140 oF.

The intersection of the two lines indicates PMM=1615 psi.............................48

Ultimate recovery versus pressure for 100 gridblocks at 170 oF.

The intersection of the two lines indicates PMM=2067 psi.............................49

Ultimate recovery versus pressure for 100 gridblocks at 200 oF.

The intersection of the two lines indicates PMM=2311 psi.............................49

Ultimate recovery versus pressure for 10 gridblocks at 140 oF.

The intersection of the two lines indicates PMM=2230 psi.............................50

Ultimate recovery versus pressure for 10 gridblocks at 170 oF.

The intersection of the two lines indicates PMM=2636 psi.............................50

Ultimate recovery versus pressure for 10 gridblocks at 200 oF.