I .

INTRODUCTION
The importance of lighting In our daily lives led scientists to exert great efforts in establishing the theories and
principles which are the basis of research and development, studies and applications, today.
In lighting application, it is important to understand the aspects of good lighting and the different requirements to
ensure that comfort, safety and economical considerations are met.
A lighting designer must be knowledgeable on the different lighting hardwares and their characteristics, as well
as. their applications.
Needless to say, the need to understand more about lighting is inevitable.
1. LIGHTING PRINCIPLES AND UNITS
1.1 L I G H T
Technically, it is derived from ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION or emission of energy and the only visible rays
to the human eye, in the broad electromagnetic Spectrum. The Spectrum measurement is in terms of wavelengths
(nanometers, nm). The wavelength of light is known to be between 380nm and 770 nm, the lower limit being
beyond the ultraviolet rays and the upper limit towards the infrared region.
I
300 400 500 600 700 800 nm (wavelength)
I
I I I I
\VIOLET GREEN YELLOW
RED /
\ BLUE 7
300
COMMUNICATION/
GAMMA RAYS INFRA-RED BROADCAST
t
I I
I I i
1 o:14 lo-2 10-10 10-a 106 IO-4 10m2 10 m
Figure 1.1 : The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The range of this visible light has some distinct colors i.e. violet, blue, green, yellow and red. Each color having
approximate wavelength range.
1.2 HUMAN EY E
The process by which the radiant energy, known as light, is converted
to electrochemical signals to the brain is a complex one.
Light rays entering through the CORNEA need to be controlled as
they pass through the colored portion of the eye, IRIS, which has a
round opening called PUPIL. A highly transparent biconvex LENS WJW EM
focuses the light rays to the innermost layer of the eye - RETINA. This
layer has two receptors, RODS and CONES, which function in
accordance with the lighting level.
At a very low lighting, rods are in control. During this situation images ere in black or white, known as SCOTOPIC
VISION. The cones function when the surrounding is adequately lighted, thus, Images appear in distinct colors -
*
PHOTOPIC VISION. The vision is called MESOPIC when colors diminishes as a result of change in lighting level.
Rods and cones, in that condition, are both active.
3
The OPTIC NERVE tansmits the signals to the brain completing the process, thereby, vision and colors era
formed.
1.3 L I GHTI NG UNI TS
1.3.1 Luminous Flux
It is the radiant flux in the visible-wavelength range expressed, usually, in LUMEN. In lighting study and practice,
this LUMINOUS FLUX is commonly represented by either latter F or the greak letter 4.
1.3.2 Nlumlnsnce
The luminous flux par unit area et any given point on e surface. This illuminence E is the quantity of
ILLUMINATION expressed in LUX or lumen per square meter.
E= ?m
4 - luminous flux, lumen
A A - Area, square meter
Note : In practice, illuminance may be expressed in lumen per square foot or FOOTCANDLE (F.C.) in which
case conversion may be made by using 1 F.C. = 10.76 lux.
1.3.3 Luminous Intensity
Lamp designs with specific beam angles are rated in terms of Luminous
Intensity (I) which is the quantity of flux emitted within that solid angle in
the direction of the surface, the unit of which is known es Candela
Applying the Inverse Square Law, illumlnance (E) equals intensity of light
(I) divided by the distance (d) squared.
When calculating the illuminance (E) where the lightsource is angled.
e second law, known es Cosine Law can be combined to Inverse
Square Law.
4
1.4 REFLECTION, TRANSMISSION AND REFRACTION
The control of light rays depends on the three princlplrs widely used In lighting technology,
a
8
1.4.1 Reflection
In lumlnaire optical system design, the most Important aspect In oontrolllng
direction of light rays Is the determinatlon of material, finish and shape of reflectom.
These reflecting materlals have light absorption property which effects the quantity
of light reflected. The reflecbnco of material Is the ratio between the quantity of
light reflected over quantity of light received. The shape of the reflector produces a
beam of light which can be narrow, wide, symmetrical or asymmetrlcal. Most
reflectors. commonly used, are white finish steel sheet., aluminium (specular or
matt) and white plastic.
The control of reflected rays depends on the surface of the materials to be used as
reflectors.
LIGHT RAY
1) REFLECllON
I
1
A polished, anodized and electroplated metals reflect rays with the angle of incidence equal to angle of reflection
as shown on figure. This is known as, specul ar rafktlon which has a better light control chaacterirtlc.
S p r ea d ref/ecl/on, for a moderate control of light and smooth beam, is produced when surface of mebrial la
corrugated, deeply etched, brushed. dimpled or pebbled. The reflected rays are reflected unevenly as ahown on
figure.
Materials with rough surfaces or finishings with tiny particles are used when a wider distribution of tight I8 needed.
These matte surfaces have limited control of light since the reflections are et all angles, ae shown on Rgure. This
is called, diffuse reflect/on.
The available materials, nowadays, are found to have properties which will produce combination of three
reflections, known as, compound ref/ect/on. The over-all objective In the selection of materials and tiniahlng8 I8
control of light.
1.4.2 Transmission
LIGHT RAY
Another method in controlling light is by using materials with properties such as
iransmittance or transmission grade. These materials, like opalescent plastic or
glass, diffuse and transmit light from a bare lamp, thereby, improving the quality of
light in the interior.
The ratio of the total emitted light to the total incident light of a material is known
as, l umi nous transmi ttance, which is affected by reflection and absorption
properties of the material.
A Spread trSl7SdSS/On is produced from materials with figured, etched, Qroutld or hammered surface, by that,
control of brightness is achieved..
2) TRANSMISSION
When a more uniform brightness is needed, opal and prismatic plastic and glass are used. Distributlon of light in
all directions by these materials is known as, diffuse transmlsrlon.
Combination of the two Is exhibited by materials such as fine opal glass.
1.4.3 REFRACTION
As light ray passes through a medium of optical density, greater or less than air its velocity changes accordingly
-
5
and bending of the light occurs. Thls law 1s known as nfrmdon.
Prtsmatic light controllers, plastic or glass, are designed to meet the desired control
of light by way of determlnlng the exact angle between the pdSm surfaces. These
prlsms are classified, as refracting.
Reflecting prisms reflects light ray lntemally which Is parallel to the Incident ray.
This principle IS applied In designing retm-reflectors.
The surface of light controllers. ribbed or prismatic in pattern, disperse light rays to
achieve desired effect end improve the quality of tight.
_.
6
LIGHT RAY
3) REFRWXION
3
2. LIGHTING HARDWARE
2.1 L I GHT SOURCES
For different lighting applications, the designer has to recommend the light source to be used considering other
design parameters and objectives. To simplify this task, a number of characteristics of lightsources need to be
remembered.
2.1.1 Efficacy
LlQht sources are rated in terms of their lumen output and wattage. Efficacy
is determined by dividing the value of light emitted (lumens) with power input
to the lamp (watt) and expressed in Imlw. The economic advantage of a
lighting system may be based on this information which is provided by
manufacturers.
2.1.2 Lampllfe
The lighting systems operating period may be known at the beginning which
will help the designer in selecting light sources according to its lamplife
(burning hours), For instance, in security lighting application the light source
is operated from dusk until dawn, therefore, a light source with longest
burning hours is practical to use.
It is advisable, as well, to know the economical lamplife of light sources
which is the basis of replacement recommendation.
,
2.1.3 Burning Position
There are light sources which can be operated in any position (Universal Burning). There are those which have
specific limits. This characteristic must be given proper attention to avoid system failure and costly maintenance.
The tolerances provided by the manufacturers must not be exceeded. In determining luminaires mounting position
and orientation, this information is taken into account.
BURNING POSITION SAlfPLLf
2.1.4 Color Rendering, Color Appearance 8 Coloor Temperature
This property of light sources is a very important data for a lighting designer. The task to be performed in an area
to be lit may involve color matching as in printing shops. Medical practitioners may be misled when physical
assessment of a patient is done under light sources other than daylight. This ability of light sources to render
a
color is classified in terms of Color Rendering index (RsJ. the higher the index, the better rendition is achieved.
__
7
Light sources have different oolor appearance of the light emitted
which can be warm, intermediate or cold and can be clarrslfled In
terms of color temperature. In countriee with generally cold climate,
light sourCea with warm appearance are preferred. Light oourcea
with higher color temperature (above 5000K) produces colder color
appearance and warmer appearance when the color temperature ir
below 3300K.
2.1.5 Voltage Supply
HALOGEN
The required voltage supply of a lamp must be maintained In order to
achieve the rated lumen output and lamplife. When fluctuation occurs,
say 1 volt, the luminous flux of a light source decreases by about 5
lumens. Likewise. the lamplife Is shortened when this is not
prevented.
FLUORESCENTS
D L
1
1
MERCURY METAL HALIDE
G Q,
HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM
LOW PRESSURE SODIUM
INCANDESCENT
0
8
2.2 CONTROL GEAR
It Is essential to provide suitable control gear to operate discharge. lamps. These lamps have electrical
requirements to ensure efftcient oparatlon, as designed, which are provided by these control gears .
2.2.1 Bdlrst
A ma]or component of a lumlnaire which control and limit electrlcal energy necessary to operate a dlacharge lamp
16 a series Impedance. known as, be/lest. Its major funCtiOnS are:
0 to pre-heat the electrodes of a discharge lamp
l to supply controlled surge of high voltage and current necessary to
lnltlate an arc between lamp eletrodes and sustain It.
Fluorescent lamps requiring a starter Is oparated by a normrl p o w e r rector
be/lest, or choke. To Improve the power factor, a ceprclfor Is connected across
the AC supply. Ballast manufacturers specify the P.F. of the ballast to determine
the capacltora value enough to attain a 0.85 legglng circuit.
Other fluorescent lamps are deslgned to be used wlth a Rap/d Start ballast which
have a heater windlng unit, thus, ellmlneting the use of a starter and ensure
continuous current to the lamp. The lamp starts immediately reducing flicker. Rapid
start ballasts are of High Power Factor (PFmO.95 or more) and reliable In starting
lamps In cold weather operation (-2OF).
A more efficient. llghtwelght and wider voltage range Electron/c Baflssf, is widely
used, today. These ballasts are favored by many because of the advantages, which
are:
0 Immediate start
0 no stroboscopic effects, flicker-free
l reduced electrlclty consumption
0 hlgh power factor
0 no humming sound
0 no magnetic fields
0 automatically shuts-off defective lamps
0 rultable for energy savlng lamps
l reduced temperature generation
0 AC and DC operation
0
. //
.
To control light output of fluorescent lamps from, say, 100% down to 30% a Dimming Ballast is used with a
suitable dlmmer cwltch.
For HID Lamps, the ballast (core and coil) may be of ooen tvpe or encased and Dotted dependina on the luminaire
construction and intended application. - .
2.2.2.Starters
The basic function of a starter is the necessary pre-heating of the electrodes of a
fluorescent lamp with a limited current flow from the fluorescent lamp ballast. The starting
switch will open automatically once the electrodes reaches the required temperature to
emlt electrons. With the application of starting high voltage from the ballast, the starting is
completed resulting to a fully lighted lamp.
Today, these starters may be equipped with reset buttons which automatically cut-off
falling lamps. Other starters have cold weather operation advantage. Electronic starters
are widely used, as well.
2.23 lgnltors
Voltage pulses which are higher than the mains supply are necessary to start discharge lamps. lgnitors provide
required high voltage pulser until the lamp is Ignited. Some high pressure sodium lamps have built-in ignitom
which may be operated with a high pressure mercury ballast.
si
9
-
A hlgh pressure mercury lamp need not be asslsted by thls device during Ignition.
2.2.4 Emergency Pack
Luminaires may be equipped with an emergency pack comprising
of converter/charger and NICD batteries. The system can be
maintained, non-maintained or sustained depending on the
requirement. During power failure of the mains supply the system
is automatically switch-on to keep the lamp lighted for 1.5 or 3.0
hours. Charging starts once the mains supply is restored.
c
To improve the power factor of the circuit, a P.F. capacitor is connected across the AC supply. The value of which
Is dependent on the wattage and voltage rating, from 8 uF. to 25 uF.
8
Another type of capacitor Is used to suppress radio interference which is connected across the AC supply and
usually of low capacitance value. 0.1 uF. to 0.5 uF.
10
2.3 LUMINAIRES
The functtons to which the deslgn of a lumlnalre are based, are as follows :
0 to efftciently control and re-direct the light emltted by.6 light source,
0 to protect and provide support for the light source, necessary control gears and other components,
0 to adequately absorb and dissipate heat emitted from the light source and control gears,
Other requirements considered vital In luminaire design, includes :
0 ease In maintenance
0 appearance and finishlngs
l cost-effectiveness
A luminaire may have optional features to suit the need of a lighting system. It may be equipped with univemal
mounting accessorles, photocell, through-wiring and other electrical or optical systems.
2.3.1 Lumlnalre Types
2.3.2Decoratlve
Be it a general lighting or accent lighting, decorative luminaires are designed to
satisfy the aesthetic need of an Interior. In most cases, the luminaire form as an
Integral part of the architecture.
The finishing of thls type of luminaire, usually, matches or blends well with the
furnitures or finishings of the interior. The shape of the luminaire is irregular,
linear or curved.
Light sources employed vary from the incandescent candle lamp to linear HID lamp. With the availability of
energy-saving compact fluorescent lamps, compact HID Lamps and efficient optical system decorative luminaires
construction are compact and aesthetically pleasing.
2.3.3 Commercial
1 than a whit; enamelled shell sheet.
I This control of light is further improved by using diffusers and louvers of
5717-22
various kind. The shielding of the lamps from a direct view reduces the
glare to be experienced. With these light controllers a wide range of light
distribution will help the lighting designer to select the effect that will
These are the most common type of luminaires used in offices, shops, supermarkets, etc., from a simple batten to
a modular, multi-lamp, equipped with reflector and light controller.
The light sources employed are usually tubular fluorescent lamps and
energy saving compact fluorescent lamps. The size of the housing
depends on the number of light source to be employed and the control
The light from a bare lamp need to be re-directed and shielded in order to
reduce the luminance of the luminaire in directions where glare is
j
probable. A reflector is used to direct the light where needed most. The
control of light with a highly polished (mirror) reflector is more effective
satisfy the objective. For example, a mirror double-parabolic louver is preferred in a working interior where VDU
screens are present to avoid reflected glare. The light distributlon it provides is within the desirable cut-off angle.
Commercial iumlnaires may be mounted in so many different ways. Except for the type intended to be recessed
on the suspended celling system, most of the types can be suspended (rod, wire or chain), surface mounted and
bracket mounted.
Protection class (IP) of these lumlnaires are usually, IPZO. Some types intended for washrooms, stairways and
other areas where dust and water may be present, the design is IP23 or IP44.
2.3.4 Industrial
In industrial lighting applications, the use of fluorescent fixture is still preferred.
However, due to the environmental condition of the working space, other
materials and construction of a luminaire is needed.
A3t?
.
Industrial fluorescent luminaires are usually made of materials that could
withstand an environment where dust, corrosion and fumes may be present.
Reflectors ar e widely used, but in some applications bowl diffusers (gasketed)
are preferred. Luminaires protection class vary from IP23 to IP67, depending on
area of use. r I
Mounting may be on surface, suspended (rod, wire or chain) and brackets.
Applications where fluorescent lamps a r e no longer
practical to use, low and high bay luminaires employing
HID lamps will provide the lighting. For the same
illumination level, fewer lighting points will be needed,
therefore, cost of installation and maintenance will be
less.
The reflectors and refractors used for these luminaires are designed for specitic mounting
r
1 limits. Most low b a y luminaires are recommended for e mounting height upto 6 meters
while high beys are used for above 6 meters.
Where flammable gases and vapors are present,
occasionally or for a long period, the area is
1
classified hazardous, thus, luminaires to be
provided must be safe to operate. Similarly, a
room with the presence of easily Ignitable fiber
and flying or combustible dust is a hazardous
area. In addition to the usual classitication requirements of an industrial
luminaire, this type designed for hazardous areas has to be tested and
certified by Testing Laboratories.
Luminaires for hazardous areas as in petrochemical plants, chemical laboratories, oil platforms, etc., are of higher
degree of protection compared to other types, usually, IP54 or IP67.
Aside from the high IP class, the luminaire is labelled according to the explosion category, temperature class and
area of use (Zone or Class and Division). The electrical components are. tested and certified confirming the
protection from excessive heat, areas and sparks. The luminaires maximum surface temperature (T class). as
marked, must be less than the ignition temperature of the gases present where it will be installed.
S o me luminaires ere robust and made of cast iron aluminium alloy or heavy gauge steel sheets materials and
designed to withstand and suppress internal explosion. The maximum surface temperature of these luminaires
are also used as basis of applicability. The cover are usually hard, shock-resistant tempered-glass and tightly
e
sealed to the corrosion resistant body.
A wide range of lamp types are used in these luminaires except for low pressure sodium.
2.3.5 Exit and Emergency
Safety is the primary objective in providing egress lighting especially in public buildings. The occupants will find it
difficult to reach a door or stairway in total darkness. In the absence of normal power supply, temporarily or for a
long period, an alternative source must be available. The supply from a control battery or stand-by generator is
common. Today, however, self-contained emergency system is becoming more practical (for short periods).
In practice, there are three systems which are employed as part of the lighting
system, namely:
_ --
12
P
8
0 Maintained
A lamp is operating during normal supply and will be lighted,
instantly, in case of power failure.
0 Non-maintained
A lamp is lighted when the normal supply fails.
0 Sustained
Two lamps are employed: one is operating during normal supply,
the other during power failure.
.
A self-contained emergency luminaire has its battery pack (NICD) and chargerlinverter units in the luminaire
housing, Usually, the duration of the emergency pack is 1.5 hours or 3 hours. There are requirements, however,
for a longer duration.
Exit and other directional luminaires oftentimes are equipped with these emergency units. These luminaires are
installed on the wall or ceiling leading to the exit points or stairways. The texts and symbols are usually bold and
in red or green color.
2.3.6 Floodlights
The materials and construction of floodlights depend on the light source to be employed. A PAR lamp, for
example, will require a lamp holder which is protected from penetration of water. The unit can be installed on the
surface or with built-in spike. In some applications, buried floodlights made of stainless steel with heat toughened
glass are preferred.
Pi50
Floodlights intended for area lighting, security lighting, sports and the like to be
equipped with HID lamps are constructed with the housing, usually, die-cast aluminium
with the lamp holder, optical assembly covered with tempered glass and mounting unit.
Most types are designed to have an integrated control gear box made of the same
materials, others are intended to have separately mounted control gear.
There are floodlights which are equipped with graduated scale for orientation and
aiming purposes especially in sports lighting application. Internal or external glare
control assembly are standard accessories for some floodlight.
The mounting unit is usually, a bracket with mounting holes and slip fitter, in some. The windage area and weight
.
of these luminaires are vital data to design the mounting structure e.g. pole and mast.
2.3.7 Road and Tunnel Lighting Luminalres
The optical assembly and control gears of these road lighting luminaires may be
together in one or in separate housing made of aluminium - pressed, die-cast or
extruded. A tunnel luminaire is, usually, in one piece housing. The light sources
which are widely used in these luminaires are Mercury Vapor, Metal Halide, Low-
pressure sodium and High Pressure Sodium Lamps. For tunnel luminaires,
fluorescent lamps are also employed.
I
539,
r
The reflectors are of high purity anodized aluminium to provide a high degree of
light control. The materials of commonly used diffusers are borosilicate glass with
prismatic pattern, clear polycarbonate and high thermal and impact resistant lens.
Tunnel luminaires equipped with asymmetrical reflector and frosted glass are
common, as well.
.-
13
The mounting on lighting poles of these luminaires could either be top mount or side
entry (poles with arm). Relamping and minor trouble-shooting can be done on these
luminaires mounted on the pole since the covers and diffusers are hinged and secured
to the housing.
A tunnel luminaire may be installed directly on a surface using a galvanized bracket or
on the mounting rails. There are installations where the luminaires is flush mounted on
the concrete. *
I
UP201
I
2.3.8 Bollards, Post Top Mounted and Wall Mounted Luminaires
The design of these luminaires varies in shape, color and mounting system. The most widely used housing
material is eluminium. As in other types, efficient optical system is a major concern in the selection of these
luminaires. Reflector and refractor designs vary in shape and finish to achieve the desired light distribution.
Intended mounting method is, also, a factor in the final design of these luminaires.
Most of these luminaires, today, are designed to satisfy architectural considerations. For example, the shape and
finish of a bollard head matches the type intended for wall and ceiling mounted luminaires.
Light sources employed are incandescent, compact fluorescent and HID.
--
14
3. INTERIOR LIGHTING DESIGN
A llghted space where tasks are being performed may not be favourable for the occupants due to several factors,
such as: discomfort glare, Insufficient lighting level, nolse level (emanating from ballasts) and other factors
attributed to the lighting system.
In conceptualirlng a lighting system for a specific space or area where activity is, more or less, known to the
designer a number of design consideration should be glven utmost importance. These design considerations, as
objectives, are as follows :
* Performance
* Comfort and Aesthetics
l Energy, Safety and Maintenance
PERFORMANCE
The lighting level onJhe working plane In an interior is sufficient when the visual
performance of the occupant on the task is satisfactory. The lighting requirement in
an interior where the task includes colour matching is different from the task to be
performed In a warehouse. Similarly, the age of the occupants Is a factor in
selecting the minimum recommended illumlnance..
Other factors to improve visual performance is the considera-
tion of the colour contrast and luminance contrast. An example
of colour contrast is the preference of a person analyzing a
design done In ink rather than In pencil. By providing a task
lighting, luminance contrast is improved.
COMFORT AND AESTHETICS
The ambiance of an interior which helps the occupants to appreciate the surroundings and distinction of other
interior highlights are found to be essential design considerations.
Humming sound from the ballasts must be minimized to an acceptable level. It is not, therefore, surprising to see
people relaxed in a dimly lit interior rather than a brightly lit one.
Today, lighting concept in merchandising varies from the types of items displayed. It can be noted, es well, that
lighting system Is usually an integral of the architecture.
ENERGY, SAFETY AND MAINTENANCE
As a result of continuous research and development in lighting
technology, energy saving light sources and electronic control
gears are now widely used. It is also possible these days, to
improve an existing installation with direct retrofit energy saving
light sources, thereby, saving a lot of running cost.
A lighting system is efficient when it can be functional when
needed and operable with ease. Lighting is considered one field
with a fast technological development, System that is controllable
remotely or adjusting its output in accordance with the considered
daylighting, through built-in sensors, is available.
Interior lighting system must include emergency lighting to provide adequate amount of light for egress.
Economical lamplife of lightsources and cost of maintaining the system which contributes to the overall efficiency
and effectiveness of the lighting must be determined.
3.1 DESIGN C R I T E R I A
The quantity and quality of light In an Interior Is best achieved when the following criterion are mat :
l illumination level
* Uniformity
l Glare control
l Color
* Aesthetics
ILLUMINATION LEVEL
The type of work or task to be performed and the age of the worker are factors In establishing a recommendable
lightinp level. Similarly, adequate liQhtinQ level for common areas or interiors where tasks are less, l houtd be
provided.
.
In conceptualizing lighting for offices, the designer should consider eventual re-
arrangement of working stations, installations of partitions or walls and additional
overhead cabinets. It is due to these that the use of local (task) lighting Is advisable.
The ftnlshing and fumltures must be known during the deslgn stape as these affects
the lighting level in an interior. Reflection factors of celling. wall and floor are
considered in calculations.
General lighting for working interiors range from 200 to 1500 Lux. A working lnterlor where t a s k s lndude
assembly of electronic components or inspection of small intricate parts Is recommended to maintain horizontal
illuminance of 1500 Iux. For shops, stores and general offices, recommended lighting level Is 500 lux. Adaptation
level is, nowadays, being considered in lighting of entrance halls and lobbies. Blinding effect occura when a
person is subjected to abrupt change of lighting level as when enterlng a poorly lit lobby after b e i n g exposed to
sunlight.
The calculated lighting level must be kept, at all times. LiQht loss factors must be considered durtng the design
and recommended routine maintenance must be observed.
UNIFORMITY
The horizontal illuminance on a working plane is not considered to be sufficient unless It Is uniformly distributed.
a
The varlatlons of lighting level in a room results to poor visual performance and discomfort. It can be argued that
task lighting will improve the situation but it is not easy to justify the waste of energy and increase in running cost
of additional lighting system.
Lighting fixtures are provided with space-to-mounting height ratio which must be kept to ensure that uniformity on
the working plane throughout the room Is achieved.
It is for specific purpose that uniformity is not considered but care should be taken to avoid accident and
adeptation problems. High-end merchandise shops is a typical example where lighting Is subdued In most areas
and vary bright where the products are.
GLARE
I
When excessive brightness as against the gen-
eral brightness in the interior appear in the visual
field - directly or as a reflection, glare is
experienced. The direct glare is a result of
brlghtness from luminaires, windows or bare
lamp. The reflection of that brightness on glossy
materials, mirrors and VDU monitors is known as
reflected alare.
16
Separately or simultaneously, direct glare and reflected glare can impalr
visual performance or cause visual discomfort.
Today, indirect lighting system (floor mounted, wall mounted and pendant
mounted) Is widely used to mlnlmlze the glare. It has to be, however,
property designed to coordinate with the architecture ,of the Interior.
Selection of light controllers Is, definitely, the responslblllty of the designer
to ensure that desirable cut-off light angle Is met.
COLOR
In practice, the choice of colors of finishings In an Interior Is not controlled by the lighting designer. Therefore,
understanding of the Importance of the effects of different light sources to colors will help hlm to create an
~
atmosphere being asked. Colors have their respective reflectances which are used as deslgn factors. The ceiling
material, wall and worklng plane (table), usually have different shad8 of colors, light or dark. It is a fact that light
colors have higher reflectance8 compared to darker ones. The choice of darker colors have its purpose and not to
be argued but It Is worth to know their reflectance properties.
Perhaps, It Is more interesting to understand the color qualities of light sources and their applications. Color
b
appearance which may be described by its color temperature can be grouped as cool (*5000K), intermediate
(3300.5000K) and warm (~3300). The other quality is known as. colour rendering, which can be grouped to I
(Ra>BB), 2 (70cRa45). 3 (Rac70) and S (special).
Warmer color appearance Is recommendable to hotels, restaurants, homes (In cool climates) and department
stores. In textlle. paint and printing industries, offices, schools and fine industn8S (In warm climates) cool wlour is
edvisable. For hospitals, shops and display lighting an Intermediate colour Is widely used. Most manufacturers
have light sources for special applications and the wlor qualities are so specific. to serve the purpose.
NOISE LEVEL
To avoid humming sound from conventional ballasts, sound absorbing materials are advisable to be adequately
provlded in an intarlor. The use of ceiling materials e.g. acoustic ceiling panels, gypsum tiles, etc. will reduce the
amplification of the sound. Similarly, an Interior with carpet, curtains and wooden panels will help to control the
sound wave. Ballast manufacturers are providing the sound rating of their product which corresponds to the
tOt8rabt8 sound level (dBA) of an interior.
The lighting designer must be aware of the ballast specification pertaining to sound and other lighting controls
which produces humming sound.
B
Today, electronic ballasts are available which do not produce the humming as experienced from the iron and core
ballast type.
3.2 INDOOR LIGHTING APPLICATIONS
3.2.1 Office Lighting
The lighting system employed in offices depends on the activity and
physical lay-out or fl oor plan. In most offices, generesl //ghf/ng is a
practical approach considering the possibility of furniture re-arrange-
ment and additional offlice equipment. Installation of partitions or walls
may be needed which the designer has to consider, as well, In
finalizing the lighting lay-out. The ceiling system, locations of columns
and windows, ventilation ducts and detectors should be coordinated
with the design team. The recommended illuminance level must be
maintained and uniformly distributed on the working plane.
Locs//zed f/ghf/ng is a system which provides the recommended illumination in working areas and sufficient
lighting on the clrculetion areas. This has economical adventage considering that light is provided where It Is
needed most.
.B
Where task requires higher illuminance and at specific area within the workstation, locel lighting Is provided as a
-_
17
supplement to general lighting. Example : Drafting table.
3.2.2ExeCutiv8 OffiC8S
In addition to general lighting, decorative luminaires are used in these
interiors to highlight paintings, indoor plants and walls creating an
atmosphere preferred by the occupant. This will, likewise, provide
distinction.
3.3.2 Conference Halls 5
The lighting produce by visual aid equipment to project images or texts from slides and computer screens, to
white boards in these interiors may not be sufficient due to general lighting. Therefore, It is recommendable that a
dimming control is integrated to the general lighting system.
3.2.4 Industrial Llghtlng
As in Other applications, the tasks to be performed and physical lay-out of the area to be lit are wnsidered in
industrial lighting. A Production line dealing with small electronic parts will need a much higher illuminance level
4B
on the working plane, 1000 Iux or more, while In car assembly line it may be sufficient to provide 300 Iux.
The luminaires range used in this application includes an industrial fluorescent fixture with symmetrical reflectors
- alumlnlum or white enamelled Sheet steel and a high or low bay fixfixtures with open or enC/OS8d optice/ parts
designed for HID lamps. Highbay luminaire is a practicsl choice for an installetion ebove 6 meters.
The use of transluscent materials as element of the roof allows daylight to supplement the. general lighting. It can
be designed that during daytime pm-determined lighting points may be switched off, thus, energy consumption Is
reduced while maintaining a sufficient illuminance level.
3.2.5 Hazardous Areas
in industries where potentially explosive substance are present, as in:
petrochemical refineries, chemical laboratories, hangars and off-shore
platforms, the luminaires used are explosion protected or explosion
proof/f/lame proof. These areas are classified according to the
presence of flammable gases and vapors. such as: Zone 0, 1 and
2. (IEC) and Class 1 Division 1 and 2. etc. - (NEC).
Selection of luminaire type for specific area must be done with extra
care considering the proximity of that area to another.
3.2.6 indoor Sports
Different sports for recreation or competition are held indoors which have specific lighting requirements. The
speed and size of ball are major considerations in conceptualizing the system. Color rendition is very important in
this application. Similarly, the lighting fixtures are usually designed to include protection grid unless the diffuser
(g#
has an excellent impact resistance property.
18
Some of these facliities are designed for various sport activities e.g. basketball, badminton, table tennis, etc.
where the courts are adjacent to each other. The lighting system in this situation is carefully designed to meet all
the requirements of each specific activity.
3.2.7 Hospital Premises
The activities In these interior differ from one section to another requiring illuminances which may vary from 100
iux to 1500 iux. The general lighting system usually employ recessed mounted fluorescent fixture with diffuser
and specific ilght aourca color, usually, dayilght (above 4000OK). Operating rooms, in addition to general lighting,
are equipped with lighting equipment Integrated on the operating table producing very high illuminance. Wail
mounted bed iumlnaire is provlded In patients room to provide edequate night time lighting.
2.2.8 Merchandise Lighting
The requirement I n supermarkets Is, baslcaliy, general lighting. The
tuminaires are either recessed or surface mounted end In continuous
rowa, usually. The lighting level must be kept uniform throughout in
anticipation of frequent re-arrangement of display racks and Items.
The recommended lllumlnence level Is between 750 - 1000 Iux and
the light sources commonly used is daylight.
Specialty Shops, on the other hand, are provided with general lighting within circulation areas of about 100 iux
anti a much higher illuminance on display produced by spotlights, individually mounted or in track system. Color
contrast is observed in this application. Similarly, compact and excellent color rendering light sources are
preferred.
3.2.9 Hotels
Most llghtlng systems In these interiors are integrated to control system, such as: multi-station dimmers and
remote controls. especially In multi-function halls. In bedrooms, the lighting blends wlth the interior flnishlng and
preferred to be lndlrect to create a pleasant environment conducive for relaxation. The ilghtlng in lobbies and
other clrculetlon areas are usually provided with decorative lumlnalres. celling and wall mounted. Light sources
with warm color is preferred in these interiors.
P
19
4. OUTDOOR LIGHTING DESIGN
in the darkness of night, lighting is more appreciated. Our properties should be
ilghted enough to discourage Intruders or vandals. Commercial bulldlngs use
light to attract passer-by on the architecture of the building or a way of Inviting
shoppers. The subdued iightlng in parks and gardens suggests a relaxing
envlronment for a walk. Tourists identify with ease the prominent landmarks
which are properly lighted. All these needs require a system that is carefully
deslgned.
I .
At night. the application of lighting Is varied and needed, almost, at the same time. The lighting system of a road
helps the driver to improve hls visual performance thereby safety Is observed. Other important outdoor ilghting
applications are found In airports and shipyards. Outdoor sports are enjoyed with the carefully designed iightlng
which is considered an application requiring much higher
1
lighting level as compared to other outdoor lighting
applications. Today, nocturnal animals can be viewed In a
zoo with lighting simulating the moonlight.
.
These lighting applications, compared to indoor lighting. are
complicated for a beginner. A number of design parameters
need to be understood before any attempt In conceptuallz-
lng a system. There are slmiiarlties, though, in outdoor and
indoor lighting deslgn. The main design crlterla in outdoor
lighting are Lighting Level (Illuminance end Luminance),
Uniformity and Limitatlon of Glare.
4.1 ,FLOODLIGHTlNG
The term is used in lighting of building facades, open arees, landmarks and perimeters with specific requirements
of iiiumlnatlon level and effects. Usually, the system requires mounting poles or masts or the luminaires are
integrated on the structural, where possible. Otherwise, surface mounting is another alternative. For various
appilcation, the designer has to decide on the pole/mast position and height or mounting method that will achieve
a desirable effect and ease In maintenance.
The lainps used In floodlighting are Incandescent, high pressure mercury vapor, metal halide, low-pressure and
high-pressure sodium. In architectural floodlighting fluorescent lamps are used but very rare. As In other lighting
applications, Illumination level, uniformity and glare are the main design criteria in floodlighting.
4.1.1 Area Llghtlng
It is practlcai to design the lighting system with minimal number of masts or poles In the area to be lit. For
maintenance personnel the time required in climbing masts will be less and for the workers, less obstruction in the
area.
Unlike in indoor lighting, the lighting level in areas such as container yards, aprons and parking are as low as 20
lux (horizontal). It Is the glare, however, that is given much concern. In harbour area lighting, the system must be
designed In such e way that the beam of light is not directed to the water causing glare to the observer in
approaching ship. Similarly, the pilot of an aircraft should not experience glare that will affect his maneuvers in
taking its position on the aircraft stand. Luminaires with asymmetrical reflectors or equipped with external glare
control louver are commonly used in these applications.
4.1.2 Bulldlng Facades
The architectural highlights of a building is appreciated more, at night, with a carefully designed floodlighting. In
this application the artistic effect is, oftentimes, given more emphasis than the usual design criteria. However, a
number of deslgn conslderatlons such as materials texture and shade, windows, lighting of adjacent buildings
and existence of nearby trees must be given proper attention during concept studies.
To emphasize the elegance of a white or grey marble finishing of a building, floodlights equipped with Metal
Halide lamp are used. For facades with beige plaster finish or red bricks, High Pressure Sodium Lamp is
@
__._
20
3
preferred. The designer Is also advised to consider the COiOr Of lamp5
used in the Interior or lobbies which could create a degree of color
contrast needed to Improve the impact of flat floodlighting.
Modern building designs tend to favor shaded glass, flat or curved, as It
highlight. Definitely, conventional or flat floodlighting is not advisable in w
this case. Locations of floodlights must be close to the building to avoid
light trespassing and excessive reflections. Other approaches may be
more practical such as lighting the edges and columns or floodlighting of
nearby trees creating interplay of light and shadow on the facade.
The recommended illumination level on the facade range5 from 50 to 500 Iux depending on the texture of the
3
material (reflection properties) and the existing lighting of the surrounding. The beam spread of the floodlight
must be enough to cover the area of the facade to avoid spill lights or unpleasant shadows. Similarly, floodlights
must be positioned in such a way that they do not cause glare to pedestrians or external glare control louver may
be used.
5.2 LANDSCAPE AND AMENITY LIGHTING
Landscape lighting is as challenging as in
other applications. The concept may vary from
one area to another using different luminaires
end light sources. Pole mounted luminaires
are practical and safe to use which are usually
kept in adequate spacing and height. These
luminaires may be equipped with refractor,
internal louver. reflector or external louver to
direct the light downward and minimize glare.
It is the vertical Illumination that is more
important in this application which should be sufficient to see ones face. It could be limited to walkways and
seating areas in order to appreciate the subdued accent lighting of trees, shrubs, flowers end fountains. When
obstruction must be minimized and moody lighting is the primary objective - low mounted luminaires such as
bollards are preferred.
The use of wall mounted luminaires for amenity lighting is very common in addition to the pole mounted
luminaires and bollards. it is economical since the mounting can be direct to the wall surface or by a simple wall
mounting bracket. The cabling is within the perimeter of the building which is, again, economical as in the case of
pole mounted luminaires. The pattern of light on the wall will create a pleasant effect when viewed from a
distance.
5.3 SPORTS L I GHTI NG
Outdoors sports activities during night time are exciting as in daytime. The only snac is, however. scorts around5
require powerful lightsources h&&d in robust lighting fixtures (floodlights) and eqiipped with efficient optical
system. The structure that is suitable to
mount the floodlights must be located proper-
ly to avoid obstruction while contributing to the
effectiveness of the lighting system. It should
be designed in such a way that relamping and
servicing can be performed safely, quickly and
economically.
As in other lighting applications, the design of
sports lighting is a challenging one. The
recommended illumination level (horizontal)
must be maintained and uniformly distributed
21
to the ground. Glare must be controlled in any installation to avoid visual discomfort. Unlike in other lighting
applications, vertical Illumination is very much considered in sports lighting. This is needed to see the ball at any
point or angle. More so, If the sports ground is intended for TV coverage.
The lighting level recommended for different sports activities depend on the type of sports and category. A
recreational sports ground may be designed to as low as 200 Iux (horizontal) while a competition football-field will
require 600 lux (horizontal) (not for TV coverage).
Light sources commonly used in sports lighting are High Pressure Sodium and Metal Halide lamps.
Manufacturers, today, are developing light sources which are powerful but compact to be used with very
efficient optical system. It can be expected that with this new technology the quantity of floodlights to be
employed in achieving the recommended lighting level is much less resulting to a reduced cost of masts and
maintenance of the system.
.
4.4 ROAD L I GHTI NG
The drivers ability to react accordingly in varying road condition and traffic situation while car is In motion tends
to deteriorate at the onset of darkness. Study reveals that most vehicular accidents occurred at night, thus, a
properly designed road lighting system is a major concern of government agencies and authorities in every
country.
l J
In designing a road lighting system most important quality criteria are as follows :
r
* Luminance Level
* Uniformity
Limitation of Glare
* Visual Guidance
I
I
4.4.1 Luminance Level
A road lighting designed luminance level is dependent on the reflection property of the road surface and the light
distribution of the luminaira. It is therefore, required that proper maintenance of the luminaire and the road itself is
observed. Standard road surfaces Rl. R2. R3 and R4 were adapted to classify the road composition and to
establish corresponding R-tables (CIE Publication No. 30.2 1962) which are used in road lighting calculation. The
CIE recommended minimum luminance level for each road classification vary from 0.5 to 2 cd/m depending on
the lighting of the surrounding and traffic density. The level is expected to be maintained to aid the drivers visual
performance and provide visual comfort, thus, improving his driving performance on the road.
4.4.2 Uniformity
In order to keep a sufficient visibility and visual comfort for the driver, uniformity of luminance throughout the
carriageway is indispensable. It should be noted that uniformity is expected to change after sometime due to road
surface wear and affected greatly by rain. The recommendation, therefore, is given as minimum and based on dry
roads.
The Overall Uniformity (Uo) is essential to provide a sufficient visibility for the driver and recommended by a
minimum ratio of Lmin (minimum local luminance) and Lave (average luminance).
Lmin
uo = > 0.4
LAVE
22
(Lmln and Lmax are iumlnences along the center line of the lane seen from a point o n same line about 60m)
A road with Zebra Pattern, a succession of bright and dark spots, throughout the carriageway is a manifestation
of a poor road lighting. The driver will not experience visual comfort under this condition. This is avoided by
designing a system that will satlsfy the minimum recommended value of Longitudinal Uniformity (UL) which Is the
ratio of Lmin (minimum local luminance) and Lmax (maximum local luminance).
UL =
Lmln
Lmax
b 0.7 (class A and B roads) and 0.5 (dass C, D and E)
Lmin and Lmax are luminance along the center line of the lane seen from a point on same line about 60m from
the calculation field.
4.4.3 Llmltation of Glare
In road lighting design, the main objective Is to improve the drivers visual performance and visual comfort. These
two objectives are dependent on two kinds of glare sensation; disability glare and discomfort glare.
Impaired vision is caused by disability glare for which the degree is measured by relative threshold increment
TI(%) TI <lo% for roads A it B, TI (20% for others. While discomfort feeling is a.result of discomfort glare and
described by a glare control mark (G).
The value of G is classified in terms of the glare sensation, as listed below :
G=I unbearable
G=3 disturbing
G=5 just admissible
G=7 satisfactory restricted
G=9 unnoticeable
The lighting system should contribute in achieving a good visibility of guidance aids provided on the road such as
road markings and crash barriers. It should guide the driver of the situation or road pattern ahead. In determining
the lighting arrangement and pole positions, care should be taken, particularly in dealing with junctions and sharp
cuwes.
The road lighting arrangements that will provide good visual guidance are single-sided and twin-central.
Confusion and misinterpretation of road network may arise if the driver is approaching an area with too many
lighting points.
23
It is practical to use high masts with floodlights having asymmetrical reflector at major intersections, Interchanges
and junctions. However, visible road markings must be available since the visual guidance is not expected to be
efficient when high masts are used. Another light source colour of road lighting as seen by the driver towards his
direction will give him an idea that the road he is driving on is leading to an area of convergence.
5.5 TUNNEL LIGHTING
Perhaps, this application is considered more complicated since the system to be employed must meet the
requirments for both night-time and day-time conditions. The luminance outside the tunnel, during day-time, is so
high that entering to a dark space may impair visual performance. The same situation when coming out of the
dark tunnel.
For economical reasons, the lighting in the tunnel is gradually reduced and may be increased when approaching
the exit zone. Lighting installation must be carefully evaluated in such a way that flicker is minized.
24
6. INDOOR LIGHTING CALCULATION
(BZ Method)
One of the tasks of a llghtlng designer is to determine the required number of iumlnaires of an interior with known
parameters that will meet the design objectives. This can be done by applying the BZ method. The derigner will
be able to determine the desirable lumlnalre arrangementand the resulting average iiiumination level on the
working plane.
Utilization Factor (U.F.) Table of the Selected luminaire, light source and light controtier can be found on the
Photometric Data Section.
The use of ilghtfng calculation sheet which c
1. Given room width In meters,
example: 6.OM
Id serve as deslgn reference II letailed below:
2. Given room length in meters,
example: 14.OM
3. Calculate room area In M,
Ar=LxW=14x6=64.0M2
i)
4. Glven room height (H,) in meters, example: 2.65M
5. Preferred suspension height (H.) in meters, example: O.OM
6. Calculate mounting height (H,,,) in meters,
H, = H, - H, - 0.65M = 2.65 - 0.0 - 0.65 = 2.OM
I
7. Calculate room index,
LXW 14 x 6
K, =
s
= 2.1
Hm (L+W)
2 (14 + 6)
6. During the conceptual stage of the interior design, finishing of the
ceiling, walls and floor may not be finalized. However, lighting
calculation must be based on a combination of reflectances to
consider reflected light throughout the intarlor.
The interior designer may provide the, most likely, shade of colors
of the interior from which a combination of reflactances can be
desired.
Assume : Reflectance of Ceiling, R, = 0.70
B
Reflectance of Walls, R, = 0.50
Reflectance of floor, Rr = 0.20
9. The number of light sources of the selected luminaire model.
Example : Model 5734 A I24 . . . . . . . . 57
IL
number of lamps
10. Refer to the Utilization Factor table of the selected luminaire model and determine the utilization factor
based on the calculated room index and assumed combination of reflectances. if the calculated room index
is between the two given indices of the table, linear Interpolation is necessary.
From the table: Krfr) = 2.0
UFw
= 0.53
Kr = 2.1
42)
= 2.5
UFw
= 0.56
I UF(z) - UFU) 1 [ Kr - Kq*) 1
UF = UFr,) +
[ Km - Kr(q) 1
[ 0.56 - 0.53] [ 2.1 - 2.0 ]
= 0.53 +
[ 2.5 - 2.0 ]
UF = 0.536
I -
.
25
4iD
11.. Reduction factor is applied when the data of the lumlnalre model measured using 40W lamp will be used for
a 65W lamp. Otherwise, the factor to be applied is 1.
12. Environmental factors, aside from the characterlstlcs of the light source,
must be given consideration In the lighting calculation. The accumulation
of dirt on the optical parts of the lumlnalre and the decreasing luminous
flux of the lamp will reduce the illumination level. Therefore, an appropriate
value should be referred to the given table.
Example: Selected luminaire model - 5734A/24...57 which Is a recessed
luminalre with louver. The area is within a normally clean
surrounding, therefore, 8 Depreciation Factor of 1.27 may be
used.
13. Specify the light source to be used.
Example: L36W/31
14. Luminous flux of the selected light source must be determined.
Example: 3450 lumens (L36Wi31)
15. The lighting designer must be aware of the type of work or activity which
the interior is intended for.
The recommended lllumlnances range for different activities end working
environments are given on IES 1967 Application Volume with latest
approach in the selection detailed on Section 2 pages 2 - 3 to 2 - 23.
Example: Assume the area to be a Computer Room. Weighting factors were considered which resulted to a
specific recommended illuminance of 500 Iux which is the minimum recommended on the
llluminance category.
16. Calculated the quantity of luminaires required by substituting all the values to the given formula.
Example: E = 500 Iux
Ai
= 64M2
f = 1.27
0 = 3450 lumens
n =2
UF = 0.536
k = 1
E x A, x f 500 x 64 x 1.27
N =
I
= 14.4
f xnxUFxk 3450 x2x 0.536 x 1
17-16
Calculate the number of luminaires along and across the room by using the given formulas. This is to ensure
that spacings in between adjacent luminaires are approximately equal, Round off the results that will give a
product higher than the calculated number of luminaires. With these quantities, along and across, the total
number of luminaires is determined.
Example:
No. of lumlnaires along =
0
No. of luminaires across =
p = py = 2.48 y 3
26
19. Uniformity Is one of the criteria in lighting design. The maximum ratio between spacing and mounting (S/H,,,)
of especific lumlnaire model is calculated and given on the Photometric Data.
Calculate the resulting space-to-mounting ratio (S/H,J using the final number of luminaires with the given
formula and check with the maximum ratio.
Example:
S/H,,,., =
2.0. Finally, substitute all the calculated and selected values to the given formula in determining the maintained
average Illumination level.
Example:
#
EAVE =
N+ x 4 x n x UF x k
Ac x f
= 15 x 3450 x 2 x 0.536 x 1
a4 x 1.27
EAVE =
520 lux
27
CALCULATION SHEET (BZ - METHOD)
I
Lumlnalre : (1) = 5734Al24...57
(2) -
Pos.
(1) (2)
1 Room wtdth W m 6.0
2 Room lenoth I L Im I 14.0 I 7
3 Room area A( -LxWm2 64
4 Total height HI m 2.65
5 Suspenslon length H. m 0
< Mounting helght 1 Hm 1 = H, - H. - 0.65 m 1 2.0 1
-1
7 Room Index
1 kr 1 = H: ;L: W) 1 2*1 (
6 Reflectance 1 ceiling R. = I 0.2 I 0.70 I 1
walls R, -
floor Rr =
0.50
0.20
D Number of light
sources per lantern
10 Utilization Factor
11 Reduction Factor
12 Depreclatlon Factor
n 2
UF 0.536
k 1
f see table 1.27
13 Type of Lamp
14 Luminous flux per lamp Im 3450
15 lllumlnation level E Iux 500
16 Calculation number
of luminaires 1 N 1 =$,x?J:!xk 1 14*4 1
17 Number of luminaires
along
16 Number of luminaires
across
19 Uniformity
20 Maintained average
illuminance
NL
5.79 - 5
NW 2.46 - 3
SIHm.e 1.16
E
=N, t$ x n x UF x k
520
4x1
0
6. OUTDOOR LIGHTING CALCULATION
P
a
-
and optical light centre of lumlnalre) In metres
Fi-=PIk-
6 n spacing In metres
w = total road wldth In metres
Wl =
road width (street side) In metres c-
w2 =
road width (house side) in metres
(The spacing to be applied for dlfferent Instellatlons: One side,
central and staggered: Longltudlnal distance between successive
lumlnalres.
Utlltzatton curves afford a practical method for the detenlnatlon of average llluminance over the roadwey
surlace. As abscissa on the diagram Is ured the ratlo : transverse wldthlmounting helght. and the ordlnete lo
coefflclent of utilization, CU (or as stated on the diagram : qr& The ooefflclent of utlllzatlon Is the percentage of
lumens utlllzed In lllumlnating an area of given wldth and Infinite length.
h = mounting height (vertical distance between roadway surface
Opposite : One half the longitudinal distance between successive
luminaires.)
The basic formula for determination of average lllumlnanca is as follows :
E = tlE
4. MF
Iux (Imlm2)
S.W
B
where E = maintained average lllumlnance (lux)
ne = coefficient of utilization
4
= nominal luminous flux (lumen)
MF = maintenance factor
WE = T)El + T)E2
1)El :
use ratio wllh
1E2 :
use ratio w2Ih
The calculation gives information on average illuminance only, and it should be used in conjunction
with a calculation procedure allowing determination of uniformity to be obtained with the used
spacing.
29
CALCtlLATlON OF HORIZONTAL ILLUMINANCE
With the use of Intensity Table. the horizontal illuminance at a point on the road surface can be determined. The
calculation points between two lanterns ere arranged with five points. equally space, along the longitudinal
direction and at the middle of each driving lane in the transverve direction. The calculation geld in the transverse
dlrectlon may be extended on each slde of the road at 1.5 of lane width.
* I I I I
0 0
x * x * x
----------------_-__
I * x * *
~~~~~~~~~~--------__
I I x *
. I I I
The horizontal llluminance at a point on the road surface is calculated using the following formula :
I
Ep =
-2
(this gives the value on the plane perpendicular on d)
to have the value on the horizontal plane
I
EP -
dZ
cos e
H H
cos 8 =
ad= case
I
EP =
HZ
COP e
d
=
Ep =
Hz + X2 + y2
X
HZ + X2 + f2
IHZ/HZ + x2 + y2 IH
=
=
( Hz + x2 + Y2 )2
( H2 + x2 + y2 ),.s
I
7. COMPUTER-AIDED LIGHTING DESIGN
Nowadays, lighting calculations are made with eese and a lot of saved time by the use of computer. The designer
will simply input the calculation parameters I.e. room dimensions, calculation field, mounting helghts. etc. and the
selected lumlnalre Including lamp lumen or other vital informetiins required in the program. The result will, then,
be displayed on the monitor for evaluation. The results include the lumlnalres information, geometry of the
installation, isolux plan, luminance, llluminance and other values.
Whenever modification Is needed to improve the resulting velues, the designer may do so by selecting another
type of lumlnaire, l-table and re-aiming of luminaires.
Design oftices consider this tool a necessity since the lighting deslgns required in a simple project Involved
different applications which, If done manually, will take a lot of time.
3
0
.
31
8. PHOTOMETRIC DATA
A practical way of selecting a luminalre for a specific application Is to evaluate Its photometric data. The light
distribution of a lumlnaire. In polar curves, is a helpful Information to determine whether the lumlnaire can provide
the desired effect, Selections based on lumlnaire appearance and finish may not be practical considering
economic considerations.
Photometric measurement is vital In determining the performance of the combination of optical system end a light
source. All measurements are carried out at an Bmblent temperature of +25% with a stable voltage supply.
Lamps to be used for the measurement are operated, first. for a minimum of 100 hours or until the charactertstlcs
are stable. A goniophotometer is en assembly to carry such measurement connected to a computer system for
recording and storage of data (Intensity Table).
A typical installation of a goniophotometer is shown below:
8.1 PHOTOMETRIC MEASUREMENT OUTPUT
Lumlnalre (description)
Specifies Intended application or area of use.
Luminalre type
The model, light controller and other important informations are given.
Lamp
The type and make of light source used in the measurement,
No. of Lamps
Quantity of light sources per luminaire.
Lamp flux [Im]
The luminous flux per light source.
Output ratio [%I
The light output efficiency of the luminaire. Which is the total luminous
flux of lamps In the luminaire divided by the total luminous flux of
these bare lamps.
Llght distrlbutlon (Intensity dlstrlbutlon In cd/,OOs r,,,)
This is presented in two ways, one in the form of polar curve
representlng two planes - along and across the luminaire. another in
tabulated valves.
32
i
Glarr dlagram
The luminaires limiting curves are shown in the diagram to help the
designer In evaluating the glare limitations.
And It Is a function of type of Installation, mountlng height. lllumtnance
level, luminaire type end Its maximum Intensity value and angle.
Utlllratlon factors table
L
A tabulated data for a lumineire specifying the utilization factors for
respective room lndeces end combination of reflectances.
3
Utlllratlon curve
Average llluminance on the roadway surface can be calculated with the aid of utilization curve of e road lantern.
The coordinete being the coefficient of utilization or the percentage of lumens utilized in illuminating an area of
given width and Infinite length. the abscissa Is the ratlo : transverse width/mounting height.
d
lsolux dlagram
The diagram is useful in the study of uniformity of illuminance and in
determlnlng the values at any specific point.
And it is a group of curves, where each curve represent illuminance
points of the same value.
.
33
,
34
I
Cartesian Coordinate
Llght distributlon of a floodlight In the form of Cartesian coordinate which will define the beam spread at 50%
peak intensity (CIE standard) and 10% peak intensity (ES) is the most useful data in determining the sultable
floodlight for specific application.
c
Cl assi f i c at i on of Enc l osed Pr ot ec t i on
Symbol Descri pt i on
7
FLUORESCENT LAMPS
WIRING DIAGRAM
(WITH PREHEAT TRANSFORMERS AND DIMMING SYSTEM)
STANLbWD WlTH PREHEAT TRANSFORMER, 220 V
L
N
TANDEM WI TH PREHEAT TRANSFCRMER , 220 V
L
N
PnRAUEL CKT W/ PREHEAT TRANSFORMER, 220V
SINGLE uw RAPID S TA R T DIMMING c~Rcum,mV
STANDARD DI MMI NG CI RCUI T, 2MV
+
L
3
N
T A N D E M CDNNECTlON DI MMI NG ClRCUIT,,220V
PARALLEL DI MMI NG CI RCUI T, 220 V
TWO LAMP RAPI D START DI MMI NG CI RCUI T, 120 V
DIMMING CONTROL SWITCH
OTHER DIMMING SYSTEM. PLEASE CONTACT WR
FACTORY OR SALES OFFI CE NEAR YDU.
Law I & J Wl aJ A
SAUl LI QWTI N~ Co.
-
EMERGENCY CIRCUIT
WIRING DIAGRAM
Y*,Nl41MED EM MODE.
iuP, STAtri. HPF
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF LUMlNAIRE EQUIPPED
WlTH SELF-CONTAINED EMERGENCY UNITS.
READ THIS INSTRUCTION BEFORE PROCEEDING.
CAUTIONI DO NOT MEGGA AFTER INSTALLATION
UNLESS YOU REMOVE ML MAINS WIRES
FROM THE EMERGENCY UNIT BEFORE IN-
SULATION RESISTANCE TEST.
CONNECTION THE LUMINAIRE IS DELIVERED WITH :
A A JUMPER BETWEEN L4 AN0 Ll IN CASE
YOU HAVE ONLY ONE ACTIVE MAINS SUPP-
LY AND WANT THE TUBES ALWAYS LIT.
-B IF YOU HAVE AN ADDITIONAL UNSWITCH-
ED ACTIVE TO CHARGE THE BAlTERY, THEN
CONNECT IT TO L4 AND REMOVE THE
JUMPER ILl-L41 THE SWITCHED MAINS
SHALL THEN BE CONNECTED TO Ll AND
YOU CAN SWITCH THE TUBE ON AND OFF
BUT STILL ALWAYS CHARGE THE BATTERY.
TESTING MAINTENANCE
THE UNSWITCHED ACTIVE SHOULD BE INTERRUPTED ONCE
A MONTH FOR A SHORT PERIOD TO ENSURE THAT THE
EMERGENCY CIRCUIT IS OPERATING.1 IN SIGN-LUMINAIRES
THIS DONE BY SETTING THE SWITCH IN FUNCTIONAL CON-
TROL POSITION). IN ADDITION, EVERY SIX MONTHS THE
EMERGENCY CIRCUIT SHOULD BE OPERATED FOR A PERIOD
OF 1 HOUR AND EVERY 3 YEARS FOR KS FULL DURATION.
THE TUBES SHALL UT FOR ITS FULL DURATlON AS MARKED
ON THE MERGENCY MODULE LABEL. IF NOT, REPLACE THE
BATTERY WlTH HIGH TEMP. NICD BATTERIES.
SPARE BATTERIES : SLC P/N A406843A 13.6V14Ahl
OTHER EMERGENCY SYSTEM, PLEASE CONTACT OUR FAC-
TnaY nR SALES OFFICE NEAR YOU.
EMERGENCY LIGHTING DEFINITIONS
NON MAINTAINED EMERGENCY LUMINAIRE IS A
LUMINAIRE CONTAINING ONE OR MORE LAMPS WHICH
OPERATE FROM THE EMERGENCY SUPPLY ONLY UPON
FAILURE OF THE NORMAL MAINS SUPPLY.
MAINTAINED EMERGENCY LUMINAIRE IS A LUMINAIRE
CONTAlNlNG ONE OR MORE LAMPS ALL OF WHICH OPERATE
FROM THE NORMAL SUPPLY OR FROM THE EMERGENCY
SUPPLY AT ALL MATERIAL TIMES.
SELF CONTAINED EMERGENCY LUMINAIRE IS A
LUMINAIRE OR SIGN PROVIDING MAINTAINED OR
NON-MAINTAINED EMERGENCY UGHTINQ IN WHICH ALL THE
ELEMENTS SUCH AS BATTERY, THE LAMP AND THE CONTROL
UNIT ARE CONTAINED WITHIN THE HOUSING OR WITHIN 1
METER OF THE HOUSING.
SUSTAINED EMERGENCY LUMINAIRE IS A LUMINAIRE
CONTAINING TWO OR MORE LAMPAT LEAST ONE OF WHICH
IS ENERGIZED FROM THE EMERGENCY SUPPLY AND THE RE-
MAINDER FROM THE NORMAL SUPPLY.
(BECAUSE THE EMERGENCY LAMP IS ONLY ILLUMINATED
IN A MAINS FAILURE CONDITION THIS LUYINAIRES IS
REQARDED FOR FI RE AUTHORI TY APPROVAL AS
NON-MAINTAINED.)
.
FLUORESCENT LAMPS
WIRING DIAGRAM
PREHEAT CI RCUI T , N. I. F.
:w
PREHEAT CIRCUIT, COMPENSATED
TANDEM CONNECTION, PREHEAT CKT. N.P.F
lANDEM CONNECTION, FftEHEAT CKT. COMPENSATED
PREHEAT CIRCUIT FOR 115 AND127 VOLTS
TANDEM CONNECTI ON FOR 115 AN0 127VOLTS
SINGLE L A MP &ID S T A R T CKT., HPF
m0 LAMPS STMT CKT., HPF
L
N
COMMCT IAWP W/
L
N
W/ STL\RTER,COM=ENSPTEO
L
N
COMPACT LAMP TANLY34 CONNECTION,
COMPACT LAMP FOR 115 AND 127 VOLTS.
L
N
COhppCT W/ SEPMATE (&-PIN)
HIGH OUTRlT RAPID START TWO LAMP, HPF
CI RCULAR RAPI D START CKT.,HPF
.
HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS
WIRING DIAGRAM
IEC STANDARD ANSI STANDARD
biv
UNCOMPENSATED (NPF)
M-v
COMPENSATED (HPF)
. .
UNCObfPEN3ATEID (NPF)
HF%,MH
LJ!r!i-~5
I.
COMPENSATED (HF'F)
N------------u
UNCOMPENSATED (NPF)
2ooo1R/3fJov
UNCOMFTNSATED (NPF)
W AUTO-REIGULATOR (CWA)
MV REACTOR
a
COhC?'EWATED (HPF)
HPS AUTO-REGULATOR (CWA)
COMPENSATED (HPF)
RF3 MAGNETIC REGULATOR
3fBl
CObtPENSATED (HPF)
HPS REACTOR
m
CObPENSATED (HPF)
COMPENSATED (HPF)
TYPE OF
BALLAST
RAPID START
FLUORESCENT
ELECTRICAL DATA FOR BALLAST
STANOARD
NO. &TYPE POWER SOUNO INPUT
OF LAMP FACTOR RATING WATTAGE
- 20 HIGH
2 _ 20 HIGH
3 - HIGH
4 - 20 HIGH
l-40 HIGH
2-40 HIGH
3-40 HIGH
4.40 HIGH
32 .27 .16 .12
57 .47 .3!i .20
89 .74 51 .32
114 .94 .70 Aa
54 48 .24 .20
96 .80 .45 .35
150 1.29 .89 .55
192 1.60 .so .70
LINE CURRENT
120 220 277
SWITCH START
FLUORESCENT
1 _ 20 NORMAL
2 - 20 NORMAL
3 - 20 NORMAL
4 - 20 NORMAL
l-40 NORMAL
Z-40 NORMAL
3.40 NORMAL
4.40 NORMAL
1 . 65 NORMAL
2 _ 65 NORMAL
3 .85 NORMAL
20 .37
58 .74
a7 1.11
116 1.49
49 .43
98 .88
147 1.29
196 1.72
74 .67
148 1.34
222 2.01
(127.220. 2771
MERCURY 50 NORMAL 59 .92
80 NORMAL - 89 .8D
125 NORMAL - 137 1.15
250 NORMAL 266 2.15
400 NORMAL - 425 3.25
METAL HALIDE
ELLIPTICAL 250 NORMAL - 275 3.00
400 NORMAL 440 4.20
1000 NORMAL 1065 9.50
i..
TUBULAR 250 NORMAL 275 3.00
400 NORMAL coo 4.20
1000 NORMAL 1065 9.50
.
HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM
ELLIPTICAL 50/l NORMAL
70/I NORMAL
110/l NORMA1
150 NORMAL
250 NORMAL
400 NORMAL
1000 NORMAL
TUBULAR 150
250
400
1000
NORMAL
NORMAL
NORMAL
NORMAL
-
-
-
-
62
93
122
170
275
440
1090
170
275
440
1075
.77
1.00
1.16
1.60
3.00
4.40
10.30
1.80
3.00
4.40
10.30
NOTE:
Specificatlonr may vary dightly for different mmufscturn.
Line cunmt Indicated hsrefn. rxofn for rapfd start fluorsacmt. are Inducthm cutrmt.
The valua of the compensated line currmt Is defamdmt on the rating of tha caf-mcicor for POWW factor corr@ctfon.
All above data are as per ballast mmufacturor.
MAY & CHRISTE BALLAS
TYPE OF
BALLAST
METAL
HALIDE
HIGH
PRESSURE
SODIUM
G.E. BALLAST
TYPE OF RATING POWER INPUT
BALLAST IWI FACTOR WATTAGE
MERCURY
AUTO-REG TYPE
ICWAI
250 HPF 292 w 1.52A 1.4OA
400 HPF 453 w 2.29A 2.10A
1000 HPF 1082 W 5.34A 4.90A
MERCURY
REGULATOR TYPE
ICWI
100 HPF 127 W 0.66A 0.6OA
175 HPF 210 w 0.98A 0.90A
250 HPF 292 w 1.42A 1.3OA
400 HPF 460 W 2.29A ZlOA
MHI
AUTO-REG TYPE
(PEAK LEAD1
HPS
REACTOR TYPE
TYPO ICW)
HPS
AUTO-REG
LEAD TYPE ICWAI
i * HPS
I
REGULATOR
ILAG TYPE)
ELECTRICAL DATA FOR BALLAST
RATING POWER INPUT
IW) FACTOR WATTAGE
LINE CURRENT
220V/BOHz. 24OV15OHz.
50 HPF 59 w 0.35A 0.32A
80 HPF 89 W O.SOA 0.45A
125 HPF 137 w 0.70A 0.841
250 HPF 266 W 1.50A 1.37A
400 HPF 425 W 2.4OA 2.20A
250 HPF 275 w
400 HPF 44OW
1000 HPF 1066 w
2000 HPF 2080 W
1 .SOA 1.37A
2.50A 2.29A
6.OOA 5.50A
5.50A
(38OV onlyl
70 HPF 83 W 0.60A 0.55A
150 HPF 170 w O.SlA 0.91A
250 HPF 275 W 1.50A 1.37A
400 HPF 4l.DW 2.5OA 2.29A
1000 HPF 1090 w 6.OOA 6.50A
LINE CURRENT
2ZOVI6OHz. 24OV/6OHz.
175 HPF 207 W 0.98A O.SOA
250 HPF 286 W 1.30A 1.2OA
400 HPF 465 w 2.18A 2.00A
200 HPF 230 W 1.20A l.lOA
250 HPF 284 W 1.52A 1.4OA
400 HPF 438 W 2.07A 1 .SOA
70 HPF 119w 0.44A OMIA
100 HPF 126 w 0.66A 0.8OA
150 HPF 169 w 0.98A O.SOA
200 HPF 236 W 1 .OSA 1 .OOA
250 HPF 300 w 1.42A 1.30A
400 HPF 468W 2.18A 2.OOA
1000 HPF 1096 w 5.24A 4.80
70 HPF 99 w 0.55A 0.50A
100 HPF 136w 0.86A O.SOA
150 HPF 193w 0.98A O.SOA
200 HPF 246w 1.20A l.lOA
250 HPF 312 W 1.52A 1.4OA
400 HPF 475 w 2.29A 2.10A
WIRING
DIAGRAM
FIGURE
A/B
FIGURE
E/F
FIGURE
CID
,l-.
t
WIRING
DIAGRAM
FIGURE
G
FIGURE
H
FIG&E
L
FIGURE
K
FIGURE
I
FIGURE
J
NOTE: Above date are as per ballast manufacturer
-