Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
=
=
+
=
0 4 mod if
0 4 mod if
4 2
4
) 0 (
symb
) 0 (
symb
) 0 (
symb
) 0 (
symb layer
symb
M
M
M
M
M
If 0 4 mod
) 0 (
symb
= M two null symbols are
appended to ) 1 (
) 0 (
symb
) 0 (
M d
2.5.5 Precoding
The next stage is precoding the complex-valued modulation symbols on each layer for
transmission. Figure 2-29 illustrates the different precoding options:
Single Antenna Port.
Transmit Diversity.
Spatial Multiplexing - This includes two options, i.e. with CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity)
and without.
CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity) is a method whereby a delayed version of the same OFDM symbol is
transmitted from multiple antennas. It provides a method for transforming spatial diversity into
frequency diversity thus avoiding Inter Symbol Interference.
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Figure 2-29 LTE Precoding Options
Transmit Diversity
Precoding
CDD (Cyclic
Delay
Diversity
LTE Spatial Multiplexing
LTE Precoding
Single Antenna Port
Precoding Concept
The precoder takes as input a block of vectors | |
T
i x i x i x ) ( ... ) ( ) (
) 1 ( ) 0 (
=
u
,
1 ,..., 1 , 0
layer
symb
= M i from the layer mapping and generates a block of vectors
| |
T
p
i y i y ... ) ( ... ) (
) (
= , 1 ,..., 1 , 0
ap
symb
= M i to be mapped onto resources on each of the antenna
ports, where ) (
) (
i y
p
represents the signal for antenna port .
Precoding for Single Antenna Port
For transmission on a single antenna port, precoding is defined by ) ( ) (
) 0 ( ) (
i x i y
p
= where
{ } 5 , 4 , 0 e p is the number of the single antenna port used for transmission of the physical
channel and 1 ,..., 1 , 0
ap
symb
= M i ,
layer
symb
ap
symb
M M = .
Precoding for Transmit Diversity
The precoding operation for transmit diversity is defined for two and four antenna ports. For
transmission on two antenna ports, { } 1 , 0 e p , the output | |
T
i y i y i y ) ( ) ( ) (
) 1 ( ) 0 (
= ,
1 ,..., 1 , 0
ap
symb
= M i of the precoding operation is defined by:
( )
( )
( )
( )(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
+
+
) ( Im
) ( Im
) ( Re
) ( Re
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
2
1
) 1 2 (
) 1 2 (
) 2 (
) 2 (
) 1 (
) 0 (
) 1 (
) 0 (
) 1 (
) 0 (
) 1 (
) 0 (
i x
i x
i x
i x
j
j
j
j
i y
i y
i y
i y
for 1 ,..., 1 , 0
layer
symb
= M i with
layer
symb
ap
symb
2M M = .
It is worth noting that any two columns of the coding matrix are orthogonal. In addition, the
precoding has facilitated space-frequency transmit diversity, i.e. coding in frequency domain.
The precoding for four antenna ports is similar, however typically
layer
symb
ap
symb
4M M = .
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Precoding for Spatial Multiplexing
Spatial multiplexing supports two or four antenna ports and the set of antenna ports used is
{ } 1 , 0 e p or { } 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 e p , respectively.
Without Cyclic Delay Diversity), precoding for spatial multiplexing is defined by:
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) 1 (
) 0 (
) 1 (
) 0 (
i x
i x
i W
i y
i y
P u
where the precoding matrix ) (i W is of size u P and 1 ,..., 1 , 0
ap
symb
= M i ,
layer
symb
ap
symb
M M = .
Note that the values of ) (i W are selected among the precoder elements in the codebook
configured in the eNodeB and the UE.
For large-delay CDD, precoding for spatial multiplexing is defined by
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
) (
) (
) ( ) (
) (
) (
) 1 (
) 0 (
) 1 (
) 0 (
i x
i x
U i D i W
i y
i y
P u
where the precoding matrix ) (i W is of size u P and 1 ,..., 1 , 0
ap
symb
= M i ,
layer
symb
ap
symb
M M = .
Compared to none CDD precoding, u u ) (i D provides the CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity)
diagonal matrix, whereas u u U uses a square matrix.
Spatial Multiplexing Codebook for Precoding
The size of the codebook varies for two and four antenna transmissions. The two antenna
ports, { } 1 , 0 e p , the precoding matrix ) (i W is selected from Table 6.3.4.2.3-1 or a subset
thereof. For the closed-loop spatial multiplexing transmission mode, the codebook index 0 is
not used when the number layers is 2 = u .
Table 2-7 Codebook for Transmission for Two Antenna Ports
Codebook Index Number of layers u
1 2
0
(
1
1
2
1
(
1 0
0 1
2
1
1
(
1
1
2
1
(
1 1
1 1
2
1
2
(
j
1
2
1
(
j j
1 1
2
1
3
(
j
1
2
1
-
Note that for transmission on four antenna ports there are 16 codebook indexes to choose
from.
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2.5.6 Resource Element Mapper
Following on from the precoding stage the resource element mapper maps the
complex-valued symbols to the allocated resources.
For each of the antenna ports used for transmission of the Physical Channel, the block of
complex-valued symbols is mapped in sequence to resource elements (see Section 2.6.2 .)
which meet all of the following criteria:
They are in the PRB (Physical Resource Blocks) assigned for transmission.
They are not used for transmission of PBCH, synchronization signals or reference
signals.
They are not in an OFDM symbol used for PDCCH.
Additional information on the physical resources is provided in Section 2.6.2 .
2.5.7 OFDM Signal Generation
The final Physical Layer processing stage is the actual OFDM signal generation, i.e. the
generation of time-domain signals for each antenna. This is a purely mathematical process
with various equations and parameters being used. Figure 2-30 illustrates the downlink
equation; however the detail is not discussed as part of this course.
Figure 2-30 Example of the Downlink Signal Generation Equation
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) Ts
l CP
N t f k j
RB
sc
N
DL
RB
N
k
Ts
l CP
N t f k j p
l k
RB
sc
N
DL
RB
N k
e a e a s
p
l k
t
p
l
,
2
2 /
1
,
2
,
1
2 /
,
A
+
(
(
(
=
A
=
- + - =
t t
2.6 Downlink OFDMA
2.6.1 General OFDMA Structure
The E-UTRA downlink is based on OFDMA. As such, it enables multiple devices to receive
information at the same time but on different parts of the radio channel. In most OFDMA
systems this is referred to as a Subchannel, i.e. a collection of subcarriers. However, in
E-UTRA, the term subchannel is replaced with the term PRB (Physical Resource Block).
Figure 2-31 illustrates the concept of OFDMA, whereby different users are allocated one or
more resource blocks in the time and frequency domain, thus enabling efficient scheduling of
the available resources.
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Figure 2-31 OFDMA in LTE
Frequency
Channel
Bandwidth
E.g. 3MHz
Time
Device is allocated one
or more PRB (Physical
Resource Blocks)
PRB consists of 12
subcarriers for 0.5ms
OFDMA
It is also worth noting that a device is typically allocated 1ms of time, i.e. a subframe, and not
an individual PRB.
2.6.2 Physical Resource Blocks and Resource Elements
A PRB (Physical Resource Block) consists of 12 consecutive subcarriers and lasts for one
slot, i.e. 0.5ms. Figure 2-32 illustrates the size of a PRB.
The N
RB
DL
parameter is used to define the number of RB (Resource Blocks) used in the DL
(Downlink). This is dependent on the channel bandwidth. In contrast, N
RB
UL
is used to
identify the number of resource blocks in the uplink. Each RB (Resource Block) consists of
N
SC
RB
subcarriers, which for standard operation is set to 12. In addition, another configuration
is available when using MBSFN and a 7.5kHz subcarrier spacing.
The PRB is used to identify an allocation. It typically includes 6 or 7 symbols, depending on
whether an extended or normal cyclic prefix is configured.
The term RE (Resource Element) is used to describe one subcarrier lasting one symbol. This
can then be assigned to carry modulated information, reference information or nothing.
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Figure 2-32 Physical Resource Block and Resource Element
Radio Frame = 10ms
0 2 3 4 5 7 8 9
Slot 8 Slot 9
N
RB
DL
N
S
C
R
B
S
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
=
1
2
6 1
Physical Resource
Block
Resource
Element
Subframe
NSymb
DL
The different configurations for the downlink E-UTRA PRB are illustrated in Table 2-8.
Table 2-8 Downlink PRB Parameters
Configuration NSC
RB
NSymb
DL
Normal Cyclic Prefix f = 15kHz
12
7
Extended Cyclic
Prefix
f = 15kHz 6
f = 7.5kHz 24 3
The uplink PRB configuration is similar; however the 7.5kHz option is not available.
2.7 LTE Physical Signals
In order to acquire the system, the eNB must broadcast various downlink signals. In addition,
since the downlink is scalable from 1.4MHz to 20MHz and the device may not be aware of
the eNB configuration, the method of finding the system needs to be consistent.
Consequently, synchronization and cell identity information must appear on the downlink in a
fixed place irrespective of the radio spectrum configuration. Figure 2-33 illustrates the
structure of the N
ID
cell
(Physical Cell Identity).
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Figure 2-33 Downlink Cell ID
cell (1) (2)
(1)
(2)
D
o
w
n
lin
k Syn
ch
ro
n
izatio
n
Sig
n
als
eNB
UE
Where:
N
ID
= 3N
ID
+ N
ID
N
ID
= 0,..167
N
ID
= 0, 1, or 2
In LTE there are two synchronization sequences, known as the PSS (Primary Synchronization
Signal) and the SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signal). The location of these is dependent
on the transmission mode, i.e. FDD or TDD, as well as the use of the normal or extended
cyclic prefix.
Figure 2-34 PSS and SSS Location for FDD
Radio Frame
Slots
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Bandwidth
72
Subcarriers
PSS (Primary
Synchronization
Sequence)
Repeated in
slots 0 and 10
SSS (Secondary
Synchronization
Sequence)
0 1 2 3 4 5
Bandwidth
Normal CP
Extended CP
62
Subcarriers
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Figure 2-35 PSS and SSS Location for TDD
Radio Frame
Slots
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Bandwidth
0 1 2 3 4 5
Bandwidth
Normal CP
Extended CP
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5
Primary Synchronization Signal
The PSS provides downlink synchronization information for the device. The signal sent is one
of three ZC (Zadoff-Chu) sequences. This provides a pseudo noise pattern which devices can
correlate, whilst at the same time enabling adjacent cells/sectors on the eNB to utilize
different synchronization signals. The N
ID
(2)
(0,1 or 2) is mapped to a Zadoff-Chu root index
which is used in the sequence generation process.
Secondary Synchronization Signal
The SSS is generated from the interleaved concatenation of two length-31 binary sequences
which are cyclic shifted based on the value of N
ID
(1)
. Table 2-9 illustrates the indices
generated from N
ID
(1)
. It is worth noting that additional algorithms are used, as well as a
different combination for subframe 0 and subframe 10.
Table 2-9 Example of SSS Indices
N
( ) 1
ID
m0 m1
N
( ) 1
ID
m0 m1
N
( ) 1
ID
m0 m1
N
( ) 1
ID
m0 m1
N
( ) 1
ID
m0 m1
0 0 1 34 4 6 68 9 12 102 15 19 136 22 27
1 1 2 35 5 7 69 10 13 103 16 20 137 23 28
2 2 3 36 6 8 70 11 14 104 17 21 138 24 29
3 3 4 37 7 9 71 12 15 105 18 22 139 25 30
. . . . .
. . . . 167 2 9
33 3 5 67 8 11 101 14 18 135 21 26
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The secondary synchronization sequence is an interleaving of two length-31 sequences s
0
(m0)
and s
1
(m1)
scrambled with sequences c
0
and c
1,
which are based on N
ID
(2)
, as well as scrambled
with a z sequence. Figure 2-36 illustrates the concept mapping the sequences to the 62
subcarriers in subframes 0 and 5.
Figure 2-36 SSS Scrambling
s
0
s
1
c
0
c
1
and z
1
Length 31 Sequence
Cyclic Shift based on
N
ID
(1)
s
0
s
1
c
1
and z
1
c
0
(m
0
) (m
1
)
(m
0
)
(m
1
) (m
0
)
(m
1
)
Scrambling sequence c
0
and c
1
based on N
ID
(2)
Scrambling
sequence z
Subframe 0 Subframe 5
62 interleaved
bits
The concatenated sequence is scrambled with a scrambling sequence given by the primary
synchronization signal.
2.8 Downlink Reference Signals
Unlike other systems, the LTE air interface does not employ a frame preamble. Instead it
utilizes various RS (Reference Signals) to facilitate coherent demodulation, channel
estimation, channel quality measurements and timing synchronization etc. Fundamentally
there are three types of downlink reference signals:
Cell Specific (non-MBSFN).
MBSFN (MBMS over Single Frequency Network).
UE Specific.
2.8.1 Cell Specific Reference Signals
In LTE, the cell specific reference signals are arranged in a two dimensional lattice of time
and frequency. This has been done so that they are equidistant and therefore provides a
minimum mean squared error estimate for the channel. In addition, the spacing in time
between the Reference Symbols is an important factor for channel estimation and relates to
the maximum Doppler spread supported, i.e. speed. In LTE, this works out at 2 Reference
symbols per slot.
The spacing in the frequency domain is also an important factor, as this relates to the expected
coherent bandwidth and delay spread of the channel. In LTE there is a 6 subcarrier separation
of reference signals, however these are staggered in time such that they appear every 3
subcarriers.
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One Antenna Port Configuration
The location of the RSs is dependent on the number of antennas and use of a Normal CP or
Extended CP. Figure 2-37 illustrates the two options.
Figure 2-37 Reference Signals - One Antenna Port
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Antenna Port 0
R
R
R
R
R
R
Antenna Port 0
R
R
Normal CP Extended CP
This is used for a single TX (Transmit) antenna. The reference signals are transmitted during
the first and fifth OFDM symbols of each slot when the normal CP is used and during the first
and fourth OFDM symbols when the extended CP is used.
Cell ID Offset
It is worth noting that the position of the reference signals is dependent on the value of the
Physical Cell ID. As such, the system performs a calculation (Physical Cell ID mod 6) to
determine the correct offset. Figure 2-38 illustrates two cells, each producing a different
offset.
Figure 2-38 Reference Signal Physical Cell ID Offset
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Physical Cell ID = 0
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Physical Cell ID = 8
RS position is
based on Physical
Cell ID (Physical
Cell ID mod 6)
eNB eNB
Two Antenna Port Configuration
LTE is designed to operate with multiple transmit antennas for MIMO, or Transmit Diversity.
The concept of reference signals is used to define different patterns for multiple antenna ports.
Figure 2-39 illustrates the concept for two antennas. The RS pattern corresponding to a given
antenna port enables the device to derive channel estimation.
Figure 2-39 Reference Signals - Two Antenna Ports (Normal CP)
x R
R x
x R
R x
x R
R x
x R
R x
R x
x R
R x
x R
R x
x R
R x
x R
R RSsymbol for antenna port 0
R RSsymbol for antenna port 1
Antenna Port 0 Antenna Port 1
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Whilst Reference Symbols are transmitted on one antenna, the other antennas resource element is null.
In addition, like the single antenna port configuration the location of the reference signals is offset based
on the Physical Cell ID.
Four Antenna Port Configuration
LTE supports up to four cell-specific antenna ports (0 to 3). As such, the device is required to
derive up to four separate channel estimates. Figure 2-40 illustrates the configuration for four
antenna ports.
Figure 2-40 Reference Signals - Four Antenna Ports (Normal CP)
x R
R x
x R
R x
x R
R x
x R
R x
R x
x R
R x
x R
R x
x R
R x
x R
x
R
x
R
R
x
R
x
x
R
x
R
Antenna Port 0 Antenna Port 1 Antenna Port 2 Antenna Port 3
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x R
R
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
R RSsymbol for antenna port 2
R RSsymbol for antenna port 3
R RSsymbol for antenna port 0
R RSsymbol for antenna port 1
Antenna port 2 and antenna port 3 both have a reduced number of reference symbols.
This is to reduce the reference signal overhead. It does also have a negative impact on the
system since the lack of reference signals will mean that in high mobility, i.e. fast channel
variations, the channel estimation will not be as accurate. This however can be offset by the
fact that spatial multiplexing MIMO with 4 antennas will mostly be performed in low
mobility scenarios. In addition, like the single antenna port configuration the location of the
reference signals is offset based on the Physical Cell ID.
2.8.2 MBSFN Reference Signals
The LTE system also defines a set of reference signal for MBSFN. This is referred to as
antenna port 4. Figure 2-41 illustrates the two MBSFN reference signal configurations, one
for 15kHz and one for 7.5kHz.
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Figure 2-41 MBSFN Reference Signals
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Extended CP
15kHz
Slot
Subframe
R R
R
R R
R
R R
R
Extended CP
7.5kHz
Subframe
R R
R
R R
R
R R
R
R
R
2.8.3 UE Specific Reference Signals
UE specific reference signals are supported for single antenna port transmission on the
PDSCH and are transmitted on antenna port 5. It is typically used for beamforming when
non-codebook based precoding is applied.
Figure 2-42 UE Specific Reference Signals
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Antenna Port 5
R
R
R
R
R
R
Antenna Port 5
R
R
R
R
R
R
Normal CP Extended CP
Since the device has no information on the beamforming attributes applied by the eNB it
needs to estimate these as part of the channel estimation process.
2.9 Downlink LTE Physical Channels
In Release 8 there are five downlink Physical Channels.
2.9.1 PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel)
Along with synchronization information the eNB also schedules a MIB (Master Information
Block) over the logical BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel). This is mapped into the transport
BCH (Broadcast Channel) and ultimately into the PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel).
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Figure 2-43 Broadcast Signaling
B
C
C
H
(B
ro
ad
cast In
fo
rm
atio
n
)
eNB
UE
The coded BCH TB (Transport Block) is mapped into four subframes within a 40ms interval.
This 40ms timing is blindly detected by the UE and the information within the subframe is
assumed to be self decodable. This means that it is not dependent on information in
subsequent transmissions of Transport Blocks on the PBCH. The PBCH is located in 4
symbols of slot 1 only (symbols 0, 1, 2 and 3).
Figure 2-44 MIB to PBCH Mapping (FDD and Normal CP)
MIB
S
y
s
t
e
m
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
CRC
Channel Coding
Rate Matching
Scrambling
Modulation
Layer Mapping
Precoding
Mapping to REs
10ms Frame
PBCH
Only the MIB is carried in the PBCH, other SIB (System Information Blocks) are sent using the
PDSCH.
Section 2.11.4 discusses the LTE SI (System Information) messages and scheduling options.
2.9.2 PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel)
The PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel) is used to inform the UE about the
number of OFDM symbols used for the PDCCH in a subframe. This channel consists of
32bits which are cell-specific and scrambled prior to modulation and mapping.
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Table 2-10 CFI Mapping
CFI Value Number of OFDM Symbols Assigned to PDCCH
N >
DL
RB
10 N s
DL
RB
10
1 1 2
2 2 3
3 3 4
The control area within a PRB is grouped into multiple REG (Resource Element Group), with
one REG containing four Resource Elements. It is worth noting that the REG does not use
Resource Elements assigned to Reference Signals.
Figure 2-45 CFI to PCFICH Mapping
N
RB
DL
CFI OFDM Symbols
allocated to
PDCCH
Channel Coding
(Block1/16)
Scrambling
Modulation
Layer Mapping
Precoding
Mapping to REs
k
PCFICH
Reserved RSs
k = (N
sc
/2)(N
ID
mod 2N
RB
)
k = k
k = k + N
RB
)/2 N
sc
/2
k = k + 2N
RB
)/2 N
sc
/2
k = k + 3N
RB
)/2 N
sc
/2
RB
DL
DL RB
DL
DL
RB
RB
Cell
The PCFICH requires four REGs, i.e. 16 Resource Elements, which are distributed over the
channel bandwidth. The location of these varies depending on the system bandwidth (N
SC
RB
)
and the N
ID
cell
. Figure 2-45 illustrates the processes involved in mapping the CFI (Control
Format Indicator) to the correct REGs. In addition, the calculations required are also
illustrated. Table 2-11 illustrates the CFI codewords which are mapped to the PCFICH. These
can change every subframe, i.e. 1ms.
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Table 2-11 CFI Codewords
CFI CFI Codeword < b0, b1, , b31 >
1 <0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1>
2 <1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0>
3 <1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1>
4 (Reserved) <0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0>
Since there are 2bits, i.e. four combinations, coded to 32bits the result is 1/16 Block Coding.
2.9.3 PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel)
The PDCCH control area size is defined by the PCFICH, i.e. 1, 2 or 3 OFDM symbols. The
PDCCH carries scheduling assignments and other control information. Figure 2-46 illustrates
the downlink control region. In addition, it shows how the size of the region can vary per
subframe.
Figure 2-46 FDD Downlink Control Region
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Frame - 10ms
5
M
H
z
(
2
5
R
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
B
l
o
c
k
s
)
Downlink
Control
Region
In TDD the control regions are only available on the downlink subframes and the DwPTS.
The PDCCH is transmitted on an aggregation of one or several consecutive CCE (Control
Channel Element), where a CCE corresponds to nine REGs. The number of REGs not
assigned to PCFICH or PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel) is N
REG
. The CCEs
available in the system are numbered from 0 and N
CCE
-1, where N
CCE
= N
REG
/ 9. The
PDCCH supports multiple formats, these include:
PDCCH Format 0 - This consist of one CCE.
PDCCH Format 1 - This consist of two CCE.
PDCCH Format 2 - This consist of four CCE.
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PDCCH Format 3 - This consist of eight CCE.
Figure 2-47 illustrates the PDCCH mapping process.
Figure 2-47 REG to CCE and PDCCH Mapping
PDCCH
REG
CCE (9 x REG)
PDCCH PDCCH
Resource Element
1, 2, 4 or
8 CCEs
PDCCH Mapping
Figure 2-48 illustrates the concept of mapping the PDCCH to REGs. It assumes that the
PCFICH indicated 2 symbols, as well as two antennas and one PHICH. The numbers in the
control region relate to the grouping of REs into a REG.
Figure 2-48 PDCCH to Control Region Mapping
0
0
x 0 R
0
1
R 1 x
1
1
x 2 R
2
2
R 2 x
x R
R x
x R
R x
3 4
3 4
x 4 R
3 4
5
R 5 x
6 5
6 5
x 7 R
6 7
6 7
R 7 x
x R
R x
x R
R x
3
PDCCH #0 PDCCH #N
REG
Interleaving and Cyclic
Shift based on N
ID
REG
cell
R
B
R
B
PCFICH
PHICH
Each control channel carries downlink or uplink scheduling information for one MAC
identity, namely a C-RNTI (Cell - Radio Network Temporary Identifier). This is implicitly
encoded in the CRC.
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There are various rules governing when a PDCCH can start in a subframe. Effectively there is
a tree based method to the aggregation of CCE, these include:
1 - CCE - these start on any CCE position (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...).
2 - CCE - these start every second location (0, 2, 4, 6, ...).
4 - CCE - these start on every fourth (0, 4, 8, ...).
8 - CCE - these start on every eighth position (0, 8, ...).
Figure 2-49 illustrates how CCEs could be mapped.
Figure 2-49 CCE Allocation Levels
1 CCE Level
2 CCE Level
4 CCE Level
8 CCE Level
Utilization
Search Spaces
The set of PDCCH candidates to monitor are defined in terms of search spaces. The diagram
illustrates the concept of search spaces and the relationship to the CCEs.
Figure 2-50 Common and UE-Specific Search Spaces
0 1 2 3 4 5 9 7 6 8
Common Search Space UE-specific Search Space
1 - CCE
2 - CCE
4 - CCE
8 - CCE
CCE
Candidate
Aggregation Set
for Common
Control
Candidate
Aggregation Set
for UE-specific
Control
There are two types of search spaces, namely common and UE specific. The common search
space corresponds to CCEs 0-15 at two levels:
4-CCE - CCEs 0-3, 4-7, 8-11, 12-15.
8-CCE - CCEs 0-7, 8-15.
These are monitored by all UEs in the cell and can be used for any PDCCH signaling. In
addition, a UE must monitor one UE specific search space at each of the aggregation levels 1,
2, 4 and 8. This may overlap with the common control search space. The location of the
UE-specific search space is based on the C-RNTI (Cell - Radio Network Temporary Identity).
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The number of available CCEs in a cell is dependent on a number of attributes including:
Bandwidth.
Number of antenna ports.
PHICH configuration.
PCFICH value (1, 2 or 3).
2.9.4 PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel)
The PHICH carries HARQ (Hybrid ARQ) ACK/NAKs and is transmitted in PHICH groups. A
PHICH group consists of up to eight ACK/NACK processes and requires three REGs for
transmission. Each PHICH within the same PHICH group is separated through different
orthogonal sequences.
There are two PHICH frame formats:
Frame structure type 1 - the number of PHICH groups remains constant.
Frame structure type 2 (TDD) - the number of PHICH groups may vary between
downlink subframes; this is achieved through different configuration formats.
The amount of PHICH resources (Ng) is signaled on the PBCH, as part of the MIB. Figure
2-51 illustrates how the number of PHICH groups is calculated using this parameter.
Figure 2-51 PHICH Mapping
DL
group
N
PHICH
N
g
(N
RB
/8)
DL
N
g
(N
RB
/8)
2
For normal CP
For extended CP
Where: N
g
= 1/6, , 1 or 2
ACK/
NACK
Repetition 1/3
Modulation
Orthogonal Sequence
Scrambling
Layer Mapping
Precoding
Group 0
PHICH
Mapping
Equation
Up to eight
ACK/NACK per
PHICH Group
PCFICH
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Normal and Extended PHICH
It is worth noting that the different REGs belonging to a PHICH group may be transmitted on
different symbols.
Figure 2-52 Extended PHICH Example
Subframe
5
M
H
z
(
2
5
R
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
B
l
o
c
k
s
)
Extended
PHICH
Normal
PHICH
2.9.5 PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel)
The PDSCH is used to send various Transport Channels, such as the PCH and DL-SCH.
Figure 2-53 illustrates PDSCH mapping for one subframe. In this example the PDSCH
symbols are mapped, avoiding the control region and symbols reserved for reference signals.
Figure 2-53 Generic PDSCH Mapping
x
R
x
R
x R
R x
x R
R x
x
R
x
R x
x R
R x
x R
R x
R
x
R
x
R
x
R
PDSCH
Symbol
Mapping
PDSCH
Symbols
Subframe
Reserved for
Control
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2.10 Downlink Control Signaling
The LTE system uses a set of DCI (Downlink Control Information) messages to convey
control and scheduling information to devices. The set of Downlink Control Information
messages is defined LTE Release 8. Note that future releases could include additional formats.
Table 2-12 illustrates the DCI Formats.
Table 2-12 DCI Formats
DCI Format Usage
0 Scheduling of PUSCH
1 Scheduling of one PDSCH codeword
1A Compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword and random access
procedure initiated by a PDCCH order
1B Compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword with precoding
information (Rank-1 transmission)
1C Very compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword
1D Compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword with precoding and
power offset information (multi-user MIMO)
2 Scheduling PDSCH to UEs configured in closed-loop spatial
multiplexing MIMO
2A Scheduling PDSCH to UEs configured in open-loop spatial
multiplexing MIMO
3 Transmission of TPC (Transmit Power Control) commands for
PUCCH and PUSCH with 2-bit power adjustments
3A Transmission of TPC (Transmit Power Control) commands for
PUCCH and PUSCH with 1-bit power adjustments
DCI formats 0, 1A, 3, and 3A have the same payload size.
The size of the DCI format depends on its function, as well as the system bandwidth. There
are various rules associated with the formatting of the DCI messages. As such, padding is
typically added to ensure the rules are met.
2.10.1 DCI Format 0
This is used when scheduling the PUSCH. The following information is sent:
Flag for format0/format1A differentiation - 1 bit, where value 0 indicates format 0 and
value 1 indicates format 1A.
Hopping flag.
Resource block assignment and hopping resource allocation.
Modulation and coding scheme and redundancy version.
New data indicator.
TPC command for scheduled PUSCH.
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Cyclic shift for DM RS.
UL index - This field is present only for TDD operation with uplink-downlink
configuration 0.
DAI (Downlink Assignment Index) - This field is present only for TDD operation with
uplink-downlink configurations 1-6.
CQI Request.
2.10.2 DCI Format 1
This is used when scheduling one PDSCH codeword. The following information is sent:
Resource allocation header (resource allocation type 0 / type 1).
Resource block assignment.
Modulation and coding scheme.
HARQ process number.
New data indicator.
Redundancy version.
TPC command for PUCCH.
Downlink Assignment Index - This field is present in TDD.
It is important that the size of a DCI format 1 message does not match other DCI messages. If
the number of information bits in DCI format 1 is equal to that for format 0/1A, one zero is
added. In addition, if the number of information bits in DCI format 1 belongs to one of the
sizes in Table 2-13, one or more zeros can be added.
Table 2-13 DCI Ambiguous Sizes of Information Bits
Ambiguous Sizes of Information Bits
12, 14, 16 ,20, 24, 26, 32, 40, 44, 56
2.10.3 DCI Format 1A
This is used for compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword and random access procedure
initiated by a PDCCH order.
When used for the random access procedure initiated by a PDCCH order the CRC is
scrambled with C-RNTI and the following information is sent:
Flag for format0/format1A differentiation - 1 bit, where value 0 indicates format 0 and
value 1 indicates format 1A.
Localized/Distributed VRB assignment flag - This is 1 bit and set to 0.
Resource block assignment - all bits are set to 1.
Preamble Index.
PRACH Mask Index.
All the remaining bits are set to zero.
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Otherwise, when used for compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword the following
information is sent:
Flag for format0/format1A differentiation - 1 bit, where value 0 indicates format 0 and
value 1 indicates format 1A.
Localized/distributed VRB (Virtual Resource Block) assignment flag.
Resource block assignment (localized VRB /distributed VRB).
Modulation and coding scheme.
HARQ process number.
New data indicator.
Redundancy version.
TPC command for PUCCH.
Downlink Assignment Index - This is present in TDD and is applicable to TDD
configurations 1-6.
Like format 0, various rules apply to the size of the message, such that zeros may need to be
inserted. In addition, depending on the channel usage, i.e. the CRC is scrambled with random
access, paging or system information RNTIs, certain fields may be reserved.
2.10.4 DCI Format 1B
This is used for compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword with precoding information
(Rank-1 transmission). The message contains the following information:
Localized/Distributed VRB assignment flag.
Resource block assignment - different for localized and distributed VRB.
Modulation and coding scheme.
HARQ process number.
New data indicator.
Redundancy version.
TPC command for PUCCH.
Downlink Assignment Index - This is present in TDD and is applicable to TDD
configurations 1-6.
TPMI information for precoding - The TPMI (Transmitted Precoding Matrix Indicator)
information indicates which codebook index is used corresponding to the single-layer
transmission.
PMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) confirmation for precoding - This indicates whether
precoding is based on the indicated TPMI or on the latest PMI report sent on the
PUSCH.
If the number of information bits in format 1B belongs to one of the sizes in Table 2-13, one
zero bit is added.
2.10.5 DCI Format 1C
This is used for very compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword. The messages include:
Gap value - This indicates if
gap,1
N or
gap,2
N is to be utilized.
Resource block assignment.
Transport block size index.
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2.10.6 DCI Format 1D
This is used for compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword with precoding and power
offset information. The following information is sent:
Localized/Distributed VRB assignment flag.
Resource block assignment.
Modulation and coding scheme.
HARQ process number - the size of this varies depending on FDD or TDD mode.
New data indicator.
Redundancy version.
TPC command for PUCCH.
Downlink Assignment Index - This is present in TDD and is applicable to TDD
configurations 1-6.
TPMI information for precoding.
Downlink power offset - This is required for multi-user MIMO scheduling in the
downlink.
If the number of information bits in format 1D belongs to one of the sizes in Table 2-13, one
zero bit is added.
2.10.7 DCI Format 2
This is used for scheduling PDSCH to UEs configured in closed-loop SM (Spatial
Multiplexing). The concept of MIMO and SM is discussed in Section 2.22 .
The following information is sent as part of DCI format 2:
Resource allocation header - This indicates resource allocation type 0 or type 1.
Resource block assignment - This is for type 0 or 1 information.
TPC command for PUCCH.
Downlink Assignment Index - This is present in TDD and is applicable to TDD
configurations 1-6.
HARQ process number - the size of this varies depending on FDD or TDD mode.
Transport block to codeword swap flag - This determines the transport block to
codeword mapping. However, if one of the transport blocks is disabled the mapping is
different.
For the first Transport Block:
Modulation and coding scheme.
New data indicator.
Redundancy version.
For the second Transport Block:
Modulation and coding scheme.
New data indicator.
Redundancy version.
Precoding information - This is either 3bits or 6bits depending on the number of antenna
ports.
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2.10.8 DCI Format 2A
This is for scheduling PDSCH to UEs configured in open-loop spatial multiplexing MIMO,
i.e. without PMI feedback. The format of DCI format 2A is the same as format 2, except that
the precoding information parameter is not used for 2 antenna ports (0 bits) and carries
transmission rank information (2bits) if 4 antenna ports are used.
Table 2-14 Precoding Information Field for 4 Antenna Ports (Open Loop)
One codeword: Codeword 0 enabled,
Codeword 1 disabled
Two codewords: Codeword 0 enabled,
Codeword 1 enabled
Bit field
mapped to
index
Message Bit field
mapped
to index
Message
0 4 layers: Transmit diversity 0 2 layers: precoder cycling with
large delay CDD
1 2 layers: precoder cycling
with large delay CDD
1 3 layers: precoder cycling with
large delay CDD
2 Reserved 2 4 layers: precoder cycling with
large delay CDD
3 Reserved 3 Reserved
2.10.9 DCI Format 3
DCI format 3 is for the transmission of TPC (Transmit Power Control) commands for
PUCCH and PUSCH with 2-bit power adjustments. The following information is transmitted:
TPC command number 1, TPC command number 2,, TPC command number N,
where:
(
=
2
0 format
L
N ,
The parameter
0 format
L is equal to the payload size of format 0 before CRC attachment.
A power control parameter, namely tpc-Index, is provided by higher layers. This is utilized by
the mobile to determine the index to the TPC command for a given UE. Power control is
discussed in Section 2.19 .
2.10.10 DCI Format 3A
Transmission of TPC (Transmit Power Control) commands for PUCCH and PUSCH with
1-bit power adjustments. The following information is transmitted by means of the DCI
format 3A:
TPC command number 1, TPC command number 2,, TPC command number M -
where
0 format
L M = , and where
0 format
L is equal to the payload size of format 0
before CRC attachment.
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2.11 LTE Cell Search Procedure
The LTE device needs to perform an LTE Attach procedure, i.e. transition from the LTE
Detached to LTE Active State, to connect to the EPC (Evolved Packet Core) and ultimately
services.
Figure 2-54 Initial Procedures
Power On Cell Search
PLMN/Cell
Selection
RACH
Process
Downlink Synchronization
Complete
Uplink Synchronization
Complete
In order to access a cell the device must find and synchronize to the cell. It is then able to
decode the System Information messages and perform PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
and Cell Selection. Once this has been completed, the device is in a position to access the cell
and establish a RRC connection, i.e. a SRB (Signaling Radio Bearer).
2.11.1 Cell Search
The downlink in LTE is based on scalable OFDMA with channels ranging from 1.4MHz to
20MHz (Note that not all bandwidths are available at the different frequency bands). Initially
the UE is unaware of the downlink configuration of the cell, unless it has stored information
from when it was previously attached. Assuming no information, the synchronization process
must be quick and concise. Figure 2-55 illustrates the location of the PSS and SSS.
Figure 2-55 PSS and SSS for Cell Search (FDD Mode)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Frame - 10ms
5MHz (25
Resource
Blocks)
PSS
SSS
PBCH
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In order for the UE to identify the cell and synchronize with the downlink transmission, the
eNB sends synchronization signals over the centre 72 sub-carriers. For FDD mode (using a
normal CP) this is in the first and sixth subframes of each downlink frame.
These synchronization signals comprise of the PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal) and
SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signal). Together they enable the UE to become downlink
synchronized and identify the Physical Cell Identity. There are 504 unique physical cell
identities, divided into 168 cell identity groups each containing three cell identities (sectors).
Figure 2-56 Physical Cell Identities
eNB
eNB
eNB
PSS - One of 3 Identities
SSS - One of 168
Group Identities
504 Unique Cell
Identities
The Physical Cell ID is able to be reused based on the cell and frequency reuse mechanism employed.
2.11.2 PSS Correlation
The device cross correlates 3 possible PSSs with the received signal. Figure 2-57 illustrates
the cross correlation results. In this example PSS
1
is found.
Figure 2-57 PSS Correlation
Subframe
Correlation
PSS
0
PSS
1
PSS
2
At this stage the cell identity within the group is known. In addition, the location of the SSS is
also known because it occupies the previous OFDM symbol (FDD mode). However, at this
stage the frame synchronization is not known since subframe 0 and 5 both utilize the same
PSS sequence.
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2.11.3 SSS Correlation
As previously discussed in Section 2.7 the sequence used for the second synchronization
signal is an interleaved concatenation of two length-31 binary sequences. The concatenated
sequence is scrambled with a scrambling sequence given by the primary synchronization
signal.
The combination of two length-31 sequences defining the secondary synchronization signal
differs between subframe 0 and subframe 5 according to:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
= +
=
5 subframe in ) (
0 subframe in ) (
) 1 2 (
5 subframe in ) (
0 subframe in ) (
) 2 (
) (
1 1
) (
0
) (
1 1
) (
1
0
) (
1
0
) (
0
1 0
0 1
1
0
n z n c n s
n z n c n s
n d
n c n s
n c n s
n d
m m
m m
m
m
where 30 0 s s n .
The indices
0
m and
1
m are derived from the Physical Layer cell identity group
(1)
ID
N and
are shown in Table 2-9.
The references to the m-sequences include:
The two sequences ) (
) (
0
0
n s
m
and ) (
) (
1
1
n s
m
are defined as two different cyclic shifts of
the m-sequence ) (
~
n s .
The two scrambling sequences ) (
0
n c and ) (
1
n c depend on the primary
synchronization signal and are defined by two different cyclic shifts of the m-sequence
) (
~
n c .
The scrambling sequences ) (
) (
1
0
n z
m
and ) (
) (
1
1
n z
m
are defined by a cyclic shift of the
m-sequence ) (
~
n z .
Figure 2-58 illustrates the correlation of the SSS. Note that the device is
monitoring/processing a number of different SSS possibilities, i.e. more than the two shown.
Figure 2-58 SSS Correlation Example
Subframe
SSS
SSS
Cyclic Shift based
on Cell ID and
Subframe (0 or 5)
Device can
identify Cell ID
and frame timing
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2.11.4 Master Information Block
Once the device has decoded the PSS and SSS it is able to:
Decode cell specific Reference Signals (since their location is based on the Physical Cell
ID).
Perform channel estimation procedures.
Decode the PBCH which carries the MIB (Master Information Block).
The MIB repeats every 40ms and uses a 40ms TTI (Time Transmission Interval), i.e. the
message is interleaved over 4 frames. The MIB transmission is aligned to the SFN (System
Frame Number) such that it starts when SFN mod 4 = 0.
Figure 2-59 PBCH and the Master Information Block
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
N
RB
Frame
MIB (Master Information Block)
DL-Bandwidth (6, 15, 25, 50, 75, 100)
PHICH Configuration (Ng and Normal/Extended)
System Frame Number
The MIB is always transmitted in subframe 0. The MIB carries three very important bits of
information. It indicates the downlink bandwidth, i.e. 6, 15, 25, 50, 75 or 100 Resource
Blocks. This enables the device to know where it should be looking (subcarriers) for the
downlink control information. In addition, the PHICH configuration parameter is included.
This indicates that Ng is equal to 1/6, 1/2, 1 or 2 and whether Normal or Extended
PHICH mode is being used. These are used by the device to determine the number of PHICH
groups configured on the cell and their location. Finally, the SFN is also included.
In addition, the PBCH is layer mapped and precoded. As such, the PBCH can employ transmit
diversity over multiple antennas ports.
Based on the MIB the UE is able to decode the PCFICH. This identifies the number of OFDM
symbols assigned to the downlink control region in the subframe.
2.11.5 System Information Messages
Limited system information is sent on the MIB. As such additional SIB (System Information
Block) messages are required. SIBs, other than SIB 1 (System Information Block Type1), are
carried in System Information messages which are then transmitted on the DL-SCH
(Downlink - Shared Channel) based on various system parameters. SIB 1 is slightly different
in that it has predefined rules on how it may be sent.
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System Information Block Type 1
System Information Block Type 1 contains key information about the cell and network. In
addition, it defines the scheduling window for the other System Information messages. SIB1
is transmitted on subframe 5 when SFN mod 8=0. It is also repeated in subframe 5 when SFN
mod 2=0. This is illustrated in Figure 2-60.
Figure 2-60 System Information Block Type 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
N
RB
Frame
SIB1 (System Information Block Type 1)
PLMN Identity List
Tracking Area Code
E-CGI (Evolved Cell Global Identity)
Cell Barred Indication
Intra Frequency Reselection
CSG Indication
CSG Identity
Qrxlevminoffset
P-Max
Frequency Band Indicator
Scheduling Info List
SIB Window Length (1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 40ms)
System Info Value Tag
Repetitions are scheduled in subframe #5 of all
other radio frames for which SFN mod 2 = 0
The main information in SIB1 includes:
PLMN Identity List - This is a list of PLMN identities. The first listed PLMN-Identity is
the primary PLMN.
Tracking Area Code - This is a TAC (Tracking Area Code) that is common for all the
PLMNs listed.
E-CGI - This is a 28bit cell identifier.
Cell Barred Indication.
Intra Frequency Reselection - This is used to control cell reselection to intra-frequency
cells when the highest ranked cell is barred, or treated as barred by the UE.
CSG Indication - if set to TRUE, the UE CSG (Closed Subscriber Group) identity
needs to match.
CSG Identity - This is the identity of the Closed Subscriber Group within the primary
PLMN the cell belongs to.
Qrxlevminoffset - This affects the minimum required Rx level in the cell.
P-Max - This is part of the cell selection process.
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Frequency Band Indicator.
SI Periodicity Mapping Information - This denotes a value in radio frames: rf8, rf16,
rf32, rf64, rf128, rf256, rf512 and is used to calculate the occurrence of messages.
SIB Window Length - This is a common SI scheduling window for all SIB and indicates
1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 or 40ms.
System Info Value Tag - Common for all SIBs other than MIB, SIB1, SIB10 and SIB11.
Acquisition of an SI Message
When acquiring an SI message, the UE performs various calculations to determine the start of
the SI-window for the concerned SI message:
For the concerned SI message, determine the number n which corresponds to the order of
entry in the list of SI messages configured by schedulingInfoList in
SystemInformationBlockType1.
Determine the integer value x = (n 1)*w, where w is the si-WindowLength.
The SI-window starts at the subframe #a, where a = x mod 10, in the radio frame for
which SFN mod T = FLOOR(x/10), where T is the si-Periodicity of the concerned SI
message.
In order to identify the scheduling of SI messages the UE looks for the SI-RNTI (System
Information - Radio Network Temporary Identifier) on the PDCCH.
Figure 2-61 Example of SI Mapping
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 8
SIB1 (System Information Block Type 1)
.
SI-Window=5ms
Scheduling Info List
- SI1 {rf8, SIB3, SIB4, SIB5}
- SI2 {rf16, SIB6, SIB7, SIB8, SIB9}
SI1 {rf8, SIB3, SIB4, SIB5}
SI2 {rf16, SIB6, SIB7, SIB8, SIB9}
SFN
E-UTRAN should configure an SI-window of 1 ms only if all SIs are scheduled before subframe #5 in
radio frames for which SFN mod 2 = 0.
System Information Block Type 2
System Information Block Type 2 contains radio resource configuration information that is
common for all UEs. This includes detailed information on the access channels and paging
channels.
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Figure 2-62 System Information Block Type 2
SIB2 (System Information Block Type 2)
Access Class Information
Uplink Carrier Frequency
UL Bandwidth
MBSFN Configuration Information
System Information Block Type 3
System Information Block Type 3 contains cell reselection information common for
intra-frequency, inter-frequency and/or inter-RAT cell reselection (i.e. applicable for more
than one type of cell reselection but not necessarily all), as well as intra-frequency cell
reselection information other than that which is neighbor cell related.
Figure 2-63 System Information Block Type 3
SIB3 (System Information Block Type 3)
Cell Reselection Information
Q-Hyst
Speed State Reselection Parameters
Q-Hyst Speed SF (Scaling Factor)
Treselection EUTRA
Treselection EUTRA SF
S Intra Search
Cell Reselection Serving Freq Info
S-Non-Intra Search Info
Threshold Serving Low Value
Intra Freq Cell Reselection Info
p-Max
Allowed Measurement Bandwidth
System Information Block Type 4
System Information Block Type 4 contains neighboring cell related information relevant only
for intra-frequency cell reselection. It includes cells with specific reselection parameters and
blacklisted cells.
Figure 2-64 System Information Block Type 4
SIB4 (System Information Block Type 4)
Intra Freq Neighbour Cell List
q-OffsetCell
Intra Freq Black Cell List
CSG Physical Cell Id Range
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System Information Block Type 5
System Information Block Type 5 contains information relevant only for inter-frequency cell
reselection i.e. information about other E-UTRA frequencies and inter-frequency neighboring
cells relevant for cell reselection. It includes cell reselection parameters common for a
frequency as well as cell specific reselection parameters.
Figure 2-65 System Information Block Type 5
SIB5 (System Information Block Type 5)
Inter Frequency Carrier Freq List
Inter Frequency Carrier Freq Info
Inter Frequency Neighbour Cell List
Inter Frequency Neighbour Cell Info
Inter Frequency Black Cell List
Inter Frequency Black Cell Info
System Information Block Type 6
System Information Block Type 6 contains information relevant only for inter-RAT cell
reselection i.e. information about UTRA frequencies and UTRA neighboring cells relevant for
cell reselection. It includes cell reselection parameters common for a frequency as well as cell
specific reselection parameters.
Figure 2-66 System Information Block Type 6
SIB6 (System Information Block Type 6)
Carrier Frequency List UTRA
UTRA Reselection Information
System Information Block Type 7
The System Information Block Type 7 contains information relevant only for inter-RAT cell
reselection i.e. information about GERAN frequencies relevant for cell reselection. It includes
cell reselection parameters for each frequency.
Figure 2-67 System Information Block Type 7
SIB7 (System Information Block Type 7)
Carrier Frequency List GERAN
GERAN Reselection Information
System Information Block Type 8
The System Information Block Type 8 contains information relevant only for inter-RAT cell
reselection i.e. information about CDMA2000 frequencies and CDMA2000 neighboring cells
relevant for cell reselection. It includes cell reselection parameters common for a frequency as
well as cell specific reselection parameters.
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Figure 2-68 System Information Block Type 8
SIB8 (System Information Block Type 8)
CDMA2000 Information
System Information Block Type 9
The System Information Block Type 9 contains a HeNB (Home eNB) name.
Figure 2-69 System Information Block Type 9
SIB9 (System Information Block Type 9)
Home eNB Name
System Information Block Type 10 and 11
SIB 10 and SIB 11 are used to send ETWS (Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System)
primary notification and ETWS secondary notification respectfully.
2.11.6 PLMN Selection
The transition from LTE Detached to LTE Active can be used to describe the processes
through which the UE must progress in order to establish a point of attachment within the
Evolved Packet Core and ultimately connect to services. The initial processes including
scanning for downlink and uplink channels and synchronization are passive in that the
information required to achieve this is broadcast from the eNB within the relevant E-UTRAN.
Before the UE can access the network it must first select a suitable PLMN (Public Land
Mobile Network) and then a suitable cell. Services may be available to the user through a
choice of several serving networks in a given location, possibly using different types of Radio
Access Network.
Figure 2-70 PLMN Selection
3G Visited
PLMN
LTE Visited
PLMN
LTE Home
PLMN
eNB
eNB
Node B
PLMN selection
may be initiated
automatically or
manually
eNB may contain
upto 6 PLMN
Identities
UE
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E-UTRA PLMN Selection
In the UE, the Access Stratum reports available PLMNs to the NAS on request from the NAS
or autonomously. During PLMN selection, based on the list of PLMN identities in priority
order, the particular PLMN may be selected either automatically or manually. Each PLMN in
the list of PLMN identities is identified by a 'PLMN identity'. In the system information on
the broadcast channel, the UE can receive one or multiple 'PLMN identity' in a given cell.
The UE scans all RF channels in the E-UTRA bands according to its capabilities to find
available PLMNs. On each carrier, the UE searches for the strongest cell and read its system
information, in order to find out which PLMN(s) the cell belongs to. If the UE can read one or
several PLMN identities in the strongest cell, each found PLMN is reported to the NAS as a
high quality PLMN (but without the RSRP value), provided that the following high quality
criterion is fulfilled:
For an E-UTRAN cell, the measured RSRP value is greater than or equal to -110 dBm.
Found PLMNs that do not satisfy the high quality criterion, but for which the UE has been
able to read the PLMN identities are reported to the NAS together with the RSRP value. The
quality measure reported by the UE to NAS is the same for each PLMN found in one cell.
Note that the UE may optimize the PLMN search by using stored information e.g. carrier
frequencies and optionally also information on cell parameters from previously received
measurement control information elements.
NAS PLMN Selection
The UE utilizes all the information stored in the USIM (Universal Subscriber Identity
Module) related to the PLMN selection; e.g. "HPLMN (Home PLMN) Selector with Access
Technology", "Operator controlled PLMN Selector with Access Technology", "User
Controlled PLMN Selector with Access Technology", "Forbidden PLMNs", "Equivalent
HPLMN". Note that these are the same for UMTS PLMN selection.
The PLMN/access technology combinations are listed in priority order. If no particular access
technology is indicated in an entry, the UE assumes that all access technologies supported by
the UE apply. In addition, the UE stores a list of EHPLMN (Equivalent HPLMN). This list is
replaced or deleted as part of various EMM Procedures. The stored list consists of a list of
equivalent PLMNs as downloaded by the network plus the PLMN code of the registered
PLMN that downloaded the list. All PLMNs in the stored list, in all access technologies
supported by the PLMN, are regarded as equivalent to each other for PLMN selection, cell
selection/re-selection and handover.
The UE selects and attempts registration on other PLMN/access technology combinations, if
available and allowable, in the following order:
Either the HPLMN (if the EHPLMN list is not present or is empty) or the highest priority
EHPLMN that is available (if the EHPLMN list is present).
Each PLMN/access technology combination in the "User Controlled PLMN Selector
with Access Technology" data file in the SIM (in priority order).
Each PLMN/access technology combination in the "Operator Controlled PLMN Selector
with Access Technology" data file in the SIM (in priority order).
Other PLMN/access technology combinations with received high quality signal in
random order.
Other PLMN/access technology combinations in order of decreasing signal quality.
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Once the UE NAS has selected a PLMN, the cell selection procedure can be performed in
order to select a suitable cell of that PLMN to camp on.
2.11.7 Cell Selection
For LTE there are two cell selection procedures supported:
Initial Cell Selection - This is when the UE has no prior knowledge of the cell.
Stored Information Cell Selection - This is when the UE has stored information which is
used to optimize the selection process, i.e. it stored information before it was switched
off.
Once a UE has synchronized with the cell and decoded the necessary System Information
messages, it must camp on it; or one of the surrounding cells. This is achieved through the cell
selection process. The UE is aiming to find the cell which will provide the best quality radio
link between it and the network. Figure 2-71 illustrates the S (Cell Selection) calculation.
Figure 2-71 LTE Cell Selection
Q
rxlevmeas
Q
rxlevmeas
Q
rxlevmeas
UE
eNB
eNB
eNB
S
rxlev
> 0
S
rxlev
= Q
rxlevmeas
- (Q
rxlevmin
+ Q
rxlevminoffset
) - P
compensation
Table 2-15 identifies the parameters used as part of the Cell Selection process.
Table 2-15 Cell Selection Parameters
Parameter Description
Srxlev Cell Selection RX level value (dB).
Qrxlevmeas Measured cell RX level value (RSRP),
where RSRP is defined as the linear average
over the power contributions of the resource
elements that carry cell specific reference
signals within the considered measurement
frequency bandwidth.
Qrxlevmin Minimum required RX level in the cell
(dBm).
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Qrxlevminoffset Offset to the signaled Qrxlevmin taken into
account in the Srxlev evaluation as a result
of a periodic search for a higher priority
PLMN while camped normally in a visited
PLMN.
Pcompensation max (P
EMAX
- P
UMAX
, 0), where P
EMAX
is the
maximum allowed power configured by
higher layers.
P
UMAX
RF output power of the UE (dBm) according
to the UE power class (this may vary
depending on allowed tolerances).
In terms of the radio channel, the UE measures the RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power).
The LTE downlink contains cell specific RS (Reference Signals) which are used for channel
equalization and determining the RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power).
The device calculates the Qrxlevmeas for each cell. It then gathers the related Qrxlevmin and
other parameters from the SI messages (each cell may provide different parameters). Once it
has gathered all the information it is able to calculate Srxlev for each cell.
All cells that return a value of Srxlev greater than zero are considered candidates for selection.
The cell with the most positive value is selected and becomes the camped on cell.
Cell Random Access
Once a UE has selected a cell it performs a random access procedure on the PRACH/RACH.
Section 2.18 details this procedure.
2.12 Uplink Transmission Technique
The uplink in LTE, as previously mentioned, is based on SC-FDMA (Single Carrier -
Frequency Division Multiple Access). This was chosen for its low PAPR (Peak to Average
Power Ratio) and flexibility which reduced complexity in the handset and improved power
performance and battery life. SC-FDMA tries to combine the best characteristics of single
carrier systems like low peak-to-average power ratio, with the advantages of multi carrier
OFDM and as such, is well suited to the LTE uplink requirements.
2.12.1 SC-FDMA Signal Generation
The basic transmitter and receiver architecture is very similar (nearly identical) to OFDM, and
it offers the same degree of multipath protection. Importantly, because the underlying
waveform is essentially single carrier, the PAPR is lower. It is quite difficult to visually
represent SC-FDMA in the time and frequency domain. This section aims to illustrate the
concept. Figure 2-72 illustrates the basic structure of the SC-FDMA process.
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Figure 2-72 SC-FDMA Subcarrier Mapping Concept
Subcarrier
Mapping
DFT IDFT
Symbols
Time Domain Frequency Domain Time Domain
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CP
Insertion
In Figure 2-72 the SC-FDMA signal generation process starts by creating a time domain
waveform of the data symbols to be transmitted. This is then converted into the frequency
domain, using a DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform). DFT length and sampling rate are chosen
so that the signal is fully represented, as well as being spaced 15kHz apart. Each bin
(subcarrier) will have its own fixed amplitude and phase for the duration of the SC-FDMA
symbol. Next the signal is shifted to the desired place in the channel bandwidth using the zero
insertion concept, i.e. subcarrier mapping. Finally, the signal is converted to a single carrier
waveform using an IDFT (Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform) and other functions. Finally a
cyclic prefix can be added. Note that additional functions such as S-P (Serial to Parallel) and
P-S (Parallel to Serial) converters are also required as part of a detailed functional description.
Figure 2-73 illustrates the concept of the DFT, such that a group of N symbols map to N
subcarriers. However depending on the combination of N symbols into the DFT the output
will vary. As such, the actual amplitude and phase of the N subcarriers is like a code word.
For example the first combination represents the first set of symbols. Since the second set of
symbols is different the amplitude and phase of the N subcarriers would then be different.
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Figure 2-73 SC-FDMA Signal Generation
DFT
N symbols sequence
produces N subcarriers
Different input sequence
produces different output
First N Symbols
DFT Output
Modulated and
Coded Symbols
DFT
Second N Symbols
The process at the eNB receiver takes the N subcarriers and reverses the process. This is
achieved using an IDFT (Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform) which effectively reproduces
the original N symbols.
Figure 2-74 illustrates the basic view of how the subcarriers received at the eNB are converted
back into the original signals.
Note that the SC-FDMA symbols have a constant amplitude and phase and like ODFMA, a
CP (Cyclic Prefix) is still required.
Figure 2-74 SC-FDMA and the eNB
N Subcarriers
Time
Power
IDFT
IDFT
Cyclic
Prefix First N Symbols
Second N Symbols
SC-FDMA Signal Generation Equation
The previous diagrams go some way to visualizing the concept of SC-FDMA. However the
true time-continuous signal ( ) t s
l
in SC-FDMA symbol l in an uplink slot is defined by the
equation in Figure 2-75.
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Figure 2-75 Example of the Uplink Signal Generation Equation
( )
( ) ( )
(
=
A +
=
1 2 /
2 /
2 1 2
,
RB
sc
UL
RB
RB
sc
UL
RB
s , CP
) (
N N
N N k
T N t f k j
l k
l
l
e a t s
t
for ( )
s , CP
0 T N N t
l
+ < s where
2
) ( RB
sc
UL
RB
N N k k + =
= '
'
+
1
0
s , CP
) (
l
l
l
T N N within the slot.
2.13 OFDMA Verses SC-FDMA
The main reason SC-FDMA was specified for the uplink was because of its PA (Power
Amplifier) characteristics. Typically, the SC-FDMA signal will operate with a 2-3dB lower
PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio). This makes the system more efficient, thus increasing
the battery life for mobile users. SC-FDMA is also better when it comes to larger cell
coverage.
It must be noted that OFDMA is better in a number of areas, such as Inter-symbol
orthogonality and the ability to provide a more flexible frequency domain scheduling
mechanism. This increases the system performance. In addition, OFDMA is more suitable for
uplink MIMO operation and associated high date rate services.
Table 2-16 highlights three main features and indicates which technology is best suited.
Table 2-16 SC-FDMA verses OFDMA
Feature SC-FDMA OFDMA
Low PAPR Y X
Performance X Y
Uplink MIMO X Y
2.14 Uplink LTE Physical Channels
There are a number of Uplink Physical Channels in LTE. These include:
PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) - This channel carries the Random Access
Preamble. The location of the PRACH is defined by higher layer signaling.
PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) - This channel carries UCI (Uplink Control
Information) such as ACK/NAKs in response to downlink transmission, as well as CQI
(Channel Quality Indicator) reports. It also carries scheduling request indicators and
MIMO codeword feedback.
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PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) - This is the main uplink channel and is used
to carry the UL-SCH (Uplink Shared Channel) Transport Channel. It carries both
signaling and user data, in addition to UCI.
Figure 2-76 Release 8 Uplink Physical Channels
PRACH PUSCH PUCCH
2.14.1 PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel)
The random access procedure is used in various scenarios, including initial access, handover,
or re-establishment. Like other 3GPP systems the random access procedure provides a method
for contention and non-contention based access. The PRACH (Physical Random Access
Channel) includes RA (Random Access) preambles generated from ZC (Zadoff-Chu)
sequences. Figure 2-77 illustrates the basic structure of the PRACH preamble. This is
effectively an OFDM symbol.
Figure 2-77 PRACH Preamble
Sequence CP
T
CP
T
SEQ
Guard Period
Preamble
The Guard Period is required since the eNB does not know when the preambles will arrive.
Figure 2-78 illustrates an example with two UEs. The first is next to the eNB therefore there
is very little delay. In contrast UE B is some distance from the eNB, as such the initial
access preamble is delayed, i.e. there is a round trip delay. The eNB must allocate a large
enough window such that the preambles from UE at the edge of the cell dont arrive outside
of this window.
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Figure 2-78 PRACH Guard Period
Sequence CP
eNB
UE - A
Sequence CP
UE - B
UE - A
UE - B
eNB Access Window
UE B delay
due to distance
PRACH Frame Formats
As well as the position of the PRACH, four PRACH frame formats for FDD are also defined.
These contain a CP (Cyclic Prefix) and Zadoff Chu sequence. The formats are designed to
enable efficient operation in different scenarios. For example, the varying length of CP can be
employed to counter either small or large delay spread effects due to the mobiles position.
Table 2-17 illustrates the different PRACH formats.
Table 2-17 Random Access Preamble Parameters
Preamble
Format
Allocated
Subframes
TSEQ
(Ts)
TCP
(Ts)
TCP (s)
TGT
(Ts)
TGT
(s)
Max.
Delay
Spread
(s)
Max
Cell
Radius
(km)
0 1 24576 3168 103.125 2976 96.875 5.208 14.531
1 2 24576 21024 684.375 15840 515.625 16.666 77.344
2 2 49152 6240 203.125 6048 196.875 5.208 29.531
3 3 49152 21024 684.375 21984 715.625 16.666 102.65
4 (TDD) Special
Frame
4096 448 14.583 576 18.75 16.666 4.375
Format 4 is only available for frame structure type 2 and special subframe configurations with UpPTS
lengths 4384Ts and 5120Ts only.
For FDD format 0, 1 2 or 3 can be configured. Figure 2-79 visualizes the different formats. It
is worth noting that they can occupy more than a subframe and in addition the guard period is
not specified.
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Figure 2-79 PRACH FDD Formats
Format 0
Format 1
Format 2
CP Zadoff Chu Sequence
6
PRB
Subframe 1ms Subframe 1ms
Format 3
The actual PRACH channel utilizes 6 PRBs, i.e. it occupies 1.4MHz of uplink channel
capacity.
For FDD the subcarrier spacing is 1.25kHz and there are 839 subcarriers, whilst TDD utilizes
a 7.5kHz subcarrier spacing and 139 carriers. As such for FDD the duration is 1/T =
1/1.25kHz = 0.8ms.
Figure 2-80 PRACH Configuration
C
P
Subframe
0
Subframe
1
Subframe
2
RB 24
RB 0
ZC
839
Subcarriers
1.25kHz
(6RBs)
PRACH Frequency
Offset (0 to 104
Resource Blocks)
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The exact position of the PRACH is defined in the SI (System Information) messages by
using the PRACH Configuration Index. This is based on a table and can vary from 0 to 63.
Table 2-18 illustrates the first part of the table.
Table 2-18 PRACH Configuration Index
PRACH
Configuration
Index
Preamble
Format
System
Frame
Number
Subframe
Number
0 0 Even 1
1 0 Even 4
2 0 Even 7
3 0 Any 1
4 0 Any 4
5 0 Any 7
6 0 Any 1, 6
7 0 Any 2 ,7
8 0 Any 3, 8
9 0 Any 1, 4, 7
10 0 Any 2, 5, 8
11 0 Any 3, 6, 9
12 0 Any 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
13 0 Any 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
14 0 Any 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9
15 0 Even 9
. . . .
. . . .
63 3 Even 9
PRACH Sequence Generation
The network configures the set of preamble sequences the UE is allowed to use. There are 64
preamble sequences per cell.
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Figure 2-81 PRACH Configuration and Preamble Sequences Per Cell
eNB
Cell has 64
Preamble
Sequences
PRACH-Configuration
Root Sequence Index (0 to 837)
PRACH Configuration Index (0 to 63)
High Speed Flag
Zero Correlation Zone Configuration (0 to 15)
PRACH Frequency Offset (0 to 104)
The random access preamble is generated from Zadoff-Chu sequences. These have key
properties:
Constant Amplitude - This improves the PAPR and increases the amplifier efficiency.
Autocorrelation - This enables the eNB to provide accurate timing.
Cross Correlation - This enables different base sequence cyclic shifts to be used.
Additional mechanisms are required when the cyclic shift is greater than the time
expected for round trip propagation and signal delay spread.
The set of 64 preamble sequences in a cell is found by including first, in the order of
increasing cyclic shift, all the available cyclic shifts of a root Zadoff-Chu sequence with the
logical index RACH_ROOT_SEQUENCE, where RACH_ROOT_SEQUENCE is
broadcasted as part of the System Information.
Additional preamble sequences, in case 64 preambles cannot be generated from a single root
Zadoff-Chu sequence, are obtained from the root sequences with the consecutive logical
indexes until all the 64 sequences are found.
The relation between a logical root sequence index and physical root sequence index u is
defined by various tables and calculations in the 3GPP 36.211 specification - Physical
Channels and Modulation.
The
th
u root Zadoff-Chu sequence is defined by:
( ) 1 0 ,
ZC
) 1 (
ZC
s s =
+
N n e n x
N
n un
j
u
t
where the length
ZC
N of the Zadoff-Chu sequence, e.g. 829 for Format 0. Various rules
apply to identify the chosen set. In addition, the parameter Highspeed-flag is provided by
higher layers and determines if unrestricted set or restricted set is used. The restricted set
adds additional rules on the cyclic shifts that can be used as preambles, i.e. taking Doppler
spread into account.
2.14.2 PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel)
Uplink resource scheduling is performed by the eNB. Note that Section Error! Reference
source not found.provides more information on resource allocation and scheduling. The eNB
utilizes information, e.g. QoS parameters, buffer status, UE capabilities, CQI (Channel
Quality Indicator) measurements, to identify the best scheduling of resources. Like the
downlink, the uplink allocation is multiples of Resource Blocks, each consisting of 12
subcarriers.
The Physical Uplink Shared Channel is the main delivery mechanism for higher layer
Transport Channels. Figure 2-82 illustrates an example of the mapping of PUSCH symbols to
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the Resource Elements. Like the downlink, the uplink also has resource elements reserved for
Reference Signals and control.
Figure 2-82 PUSCH Mapping
PDSCH
Symbol
Mapping
PUSCH
Symbols
Subframe
Reference
Signals
Additional Resource Elements are typically required to carry extra control signaling, e.g. CQI (Channel
Quality Information), ACK/NACK, etc.
Multiplexing of Control Signaling and UL-SCH Data
There are various types of control signaling which may need to be sent in the same subframe
as the allocated PUSCH. A device is not allowed to transmit the PUCCH and PUSCH in the
same subframe; therefore the control information needs to be multiplexed with the UL-SCH
Transport Channel before the DFT process.
Figure 2-83 Multiplexing Control Signaling
Subframe
PUSCH Data
PUSCH Reference Signals
CQI/PMI
ACK/NACK
RI (Rank)
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Figure 2-83 illustrates an example of control signaling to the PUSCH. In this example, three
additional types of signaling are added:
ACK/NACK - These are part of the HARQ process and are located next to the RS. This
ensures that they benefit from the best possible channel estimation. The information is
punctured to make way for the ACK/NACK information.
CQI/PMI - The CQI (Channel Quality Information) and PMI (Precoding Matrix
Indicator) can also be multiplexed onto the PUSCH. These are rate matched with the
UL-SCH. The mapping of these is sequential on one subcarrier before continuing on the
next.
RI - RI (Rank Indication) - These are placed next to the ACK/NACK.
Various rules on the mapping and coding of control information exist. In addition, it is also
possible to send control information on the PUSCH without data, i.e. not the UL-SCH.
2.14.3 PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel)
The PUCCH carries UCI (Uplink Control Information); examples include: ACK/NAKs in
response to downlink transmission, CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) reports, SR (Scheduling
Requests) and MIMO feedback such as PMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) and RI (Rank
Indication).
The PUCCH is transmitted on a reserved frequency region. This is configured by the higher
layer. Figure 2-84 illustrates an example of this mapping. It is worth noting that the number of
control regions is variable.
Figure 2-84 Mapping to Physical Resource Blocks for PUCCH
Subframe
Control Region 0
Control Region 1
U
p
l
i
n
k
C
a
r
r
i
e
r
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
Slot n Slot n+1
PRB=0
PRB=n
Control Region 2
The PUCCH resource blocks are located at both edges of the uplink bandwidth. It uses
inter-slot hopping to improve frequency diversity. Note that a UE only uses the PUCCH when
it does not have any data to transmit on the PUSCH, i.e. no allocated resources.
There are various types of PUCCH formats associated with uplink control. Section 2.17
discusses these in detail.
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2.15 Timing Relationships
FDD Timing
In LTE there are various rules associated with timing between the downlink and uplink
transmissions. The timing for FDD is illustrated in Figure 2-85. If a UE detects a PDCCH
with DCI format 0 and/or a PHICH transmission in subframe n intended for the UE, it will
adjust the corresponding PUSCH transmission in subframe n+4 according to the PDCCH and
PHICH information. This offset is identified as K, such that K=4 for FDD.
Figure 2-85 FDD Timing
Subframe
3
Subframe
4
Subframe
5
Subframe
6
Subframe
7
Subframe
8
Subframe
3
Subframe
4
Subframe
5
Subframe
6
Subframe
7
Subframe
8
4 Subframe Delay
F
D
D
: K
=
4
PDCCH
PUSCH
Downlink
Uplink
TDD Timing
For TDD the timing relationship is more complex. As such, it now depends on the UL/DL
TDD configurations, namely 0 to 6. Table 2-19 illustrates the different K values for TDD.
Table 2-19 K Values for TDD Configurations
TDD UL/DL
Configuration
K value for DL Subframe Number
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 4* 6* 4* 6*
1 6 4 6 4
2 4 4
3 4 4 4
4 4 4
5 4
6 7 7 7 7 5
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The UE, upon detection of a PDCCH with DCI format 0 and/or a PHICH transmission in
subframe n intended for the UE, adjusts the corresponding PUSCH transmission in subframe
n+k, with k given in Table 2-19.
Figure 2-86 illustrates an example of frame configuration 2. In this configuration, K=4 in
subframes 3 and 8. This relates to transmission being scheduled for subframes 7 and 2
respectively.
Figure 2-86 Example of TDD Configuration 2
K=4 Subframe Delay
0
Special
Subframe
2 3 4 5 7 8 9
Switch to
Uplink
TDD Configuration 2
(DSUDDDSUDD)
Switch to
Downlink
2.16 Uplink Reference Signals
In addition to the higher layer control and data being sent on the uplink, lower layer Reference
Signals are also required. Like other Reference Signals these require good auto correlation
and cross correlation properties. In addition, there needs to be a sufficient number of
sequences to minimize interference.
There are two variants of uplink Reference Signal supported:
DRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) - This is associated with transmission of PUSCH
or PUCCH.
SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) - This is not associated with transmission of PUSCH
or PUCCH.
Figure 2-87 Uplink Reference Signals
DRS (Demodulation
Reference Signal)
SRS (Sounding
Reference Signal)
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Base Sequences
Reference Signals are generated using Base Sequences, with the same set of base sequences
used for demodulation and sounding Reference Signals. These sequences need to support
different bandwidth options whilst at the same time having auto correlation and cross
correlation properties. In addition, they need to have acceptable cubic metric values.
2.16.1 Demodulation Reference Signal
The DRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) is used for channel estimation to help the
demodulation of the control and data channels in the eNB. There are two different
demodulation Reference Signals; these are used for the PUSCH and PUCCH respectively.
There are various RS sequences defined, as well as different lengths. As a result, the DRS is
defined using four parameters:
Sequence length - This is part of the uplink allocation.
Sequence Groups (0-29) - This is cell specific.
Sequence - Each group contains one sequence for each length up to 5PRB, and two
sequences for each length from 6PRB.
12 Cyclic Shift options.
Sequence Group Selection
In any given slot, the reference sequences used within a cell are from the same group.
However the group assignment may change. There are two group assignment methods.
Figure 2-88 DRS Sequence Group Selection
Sequence Group Selection
Fixed Group Group Hopping
When using a fixed group, i.e. not group hopping, the same group is used for all slots.
However, the group number to use is dependent on the channel type. As such, the PUCCH
group number is based on the cell identity and the PUSCH group number is influenced by a
higher layer parameter.
If using group hopping, the group number changes with slots based on an equation. There are
17 different hopping patterns and 30 different sequence-shift patterns. As such, the PUCCH
and PUSCH have the same hopping pattern but may have different sequence-shift patterns.
PUSCH DRS
The DRS varies in its location depending on a number of attributes, such as the use of a
normal or extended cyclic prefix. Figure 2-89 illustrates the DRS location for the PUSCH and
a normal CP. In this case the DRS is located on the 4th symbol in each slot and uses the same
transmission bandwidth allocated to the UEs in the uplink. Reference Signals for different
UEs are derived by different cyclic shifts from the same base sequence.
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Figure 2-89 Uplink Demodulation Reference Signal (Normal CP)
Slot Slot
Subframe
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
1
2
S
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
LTE DRS (Demodulation
Reference Signals) transmitted
across all subcarriers assigned
to a UE
In contrast, if the system is utilizing an extended CP then the DRS is located in a different
OFDM symbol.
Figure 2-90 Uplink Demodulation Reference Signal (Extended CP)
Slot Slot
Subframe
1
2
S
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Extended CP
DRS Location
2.16.2 Sounding Reference Signal
The SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) provides the eNB with uplink channel quality
information which can be used for scheduling. The UE sends a Sounding Reference Signal in
different parts of the allocated bandwidth where no uplink data transmission is available.
Figure 2-91 illustrates an example whereby a UE has been allocated resources in the uplink.
The eNB is able to use the DRS to provide channel estimation in this sub-band. However the
eNB does not know how the UE will perform in the other bands. As such, if the eNB was to
allocate resources in these other bands, the conditions may not be favorable and additional
errors could be introduced.
Effectively there are two modes for transmitting SRS, either wideband mode or frequency
hopping mode. In wideband mode, the SRS occupies the bandwidth required. This could
however lead to poor channel quality estimates. In contrast, frequency hopping mode sends
multiple SRS signals using a narrowband transmission. This will, over time, cover the same
bandwidth.
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Figure 2-91 Requirement for SRS
eNB
Subframe
5
M
H
z
(
2
5
R
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
B
l
o
c
k
s
)
Assigned
Resources
UE
Subframe
No Channel
Information
No Channel
Information
The configuration of the sounding signal, e.g. bandwidth, duration and periodicity, are given
by higher layers. The SRS is transmitted in the last symbol of the subframe. Figure 2-92
illustrates an example, whereby the eNB has configured the mobile to send SRS over a
desired portion of the band.
Figure 2-92 Example of SRS Frequency Hopping
eNB
Subframe
5
M
H
z
(
2
5
R
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
B
l
o
c
k
s
)
UE
0 1 2 3 4
SRS
Since the SRS can be sent when the UE has no current PUSCH or PUCCH assignment,
mechanisms must exist to stop the UE interfering with other users PUSCHs. This is done by
making sure all UEs know when the SRS are transmitted, such that the last symbol of the
subframe where SRS is transmitted is not used by any mobiles for their PUSCH.
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SRS Transmission
There are various Sounding Reference Symbol parameters defined. Most are UE
semi-statically configurable by higher layers:
Transmission comb.
Starting physical resource block assignment.
Duration of SRS transmission: single or indefinite (until disabled).
SRS configuration index I
SRS
for SRS periodicity and SRS subframe offset
offset
T .
SRS bandwidth
SRS
B .
Frequency hopping bandwidth,
hop
b .
Cyclic shift
cs
SRS
n .
In addition, cell specific parameters, SRS transmission bandwidths (
SRS
C ) and subframe
transmission are configured by higher layers.
Figure 2-93 illustrates an example of multiplexing the SRS from different users. Notice that
multiple UEs can send the SRS at the same time, using different resources as well as a
different cyclic shift.
Figure 2-93 Example SRS Allocation
Subframe
1
2
S
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
SRS Symbol
UE 1 and 2 (Using
different cyclic
shifts)
UE 3 and 4 (Using
different cyclic
shifts)
Note that the SRS may need to interact with ACK/NACK, CQI or SR information. If
interacting with ACK/NACK the SRS may be dropped or the ACK/NACK punctured. In
contrast, when interacting with the CQI and SR information, the SRS is dropped.
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2.17 Uplink Control Signaling
The PUCCH supports multiple formats; these are illustrated in Table 2-20.
Table 2-20 PUCCH Formats
PUCCH
Format
Description Modulation
Type
Bits per
subframe
1 Scheduling Request N/A N/A
1a ACK/NACK BPSK 1
ACK/NACK+SR
1b ACK/NACK QPSK 2
ACK/NACK+SR
2 CQI/PMI or RI QPSK 20
(CQI/PMI or RI)+ACK/NACK
(Extended CP only)
2a (CQI/PMI or RI)+ACK/NACK
(normal CP only)
QPSK+BPSK 21
2b (CQI/PMI or RI)+ACK/NACK
(normal CP only)
QPSK+QPSK 22
Demodulation Reference Signal on the PUCCH
The PUCCH formats include DRS (Demodulation Reference Signal). The location of these is
dependent on the format type and the use of normal or extended CP. In summary these are:
Format 1, 1a and 1b (Normal CP) - DRS is symbols 2, 3 and 4.
Format 1, 1a and 1b (Extended CP) - DRS is symbols 2 and 3.
Format 2, 2a and 2b (Normal CP) - DRS is symbols 1 and 5.
Format 2 (Extended CP) - DRS is symbol 3.
If a UE has a scheduling request or CQI to send, higher layer signaling configures the
resource.
2.17.1 PUCCH Format 1
For PUCCH format 1, information is carried by the presence/absence of transmission of the
PUCCH from the UE.
The UE is assigned a resource index which indicates a resource every n
th
frame that can be
used to transmit a SR (Scheduling Request). The size of PUCCH format 1 is 0bits. However,
the eNB knows when to expect a scheduling request from a UE. As such, if the eNB detects
energy on the PUCCH it can assume it came from the scheduled UE.
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Note that various rules apply to the sending of scheduling requests, especially if the UE is
multiplexing it with CQI and/or ACK/NAK on PUCCH. In this case:
CQI: Drop CQI when SR is transmitted.
ACK/NAK: Support multiplexing of SR and ACK/NAK.
2.17.2 PUCCH Format 1a and 1b
The PUCCH Format 1a and 1b carry 1 or 2 HARQ bits. Figure 2-94 illustrates the process for
one of the slots. The BPSK/QPSK symbol are applied to a cyclically shifted length-12
sequence ) (
) (
,
n r
v u
o
. Finally, an orthogonal cover code (Walsh Code) is applied. The example
shows a Normal CP option with 3 DRS included. A length 3 code is applied to these, enabling
the eNB to perform channel estimations for devices sharing the same resource.
Figure 2-94 PUCCH Format 1a and 1b (Normal CP)
UL RS UL RS UL RS
1 or 2 bit ACK/NACK
IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT
W
0
W
1
W
2
W
3
Length 4 Sequence
Slot
BPSK/QPSK
Cyclically
shifted
length-12
sequence
To Next
Slot
For an extended CP, there are six symbols and only two UL RS (Reference Signals).
Interference Issues
There should be no intra cell interference in a RB since the system is using the same base
reference sequence with different cyclic shifts and orthogonal codes. However there may be
inter cell interference. This is improved with the use of different cyclic shifts and orthogonal
codes, as well as applying different hopping patterns (since these are cell specific too).
PUCCH Format 2
Format 2 is used when CQI/PMI is transmitted without ACK/NACK or when CQI/PMI and
ACK/NACK are jointly coded for the case of the extended cyclic prefix. Format 2 is
characterized as follows:
It is bit scrambled by a UE specific scrambling sequence.
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The initialization of the scrambling sequence generator is the same as that of the
PUSCH.
It contains CS (Cyclic Shift) based sequences.
CS hopping is performed on a symbol basis.
Figure 2-95 PUCCH Format 2 (Normal CP)
IFFT IFFT IFFT
Slot (Normal CP)
IFFT IFFT
Cyclically
shifted
length-12
sequence
To Next
Slot
No Orthogonal
Code Applied
CQI/PMI or RI
Figure 2-96 PUCCH Format 2 (Extended CP)
IFFT IFFT IFFT
Slot (Extended CP)
IFFT IFFT
CQI/PMI or RI + ACK/NACK
Cyclically
shifted
length-12
sequence
To Next
Slot
PUCCH Format 2a and 2b (ACK/NACK and CQI)
These formats are only supported when using the normal CP. They are characterized as
follows:
They are bit scrambled by a UE specific scrambling sequence.
The initialization of the scrambling sequence generator is the same as that of the
PUSCH.
BPSK (2a) or QPSK (2b) modulation for the 2nd RS symbol in each slot is used. This
carries ACK/NACK.
Format 2a: QPSK CQI + BPSK ACK/NACK
Format 2b: QPSK CQI + QPSK ACK/NACK
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Figure 2-97 PUCCH Format 2a and 2b ACK/NACK Coding
2
nd
RS
Slot (Normal CP)
IFFT
1
st
RS
Cyclically
shifted
length-12
sequence
1 or 2 bit
ACK/NACK
To Next
Slot
2.18 LTE Random Access Procedure
Prior to registering on the network the UE must first establish a SRB (Signaling Radio Bearer)
to the eNB that it has camped on during the cell selection process. Figure 2-98 illustrates
the overall processes required, typically termed the RACH (Random Access Channel)
process.
Figure 2-98 Overall Random Access Procedure
Identify RACH
Preambles
Identify
PRACH
Format
Send
Preamble
Receive
Response
Decode
Response
Send RRC
Connection
Request
MAC
Connection
Resolution
SRB
Established
Yes
No
2.18.1 RRC Connection
The SRB is also termed the RRC Connection, i.e. the UE has moved into the
RRC-Connected State. In order to achieve this signaling between the eNB and the UE is
required. Figure 2-99 illustrates the main signaling messages to establish a SRB. Note: some
of these are messages or indicators at the PHY or MAC layer.
The sequence starts with the probing of the network on the PRACH. Once the UE has
successfully probed for uplink resources and has been allocated these on the UL-SCH, the
RRC Connection is established through a three way signaling handshake on the UL-SCH and
the DL-SCH respectively.
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Figure 2-99 Random Access RRC Signaling Procedure
PRACH Preamble Sequence
MAC Scheduling Grant
RACH
RRC Connection Request
UL-SCH
RRC Connection Setup
RRC Connection Setup Complete
UL-SCH
DL-SCH
UE
eNB
Signalling Radio Bearer
(RRC Connected)
MAC
Contention
Resolution
2.18.2 PRACH Preambles
Figure 2-100 illustrates the probing process. The UE send an initial probe based on the
PRACH configuration parameter, discussed in Section 2.14.1 and open loop power control.
This is discussed in Section 2.19.3 .
Figure 2-100 PRACH Probing
Scheduled Message
E.g. RRC Connection
Request
PRACH PRACH PRACH DPCCH
DL-SCH
PUSCH
Noise/
Interference
PRACH
Power
Control
eNB indicates the
preamble/ZC sequence
was received and
includes initial UL grant
In this example the initial probe is below the noise/interference level and thus is not heard.
The UE increases its power based on a step size until a response is heard on the PDCCH.
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2.18.3 Random Access Procedure Initialization
The Random Access procedure is initiated by the MAC sublayer or by a PDCCH Order. The
UE is required to gather various parameters before it can initiate the random access procedure.
Table 2-21 lists the main parameters.
Table 2-21 Parameters for Random Access
Parameter Description
PRACH-ConfigInfo This contains: prach-ConfigIndex, highSpeedFlag,
zeroCorrelationZoneConfig and prach-FreqOffset.
ra-ResponseWindowSize Random access response window size in subframes
(sf2, sf3, sf4, sf5, sf6, sf7, sf8 or sf10).
powerRampingStep Power ramping factor (dB0, dB2,dB4 or dB6).
preambleTransMax Maximum number of preamble transmission (n3, n4,
n5, n6, n7, n8, n10, n20, n50, n100 or n200).
preambleInitialReceivedTargetPower Initial preamble power (-120, -118, -116, -114, -112,
-110, -108, -106, -104, -102, -100, -98, -96, -94, -92
or -90 dBm).
DELTA_PREAMBLE Preamble format based offset.
maxHARQ-Msg3Tx Maximum number of Msg3 HARQ transmissions (1
to 8).
mac-ContentionResolutionTimer Contention Resolution Timer (sf8, sf16, sf24, sf32,
sf40, sf48, sf56 or sf64).
numberOfRA-Preambles Number of preambles used (n4, n8, n12, n16 ,n20,
n24, n28, n32, n36, n40, n44, n48, n52, n56, n60 or
n64).
sizeOfRA-PreamblesGroupA Number of preambles assigned to group A (n4, n8,
n12, n16 ,n20, n24, n28, n32, n36, n40, n44, n48,
n52, n56 or n60).
messagePowerOffsetGroupB Part of the power equation to identify which group
to use (minusinfinity, dB0, dB5, dB8, dB10, dB12,
dB15, or dB18).
messageSizeGroupA Part of the size equation to identify which group to
use (b56, b144, b208, b256}.
ra-PreambleIndex The preamble to use as part of dedicated
configuration (0 to 63).
ra-PRACH-MaskIndex The resource to use as part of dedicated
configuration (0 to 15).
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Allocation of Preamble Groups
The LTE random access procedure can group the access preambles into one of two groups. In
so doing, it enables the UE to indicate power or payload size requirements to the eNB for the
initial UL-SCH allocation.
Figure 2-101 illustrates how the random access preambles are grouped into group A and group
B. Two key parameters are required to make the groups: numberOfRA-Preambles and
sizeOfRA-PreamblesGroupA. The preambles in random access preamble group A are the
preambles 0 to sizeOfRA-PreamblesGroupA - 1 and, if it exists, the preambles in random
access preamble group B are the preambles sizeOfRA-PreamblesGroupA to
numberOfRA-Preambles - 1 from the set of 64 preambles.
Figure 2-101 Allocating Preambles to Group A and Group B
eNB
UE
numberOfRA-Preambles
0 1 2 3 4 63
sizeOfRA-PreamblesGroupA
0 1 2 3 4
Preambles Group B
is used dependent
on messages size
and pathloss
If sizeOfRA-PreamblesGroupA is equal to numberOfRA-Preambles then there is no Random Access
Preambles group B.
Group Utilization
For the first Msg3 (Higher Layer Message) the selection of group B is based on message size
and pathloss attributes:
Data size plus MAC and control is greater than messageSizeGroupA.
Pathloss is less than (P
CMAX
preambleInitialReceivedTargetPower
deltaPreambleMsg3 messagePowerOffsetGroupB).
For retransmissions the UE uses the same group as was used for the initial preamble
transmission attempt.
PDCCH Access Order
If a UE receives a PDCCH transmission consistent with a PDCCH order masked with its
C-RNTI, it initiates a Random Access procedure.
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2.18.4 Random Access Response Window
Once the UE has transmitted the randomly selected preamble from the appropriate group, it
monitors the PDCCH for Random Access Response(s) identified by the RA-RNTI (Random
Access - RNTI) in the RA Response window. This starts at the subframe that contains the end
of the preamble transmission plus three subframes and has length ra-ResponseWindowSize
subframes.
Figure 2-102 Random Access Response Window
eNB
Subframes
UE
Random
Access
sf2, sf3, sf4, sf5,
sf6, sf7, sf8, sf10
RA Response
Window Size
+3 Subframes
The RA-RNTI is calculated using the formula: 1 + t_id+10*f_id, where t_id is the index of
the first subframe of the specified PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) resource and
f_id is the index of the specified PRACH resource within that subframe.
2.18.5 Random Access Response
On receiving the preamble, the eNB sends a Random Access Response on the DL-SCH. This
is addressed to the RA-RNTI on the PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel). It
includes the RAPID (Random Access Preamble Identifier), TA (Timing Alignment)
information, initial UL (Uplink) grant and assignment of a Temporary C-RNTI.
Figure 2-103 MAC Random Access Response
PRACH Preamble Sequence
MAC Scheduling Grant
UE
eNB
RAPID (Random Access Preamble ID)
TA
UL Grant
Temporary C-RNTI
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The UL grant contains 20bits of information, including:
Hopping flag - 1bit.
Fixed size resource block assignment - 10bits.
Truncated modulation and coding scheme - 4bits.
TPC command for scheduled PUSCH - 3bits.
UL delay - 1bit.
CQI request - 1bit.
The UE utilizes these parameters to access the resource.
2.18.6 Uplink Transmission
If the UE decodes a PDCCH with the correct RA-RNTI identified, it decodes the DL-SCH
transport block to check if the RAPID is included. If so, it transmits an UL-SCH transport
block in the first subframe n+k
1
, where k
1
6.
Figure 2-104 Random Access - Assigned UL-SCH
eNB
n
Subframes
UE
Random
Access
RA
Response
Window
RAPID
Response
+3 n+k
1
(k
1
6)
Assigned
UL-SCH
The UE would postpone the PUSCH transmission to the next available UL subframe if the UL Delay
field is set to 1.
If no random access response is received in the RA response window, the UE is able to
transmit a new preamble sequence. This should happen no later than 4 subframes after the end
of the RA response window.
Figure 2-105 illustrates the MAC contention resolution process. This is achieved by the UE
sending its identity to the eNB in the first UL-SCH message. Granted, this resource could be
contention based, i.e. another UE sent the same access preambles in the same subframe.
Consequently, each would include their own higher layer identity.
The eNB then adds the UE identity in the MAC header. Other UEs with different identifiers
realize that a collision has taken place and then re-access the system, i.e. they send a new
preamble.
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Figure 2-105 MAC Contention Resolution
RRC Connection Request
UL-SCH
MAC Contention Resolution
UE
eNB
Includes UE
Identity
MAC Responds
with UE Identity
2.19 Uplink Power Control
The E-UTRA, like most cellular systems, requires power control to be implemented. This
reduces interference and enables it to be managed/optimized by the eNB. Uplink power
control determines the average power over a SC-FDMA symbol in which the Physical
Channel is transmitted.
Figure 2-106 Uplink Power Control
eNB
UE
Uplink Power Control
PUSCH
PUCCH
PRACH
SRS
2.19.1 PUSCH Power Control
The setting of the UE Transmit power
PUSCH
P (dBm) for the Physical Uplink Shared Channel
transmission in subframe i is defined by:
)} ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )) ( ( log 10 , min{ ) (
TF O_PUSCH PUSCH 10 CMAX PUSCH
i f i PL j j P i M P i P + A + + + = o
Where:
CMAX
P - This is the configured UE transmitter power. It relates to either the maximum
allowed by the eNB or the UE power class.
) (
PUSCH
i M - This is related to the bandwidth of the PUSCH resource assignment
expressed in number of resource blocks.
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) (
O_PUSCH
j P - This parameter is the sum of various cell and UE specific parameters. It is
also based on retransmission and scheduling options.
o - This is a 3bit cell specific parameter provided by higher layers (0, 0.4, 0.5,
0.6,.1).
PL (Pathloss) - This is the downlink pathloss estimate calculated in the UE. Note
pathloss is calculated based on the reference signal power and other higher layer filter
configurations.
TF
- This is a UE specific parameter which relates to the MCS (Modulation and Coding
Scheme) and TF (Transport Format), i.e. TBS (Transport Blok Size).
F - This enables UE specific power control, i.e. TPC (Transmit Power Control). Different
options can be configured, e.g. accumulation or current absolute power.
Power headroom
The LTE System also defines UE PH (Power Headroom) as:
{ } ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )) ( ( log 10 ) (
TF O_PUSCH PUSCH 10 CMAX
i f i PL j j P i M P i PH + A + + + = o db
A PHR (Power Headroom Report) is typically sent by the UE when the prohibitPHR-Timer
expires, or when the power headroom reporting functionality is configured or re-configured.
2.19.2 PUCCH Power Control
The UE power calculation whilst on the PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) is
defined as:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } i g F n n h PL P P i P
HARQ CQI
+ A + + + =
F_PUCCH 0_PUCCH CMAX PUCCH
, , min dBm
Where:
CMAX
P - This is the configured UE transmitter power. It relates to either the maximum
allowed by the eNB or the UE power class.
O_PUCCH
P - This is a parameter is the sum of cell specific and UE specific parameters.
PL (Pathloss) - This is the downlink pathloss estimate calculated in the UE. Note
pathloss is calculated based on the reference signal power and other higher layer filter
configurations.
( ) n h - This is a PUCCH format dependent value, where
CQI
n relates to the number of
CQI bits and
HARQ
n is the number of HARQ bits.
F_PUCCH
( ) F A - This is provided by higher layers and provides a frame format dB offset.
) (i g - This is the current PUCCH power control and enables UE specific power control,
i.e. TPC (Transmit Power Control).
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2.19.3 PRACH Power Control
The UE power calculation whilst on the PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel), i.e. for
preambles, is determined as:
P
PRACH
= min{
CMAX
P , PREAMBLE_RECEIVED_TARGET_POWER + PL} dBm
Where:
CMAX
P - This is the configured UE transmitter power. It relates to either the maximum
allowed by the eNB or the UE power class.
PREAMBLE_RECEIVED_TARGET_POWER - This is set to the
preambleInitialReceivedTargetPower + DELTA_PREAMBLE +
(PREAMBLE_TRANSMISSION_COUNTER 1) * powerRampingStep.
PL (Pathloss) - This is the downlink pathloss estimate calculated in the UE. Note
pathloss is calculated based on the Reference Signal Power and other higher layer filter
configurations.
2.20 Paging Procedures
2.20.1 Discontinuous Reception for Paging
A UE in the Idle State is required to listen for paging messages. However, if left unmanaged
the UE would potentially have to look at every subframe for a possible paging message.
Figure 2-107 illustrates the issue this would cause, i.e. a reduction in battery performance.
Figure 2-107 Paging Issues
eNB
Subframes
UE
Decoding every subframe would
impact battery performance
Paging Message
for this UE
To combat this, LTE supports DRX (Discontinuous Reception) of paging messages. Figure
2-108 illustrates the concept, whereby a UE looks at pre-determined times.
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Figure 2-108 System with DRX Reception of Paging
eNB
Subframes
UE
DRX improves battery
performance
Buffered in eNB
Paging Message
for this UE
The eNB may have to buffer the paging message until a UEs paging occasion occurs. The UE
is given various parameters which enable it to identify a time when it should listen. This is
termed a PO (Paging Occasion) and relates to a subframe. In addition, the DRX parameters
also define a PF (Paging Frame), i.e. Radio Frame, which may contain one or multiple Paging
Occasion(s). The system information messages provide the necessary DRX parameters to
enable a UE to calculate listening times. Alternatively they can be sent to a specific UE as part
of higher layer signaling.
2.20.2 Paging Frame
The PF is given by the following equation: SFN mod T= (T div N)*(UE_ID mod N).
This indicates the frames in which the PO (Paging Occasion) could occur. In addition, to
derive the PO, a subframe pattern table and calculation is used to derive the i_s (Index). The
calculation is defined as: i_s = floor(UE_ID/N) mod Ns.
The following Parameters are used for the calculation of the PF and i_s:
T - This is a range of DRX values: 32, 64, 128, 256 radio frames. Note that shorter UE
specific values override T.
N - This is calculated as: min(T,nB).
nB -This is defined as: 4T, 2T, T, T/2, T/4, T/8, T/16, T/32.
Ns - This is calculated as: max(1,nB/T).
UE_ID - This is calculated as: IMSI mod 1024.
The i_s and Ns parameters are used to identify the PO pattern from the pattern tables. Table
2-22 illustrates the subframe patterns for FDD.
Table 2-22 FDD Subframe Patterns
Ns PO when
i_s=0
PO when
i_s=1
PO when
i_s=2
PO when
i_s=3
1 9 N/A N/A N/A
2 4 9 N/A N/A
4 0 4 5 9
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Table 2-23 illustrates the subframe patterns for TDD.
Table 2-23 TDD Subframe Patterns
Ns PO when
i_s=0
PO when
i_s=1
PO when
i_s=2
PO when
i_s=3
0 0 N/A N/A N/A
2 0 5 N/A N/A
4 0 1 5 6
2.21 HARQ Operation
2.21.1 Retransmission Types
There are two types of retransmissions, namely ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) and HARQ
(Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request). The ARQ is performed by RLC (Radio Link Control),
whereas the HARQ is part of the MAC (Medium Access Control) and Physical Layer. Figure
2-109 illustrates some of the features/issues of ARQ, as well the benefits of HARQ.
Figure 2-109 ARQ Verses HARQ
eNB
UE
ARQ
Implemented at RLC Layer
Slow Retransmission
Not optimized for Radio Interference
HARQ
Not New used in HSPA and HSPA+
Implemented at MAC and PHY Layers
Fast Retransmission
Optimized for Radio Interference
Improved system efficiency
2.21.2 HARQ Methods
HARQ provides a Physical Layer retransmission function that significantly improves
performance and adds robustness. The retransmission protocol selected in LTE is SAW (Stop
And Wait) due to the simplicity of this form of ARQ. In SAW, the transmitter persists on the
transmission of the current transport block until it has been successfully received, before
initiating the transmission of the next one. Figure 2-110 illustrates the basic concept of SAW.
It also highlights a possible issue associated with sending more packets between each
transmission.
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Figure 2-110 Basic Concept of SAW
eNB
1 2
ACK
UE
SAW (Stop
and Wait)
What is sent here?
UE acknowledges and next
transmission can be sent
The mechanism for sending more packets between each transmission is relatively simple;
have a number of HARQ processes that can run in parallel. Figure 2-111 illustrates the
concept of the HARQ processes. In LTE there are various rules and options for how many
HARQ processes are configured, i.e. it depends on downlink, uplink, FDD or TDD. This
example illustrates the downlink FDD frame where 8 HARQ processes are used. It also
highlights one of these processes, namely process 3, being sent by the eNB and initially
acknowledged by the UE. Whilst the eNB is awaiting the ACK (Acknowledgement) for this,
the additional processes can be utilized to ensure the UE can receive a stream of packets.
Figure 2-111 HARQ Parallel Processes
eNB
1 2
UE
3 4 7 8 5 6 1 2 3 4 7 8 5 6 1 2 3
A A A A A A A A A N A A A A A
HARQ with 8
parallel processes
New
data
Retransmission
If the mobile identified an error in the transmission it is able to send a NACK (Negative
Acknowledgement) to the eNB. The eNB is then able to quickly re-schedule the data.
There are two main concepts of HARQ, namely CC (Chase Combining) and IR (Incremental
Redundancy).
Figure 2-112 HARQ Methods
Chase
Combing
Incremental
Redundancy
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Chase Combining
Chase Combining ensures that each retransmission is simply a replica of the data first
transmitted. The decoder at the receiver combines these multiple copies (of the same
information). This type of combining provides time diversity and soft combining gain at a low
complexity cost and imposes the least demanding UE memory requirements of all H-ARQ
methods.
Incremental Redundancy
The IR (Incremental Redundancy) method ensures that retransmissions include additional
redundant information that is incrementally transmitted if the decoding fails on the first
attempt. This causes the effective coding rate to increase based on the number of
retransmissions sent. Incremental Redundancy can be further classified in Partial IR and Full
IR. Partial IR includes the systematic bits in every coded word, which implies that every
retransmission is self-decodable, whereas Full IR only includes parity bits, and therefore its
retransmissions are not self-decodable.
Figure 2-113 illustrates an example showing how rate matching and redundancy versions are
used for retransmission. In addition, it highlights the concept of the effective code rate.
Figure 2-113 Example of Redundancy Versions and Soft Bits
Original Data
1/3 Rate Turbo Coding
1
st
TX
2
nd
TX
R
eff.
= 4/5
R
eff.
= 4/5
IR Buffer Size = 10bits
R
eff.
=4/5
R
eff.
=2/5
NACK
ACK
Rate Matching
Redundancy
Version
2.21.3 HARQ in LTE
The HARQ within the MAC sublayer is designed to transmit and retransmit transport blocks.
For FDD, there are 8 HARQ processes in the downlink. In contrast the uplink has 8 HARQ
processes for non-subframe bundling operation, i.e. normal HARQ operation, and 4 HARQ
processes in the uplink for subframe bundling operation. The concept of subframe bundling is
discussed in Section Error! Reference source not found.0as part of LTE scheduling options.
Various HARQ scheduling parameters are required, such as NDI (New Data Indicator) and
TB (Transport Block) size. In addition, the DL-DSCH HARQ information also includes the
HARQ process ID. For UL-SCH transmission the HARQ info also includes RV (Redundancy
Version). In case of spatial multiplexing, i.e. MIMO, on the DL-SCH the HARQ information
comprises a set of NDI and TB size for each transport block.
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Figure 2-114 FDD HARQ Processes
eNB
UE
8 HARQ Processes
8 HARQ Processes - Normal Scheduling
4 HARQ Processes - Subframe Bundling Scheduling
The number of HARQ processes for TDD is related to the frame configuration and varies
between 4 and 15.
Table 2-24 illustrates the different TDD HARQ configurations.
Table 2-24 TDD HARQ Processes
TDD UL/DL
Configuration
Maximum Number
of HARQ Processes
0 4
1 7
2 10
3 9
4 12
5 15
2.21.4 HARQ In the Downlink
The downlink HARQ is summarized by:
Asynchronous adaptive HARQ.
Uplink ACK/NAKs in response to downlink (re)transmissions are sent on PUCCH or
PUSCH.
PDCCH signals the HARQ process number, indicating transmission or retransmission.
Retransmissions are always scheduled through PDCCH.
2.21.5 HARQ In the Uplink
The uplink HARQ is summarized by:
Synchronous HARQ.
Maximum number of retransmissions configured per UE (as opposed to per Radio
Bearer).
Downlink ACK/NAKs in response to uplink (re)transmissions are sent on PHICH.
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HARQ operation in uplink is governed by the following principles:
Regardless of the content of the HARQ feedback (ACK or NACK), when a PDCCH for
the UE is correctly received, the UE follows what the PDCCH asks the UE to do i.e.
perform a transmission or a retransmission (referred to as adaptive retransmission).
When no PDCCH addressed to the C-RNTI of the UE is detected, the HARQ feedback
dictates how the UE performs retransmissions:
NACK - the UE performs a non-adaptive retransmission i.e. a retransmission on the
same uplink resource as previously used by the same process.
ACK - the UE does not perform any uplink (re)transmission and keeps the data in the
HARQ buffer. A PDCCH is then required to perform a retransmission i.e. a
non-adaptive retransmission cannot follow.
Measurement gaps (part of the measurements for mobility) are of higher priority than
HARQ retransmissions: whenever an HARQ retransmission collides with a measurement
gap, the HARQ retransmission does not take place.
The sequence of redundancy versions is 0, 2, 3, 1.
Table 2-25 illustrates the UE behavior in various situations.
Table 2-25 UL HARQ Operation
HARQ feedback
seen by the UE
PDCCH seen by
the UE
UE behaviour
ACK or NACK New Transmission New transmission according to PDCCH.
ACK or NACK Retransmission Retransmission according to PDCCH (adaptive
retransmission).
ACK None No (re)transmission, keep data in HARQ
buffer and a PDCCH is required to resume
retransmissions.
NACK None Non-adaptive retransmission.
2.21.6 ACK NACK Timing
FDD Mode
In FDD mode, when data is sent on the PDSCH for a UE, the DCI scheduling messages
provide the UE with the necessary information to decode the message. Based on the
validation of a CRC the UE then sends an ACK or NACK to the eNB. Figure 2-115
illustrates the ACK/NACK in the transmission in subframe i+4, where subframe i is
associated with the PDSCH.
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Figure 2-115 Downlink FDD HARQ Timing
Subframe
3
Subframe
4
Subframe
5
Subframe
6
Subframe
7
Subframe
8
Subframe
3
Subframe
4
Subframe
5
Subframe
6
Subframe
7
Subframe
8
F
D
D
: K
=
4
PDCCH+PDPSCH
Data
ACK on PUCCH
or PUSCH
Downlink
Uplink
Figure 2-116 illustrates an ACK/NACK received on the PHICH assigned to a UE in subframe
i, where the associated PUSCH was in transmission subframe i-4.
Figure 2-116 Uplink FDD HARQ Timing
Subframe
3
Subframe
4
Subframe
5
Subframe
6
Subframe
7
Subframe
8
Subframe
3
Subframe
4
Subframe
5
Subframe
6
Subframe
7
Subframe
8
F
D
D
:
K
=
4
PHICH
PUSCH
Downlink
Uplink
TDD ACK Modes
In TDD, an ACK/NACK received on the PHICH assigned to a UE in subframe i is associated
with the PUSCH transmission in the subframe i-k, where k is dependent on the TDD
configuration mode table. In addition, TDD has two ACK/NACK feedback modes defined:
ACK/NACK bundling feedback mode - This is used when the associated HARQ
ACK/NACK from multiple PDSCH subframes map into the same uplink subframe. It
utilizes a logical AND operation across the downlink subframes.
ACK/NACK multiplexing feedback mode - This uses spatial ACK/NACK bundling
across multiple codewords within a downlink subframe and is performed by a logical
AND operation of all the corresponding individual ACK/NACKs.
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2.22 Diversity Options
Cellular systems are continually improving the performance and spectral efficiency achieved
on the radio interface. One method of providing this is through the inclusion of diversity
techniques. This may be through schemes like SFBC (Space Frequency Block Coding) and
FSTD (Frequency Shift Time Diversity), as well as various types of MIMO (Multiple Input
Multiple Output).
2.22.1 SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO
MIMO relates to the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter (multiple input) and
receiver (multiple output). The terminology and methods used in MIMO can differ from
system to system, however most fall into one of two categories:
SU-MIMO (Single User - MIMO) - this utilizes MIMO technology to improve the
performance towards a single user.
MU-MIMO (Multi User - MIMO) - this enables multiple users to be served through the
use of spatial multiplexing techniques.
Figure 2-117 SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO
SU-MIMO
MU-MIMO
eNB
UE
Increases capacity since a
single user benefits from
multiple data streams.
eNB
UE
UE
Increases sector
capacity by allowing
users to share streams.
2.22.2 MIMO and Transmission Options
The LTE system supports various modes of transmission, some of which include TD
(Transmit Diversity) techniques. Some techniques are open-loop, i.e. no feedback, which
are mainly used for common downlink channels that are not able to benefit from channel
selective scheduling.
Transmission Modes
In the downlink, the method of transmission is sent when a mobile is semi-statically
configured via higher layer signaling to receive PDSCH data. LTE includes the following
Transmission Modes:
Mode 1 - Single-Antenna transmission, port 0, no MIMO.
Mode 2 - Transmit diversity.
Mode 3 - Transmit diversity or with Large Delays CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity) is used.
Mode 4 - Transmit diversity or Closed-loop spatial multiplexing.
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Mode 5 - Transmit diversity or multi user MIMO (more than one UE is assigned to the
same resource block).
Mode 6 - Transmit diversity or closed loop precoding for rank=1 (i.e. no spatial
multiplexing, but precoding is used).
Mode 7 - Single-antenna port, port 5 (beamforming).
2.22.3 MIMO Modes
LTE supports MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), or multi-antenna transmission, with 2
or 4 transmit antennas. The maximum number of codewords is two, irrespective of the
number of antennas with fixed mapping between code words to layers.
Spatial Multiplexing
The most common MIMO category is referred to as SM (Spatial Multiplexing). This allocates
multiple modulation symbol streams to a single UE using the same time/frequency. The
differentiation of signals is achieved by the different Reference Signals which were sent as
part of the PRB (Physical Resource Block). Figure 2-118 illustrates the concept of Spatial
Multiplexing using a 2x2 MIMO system.
Figure 2-118 Spatial Multiplexing MIMO
eNB
UE
Port 0
Port 1
TB
TB
MIMO
TB
TB
2x2 SM (Spatial
Multiplexing)
The main issue with Spatial Multiplexing in a cellular system is associated with high levels of
interference, especially at the cell edge. Unfortunately, this can affect both spatial streams
and, as such, twice as many errors could be introduced. Hence, SM is typically used close to
the eNB, i.e. not at the cell edge.
Figure 2-119 Spatial Multiplexing Interference Issues
eNB
UE
Port 0
Port 1
TB
TB
MIMO
TB
TB
Interference
causes twice
as may errors
Interference
If a UE was at the cell edge it could still benefit from MIMO. However it would rely on
different implementations, such as using a single stream precoding. Figure 2-120 illustrates
the basic concept of precoding using STC (Space Time Coding) as a visual example. Note that
precoding is more involved.
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Figure 2-120 MIMO Single Stream
eNB
UE
Port 0
Port 1
MIMO TB
Interference
TB
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
Form of
STC
TB Still
Recoverable
Increased
Robustness
AMS (Adaptive MIMO Switching)
To truly optimize the channel efficiency, some systems offer the ability to support AMS
(Adaptive MIMO Switching). Figure 2-121 illustrates how a system could utilize a mixture of
Spatial Multiplexing and other methods, such as Space Time Coding, to optimize the eNB
performance.
Figure 2-121 AMS Concept
Other
Methods
Spatial
Multiplexing
High SNR Low SNR
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
UE
eNB
AMS Point
Other Techniques
In addition, the following techniques are supported in LTE:
Code-book-based pre-coding.
Rank adaptation with single rank feedback. Note: the eNB can override a rank report.
2.22.4 Spatial Multiplexing in LTE
LTE allows up to two code words to be mapped onto different layers. The system uses
precoding to enable spatial multiplexing. Figure 2-122 illustrates the processing undertaken
by the PDSCH. This was previously introduced in Section 2.5 with the concept of rank
transmission and layers.
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Figure 2-122 PDSCH Processing
Scrambling
Modulation
Mapper
Layer
Mapper
Precoding
Resource
Element
Mapper
OFDM
Signal
Generation
Resource
Element
Mapper
OFDM
Signal
Generation
Scrambling
Modulation
Mapper
Codewords Layers
Antenna
Ports
In order for the signal to be spatially multiplexed onto the different antenna ports various
mathematical processes are required. In addition, variances occur for 2 and 4 antenna
configurations, as well as open and closed loop spatial multiplexing.
Codebook Based Precoding
A key part of the system is the codebook based coding mechanism. It uses a:
7 element codebook for 2 antenna ports.
16 element codebook for 4 antenna ports.
Table 2-26 illustrates the mapping of codebook indexs onto layers for a 2 transmit antenna
configuration. Note that the 3GPP 36.211 specification includes the detail of precoding and
layer mapping equations for the different techniques and also for 4 antenna configurations.
Table 2-26 Codebook Precoding
Codebook Index Number of Layers
1 2
0
(
1
1
2
1
(
1 0
0 1
2
1
1
(
1
1
2
1
(
1 1
1 1
2
1
2
(
j
1
2
1
(
j j
1 1
2
1
3
(
j
1
2
1
-
For the closed-loop spatial multiplexing transmission mode, the codebook index 0 is not used when the
number of layers is equal to 2.
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2.22.5 Feedback Reporting
In order to optimize the systems performance, the UE can provide various feedback
information about the radio channel environment. LTE has various feedback reporting options
which depend on the MIMO and eNB configuration. The reporting may consist of the
following elements.
Figure 2-123 Feedback Reporting
CQI PMI RI
CQI (Channel Quality Indicator)
This provides an indication of the downlink channel quality and effectively identifies an
optimum modulation and coding scheme for the eNB to use. There are various coding options
for the CQI; Figure 2-124 illustrates the main CQI index.
Figure 2-124 4-bit CQI Table
CQI Index Modulation Code Rate x 1024 Efficiency
0 out of range
1 QPSK 78 0.1523
2 QPSK 120 0.2344
3 QPSK 193 0.3770
4 QPSK 308 0.6016
5 QPSK 449 0.8770
6 QPSK 602 1.1758
7 16QAM 378 1.4766
8 16QAM 490 1.9141
9 16QAM 616 2.4063
10 64QAM 466 2.7305
11 64QAM 567 3.3223
12 64QAM 666 3.9023
13 64QAM 772 4.5234
14 64QAM 873 5.1152
15 64QAM 948 5.5547
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The system defines multiple types of CQI, whereby the term wideband CQI relates to the
entire system bandwidth. In contrast, sub-band CQI relates to a value per sub-band. This is
defined and configured by the higher layers and relates to the number of resource blocks. It is
also worth noting that a CQI per codeword is reported for MIMO spatial multiplexing.
Depending on the scheduling mode, Periodic and Aperiodic CQI reporting can be used. In
Frequency Non-selective and Frequency selective mode the PUCCH is used to carry
periodic CQI reports. In contrast, for Frequency selective mode, the PUSCH is used to carry
aperiodic CQI reports.
PMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator)
This enables the mobile to select an optimal precoding matrix. The PMI value relates to a
codebook table within the specifications. Like sub-band CQI, the eNB defines which resource
blocks are related to a PMI report. The PMI reports are used in various mode, including:
closed loop spatial multiplexing, multi-user MIMO and closed-loop rank 1 precoding.
RI (Rank Indication)
This indicates the number of useful transmission layers when spatial multiplexing is used.
Thus, in case of transmit diversity, rank is equal to 1 (RI=1).
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3 Glossary
Numerics
16 QAM (Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation
2G (Second Generation)
3G (Third Generation)
3GPP (Third Generation
Partnership Project)
4G (Fourth Generation)
A
ACK (Acknowledgement)
AM (Acknowledged Mode)
AMPS (Advanced Mobile
Telephone System)
AMS (Adaptive MIMO
Switching)
APN (access Point Name)
ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request)
AS (Access Stratum)
AWS (Advanced Wireless
Services)
B
BCCH (Broadcast Control
Channel)
BCH (Broadcast Channel)
C
CATT (China Academy of
Telecommunications Technology)
CC (Chase Combining)
CCCH (Common Control
Channel)
CCE (Control Channel Element)
CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity)
CDMA (Code Division Multiple
Access)
CFI (Control Format Indicator)
CP (Cyclic Prefix)
CPC (Continuous Packet
Connectivity)
CQI (Channel Quality Indicator)
CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check)
C-RNTI (Cell - Radio Network
Temporary Identifier)
CS (Circuit Switched)
CS (Cyclic Shift)
CSG (Closed Subscriber Group)
D
DAI (Downlink Assignment
Index)
D-AMPS (Digital - Advanced
Mobile Phone System)
DC (Direct Current)
DCCH (Dedicated Control
Channel)
DC-HSDPA (Dual Cell - HSDPA)
DCI (Downlink Control
Information)
DCS (Digital Cellular Service)
DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform)
DL (Downlink)
DL-SCH (Downlink - Shared
Channel)
DL-SCH (Downlink Shared
Channel)
DRB (Dedicated Radio Bearer)
DRS (Demodulation Reference
Signal)
DRX (Discontinuous Reception)
DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum)
DTCH (Dedicated Traffic
Channel)
DTX (Discontinuous
Transmission)
DwPTS (Downlink Pilot Time
Slot)
3 Glossary
LTE Air Interface
Training Manual
3-2 Huawei Proprietary and Confidential
Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
E
EARFCN (E-UTRA Absolute
Radio Frequency Channel
Number)
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for
Global Evolution)
E-GSM (Extended GSM)
EMM (EPS Mobility
Management)
eNB (Evolved Node B)
EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
EPLMN (Equivalent HPLMN)
EPS (Evolved Packet System)
E-RAB (EPS Radio Access
Bearer)
ESM (EPS Session Management)
ETACS (Extended Total Access
Communication System)
ETSI (European
Telecommunications Standards
Institute)
ETWS (Earthquake and Tsunami
Warning System)
E-UTRA (Evolved - Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access)
E-UTRAN (Evolved - Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access
Network)
EV-DO (Evolution-Data
Optimized)
F
FDD (Frequency Division
Duplex)
FDM (Frequency Division
Multiplexing)
FDMA (Frequency Division
Multiple Access)
FEC (Forward Error Correction)
FFT (Fast Fourier Transform)
FHSS (Frequency Hopping
Spread Spectrum)
FM (Frequency Modulation)
FSTD (Frequency Shift Time
Diversity)
G
GF(2) (Galois Field (2))
GP (Guard Period)
GPRS (General Packet Radio
System)
GSM (Global System for Mobile
communications)
GSMA (GSM Association)
GUTI (Globally Unique
Temporary Identifier)
H
HARQ (Hybrid ARQ)
HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat
Request)
HeNB (Home eNB)
HI (HARQ Indicator)
HPLMN (Home PLMN)
HSDPA (High Speed Downlink
Packet Access)
HSPA (High Speed Packet
Access)
HS-SCCH (High Speed - Shared
Control Channel)
HSUPA (High Speed Uplink
Packet Data)
I
IDFT (Inverse Discrete Fourier
Transform)
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers)
IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier
Transform)
IMEI (International Mobile
Equipment Identity)
IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem)
IMSI (International Mobile
Subscriber Identity)
IMT Advanced (International
Mobile Telecommunications
Advanced)
IMT2000 (International Mobile
Telecommunications - 2000)
IP (Internet Protocol)
IR (Incremental Redundancy)
IS-136 (Interim Standard 136)
ISI (Inter Symbol Interference)
ITU (International
Telecommunication Union)
L
LCID (Logical Channel
Identifier)
LCR (Low Chip Rate)
LTE (Long Term Evolution)
M
MAC (Medium Access Control)
MBSFN (MBMS over Single
Frequency Network)
LTE Air Interface
Training Manual 3 Glossary
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Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
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MCS (Modulation and Coding
Scheme)
MGW (Media Gateways)
MIB (Master Information Block)
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple
Output)
MME (Mobility Management
Entity)
MSC (Mobile Switching Centre)
Msg3 (Higher Layer Message)
MU-MIMO (Multi User - MIMO)
N
NACK (Negative
Acknowledgement)
NAS (Non Access Stratum)
NDI (New Data Indicator)
O
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing)
OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiple Access)
P
PAPR (Peak to Average Power
Ratio)
PBCH (Physical Broadcast
Channel)
PCCH (Paging Control Channel)
PCFICH (Physical Control
Format Indicator Channel)
PCH (Paging Channel)
PCS (Personal Communications
Service)
PDCCH (Physical Downlink
Control Channel)
PDCP (Packet Data Convergence
Protocol)
PDN-GW (Packet Data Network -
Gateway)
PDSCH (Physical Downlink
Shared Channel),
PF (Paging Frame)
P-GSM (Primary GSM)
PH (Power Headroom),
PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ
Indicator Channel)
PHR (Power Headroom Report),
2-85
PHY (Physical Layer)
PL (Pathloss)
PLMN (Public Land Mobile
Network)
PMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator)
PO (Paging Occasion)
PRACH (Physical Random
Access Channel)
PRB (Physical Resource Block)
PS (Packet Switched)
P-S (Parallel to Serial)
PSS (Primary Synchronization
Signal)
PTM (Point-To-Multipoint)
PTP (Point-To-Point)
PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control
Channel)
PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared
Channel)
Q
QoS (Quality of Service)
QPP (Quadratic Permutation
Polynomial)
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift
Keying)
R
R (Cell Ranking)
RA (Random Access)
RACH (Random Access Channel)
RAN (Radio Access Network)
RAPID (Random Access
Preamble Identifier)
RA-RNTI (Random Access -
RNTI)
RB (Radio Bearer)
RB (Resource Block)
RBG (Resource Block Groups)
RE (Resource Element)
REG (Resource Element Group)
R-GSM (Railways GSM)
RI (Rank Indication)
RIV (Resource Indication Value)
RLC (Radio Link Control)
RNC (Radio Network Controller)
RRC (Radio Resource Control)
RS (Reference Signals)
RSRP (Reference Signal Received
Power)
RSRQ (Reference Signal
Received Quality)
RSSI (Received Signal Strength
Indicator)
RV (Redundancy Version)
S
S (Cell Selection)
3 Glossary
LTE Air Interface
Training Manual
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Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
SAW (Stop And Wait)
SC-FDMA (Single Carrier -
Frequency Division Multiple
Access)
SFBC (Space Frequency Block
Coding)
SFN (System Frame Number),
S-GW (Serving Gateway)
SI (System Information)
SIB (System Information Block)
SIB 1 (System Information Block
Type1)
SI-RNTI (System Information -
Radio Network Temporary
Identifier)
SM (Spatial Multiplexing)
SMS (Short Message Service)
S-P (Serial to Parallel)
SR (Scheduling Request)
SRB (Signaling Radio Bearer)
SRS (Sounding Reference Signal)
SSS (Secondary Synchronization
Signal)
STC (Space Time Coding)
SU-MIMO (Single User - MIMO)
T
TA (Timing Alignment)
TAC (Tracking Area Code)
TACS (Total Access
Communications System)
TAI (Tracking Area Identity)
TB (Transport Block)
TBS (Transport Block Set)
TBS (Transport Blok Size)
TD (Transmit Diversity)
TD-CDMA (Time Division
CDMA)
TDD (Time Division Duplex)
TDMA (Time Division Multiple
Access)
TD-SCDMA (Time Division
Synchronous CDMA)
TF (Transport Format)
TFT (Traffic Flow Template)
TM (Transparent Mode)
TPC (Transmit Power Control)
TPMI (Transmitted Precoding
Matrix Indicator)
TTI (Time Transmission Interval)
TX (Transmit)
U
UCI (Uplink Control Information)
UE (User Equipment)
UL (Uplink)
UL-SCH (Uplink Shared
Channel)
UM (Unacknowledged Mode)
UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband)
UpPTS (Uplink Pilot Time Slot)
USIM (Universal Subscriber
Identity Module)
V
VRB (Virtual Resource Block)
W
WCDMA (Wideband CDMA)
WiMAX (Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave
Access)
Z
ZC (Zadoff-Chu)
LTE Air Interface
Training Manual 3 Glossary
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Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
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