Submitted by: Balanghig, Edward John Clima, Yvony Ticong, Jemerlyn Tabaque, Jamaica Alcano, Shella Mae
Submitted to:
Mr Romil Torrejos Math 5 Instructor CHAPTER VI - LINEAR EQUATIONS AND APPLICATIONS
Objectives: 1. Solve linear equations in one variable; 2. Translate verbal phrases into algebraic expressions or mathematical phrases; 3. Solve different types of word problems.
6.1 SOLVING EQUATIONS An equation is a statement that expresses the equality of two mathematical expressions. Examples include:
x+2=7, 2y 2 + 3y = 2, x 2 = -3 and (a+b) 2 =a 2 + 2ab + b 2
In particular, note that each equation has an equality sign. A solution of an equation that involves a single variable is any value of the variable that makes the equation true. Thus x = 5 is a solution of x + 2 = 7 and y = -2 is a solution of 2y 2 + 3y = 2. On the other hand, the equation x 2 = -3 has no real solution.
To solve an equation means to find all its solutions. In this chapter we only consider equations that can be expressed in the form of ax + b = 0 where a and b are constant with a 0. Such equations are called linear equations in x. The properties of the equality guarantee that there is always a unique solution of such equations.
Example 1: Solve for x + 7 = 3
Solution: x + 7 = 3 By Addition Property of Equality, this equation is equivalent to (x +7) + (-7) = 3 + (-7), or x = -4
Example 2: Solve for x in 3x + 17 = 4x
Solution: Again, by Addition Property of Equality, the following is obtained: 3x + 17 + (-4x) = 4x + (-4x), or -x + 17 = 0 -x + 17 + (-17) = 0 + (-17) -x = -17
Then by Multiplication Property of Equality, the only solution x = 17, is obtained.
Example 3: Solve for y: 8y + 3 = 7
Solution: By the Addition Property of Equality (8y = 3) + (-3) = 7 + (-3), or
The Multiplication Property of Equality shows that the previous equation is equivalent to
Therefore, the only solution is y =
Note that the solution obtained can be always be checked by substituting in the original equation. For example, y = is indeed a solution of 8y + 3 = 7 since 8 +3 = 7
Instead of applying the addition and multiplication properties of the equality, one can use the process of transposition that is illustrated in the next example.
Example 4: Solve for p in 12p + 6 = 10p 4
Solution: To solve for p, 6 on the left must be eliminated. Thus, it is transposed to the right by becoming -6. So the new equation is now 12 p = 10p 10.
Now, the 10p on the right side must go with 12 p; so 10 is transposed to the left, becoming 10;
12p 10p = -10 or 2p = -10
Finally the 2 in 2p must be eliminated. It can be transposed to the right, changing into :
p = -10 p = -5
6.1.1 EQUATIONS CONTAINING FRACTIONS
One sure way of solving equations containing fractions is to get rid of the denominators by multiplying the whole equation by the least common denominator.
Example 1: Solve for x:
Solution: The LCD is 12, so we can solve the equation as follows:
2x - 3x = 240 -x = 240 x = -240
Therefore, x = -240
Example 2: Solve for x
Solution: The LCD is 4x, thus
7 5x = 6x 4 -5x 6x = -4 7 -11x = -11, or x = 11
6.1.2 LITERAL EQUATIONS
The procedure for solving a linear equation in one variable can also be used to solve for a particular variable in terms of others in literal equations as illustrated in the next examples:
Example 1: Solve for a: a + b = y
Solution: a = y-b
Example 2: Solve for x: bx + c = a
Solution: bx = a c
Example 3: Solve for l: P = 2l + 2w
Solution: P 2w = 2l or 2l = P 2w So, l = (P 2w)
6.2 TRANSLATING VERBAL PHRASES OR SENTENCES IN MATHEMATICAL PHRASES OR EQUATIONS
Before going into word problems, it is important to see how certain phrases and statements can be translated mathematically. The examples that follow illustrate some commonly used expressions.
Illustrations:
1. Five increase by a number: If y = the number, then the phrase is the same as 5 + y
2. The sum of m and n: Therefore: m + n
3. The product of five and the sum of x and y: Therefore: 5 (x + y)
4. Thrice a number diminished by five is 14. If x = the number, the equation is 3x 5 = 14
5. A number decreased by 10 is 20. If m = the number, then m 10 = 20
6. Twice the sum of x and y increased by 6 is 25. In this case the equation is 2 (x + y) + 6 = 25
6.3 WORD PROBLEMS
The following steps may be helpful in solving a word problem: 1. Choose a variable to represent an unknown quantity then write the other unknowns (if there are any) in terms of the variable. 2. Form a table or draw a figure if appropriate. Then form the given information, write an equation that involves the variable. 3. Solve the equation. 4. Check the answer you obtained in the original words of the problem.
6.3.1 NUMBER RELATION PROBLEM
Example 1: Find three consecutive even integers whose sum is 72.
Solution: Let x be the first number. Then the next two given integers will be x + 2 and x + 4 respectively. Their sum is therefore x + (x + 2) + x + 4. But it is also given that their sum is 72. The following linear equation is then obtained.
x + (x + 2) + x + 4 = 72 This equation is solved as follows: 3x + 6 = 72 3x = 72 6 3x = 66 3x = 22
Therefore, x + 2 = 24 and x + 4 = 26. Now, these values clearly solve the original problem that is 22, 24, and 26 are consecutive even integers and their sum is 72. Therefore the answers are 22, 24, and 26.
Example 2: When the smaller of the two consecutive integers is added to three times the larger, the result is 43. Find the smaller integer.
Solution: Let x be the smaller integer. Then the larger integer is x + 1. The first sentence of the problem is now translated into the equation x + 3 (x + 1) = 43 which can be solved:
x + 3x + 3 = 43 4x = 43 3 4x = 40 x = 10
Therefore, x + 1 = 11. Now, substituting in the original problem shows that the solutions are correct. So the integers are 10 and 11.
Note: When you work with consecutive integers, the following may be helpful.
Three consecutive Variables integers x, x + 1, x + 2 odd integers x, x + 2, x + 4 even integers x, x + 2, x + 4
Example 3: In an algebra test, the highest score was 42 points more than the lowest. If the sum of the two scores was 138, find the highest score.
Solution: Let x be the highest score. Then the lowest score is x 42.Since the sum of the two scores is 138,
x (x 42) = 138 2x = 138 + 42 2x = 180 x = 90
Thus, x 42 = 28. It can be checked that the values obtained solve the original word problem. Therefore, 90 is the highest score.
6.3.2 MIXTURE PROBLEM In solving mixture problems it is usually helpful to form a table. It is also important to note the following fact: When two or more solutions are mixed, the amount of a certain ingredient in the final mixture is equal to the sum of the amounts of the same ingredient in the different parts.
Example 1: How many liters of pure alcohol must be added to 10 liters of water to be able to produce a solution that is 25 % alcohol? Solution: Let x = the number of liters of pure alcohol to be added. The following table can be formed.
100% water 100% alcohol 75% water 25% alcohol Total volume (in liters) 100 x (10 + x) Amount of alcohol (in liters) 0 x .25 (10 + x)
The equation suggested by the comment at the start of 6.3.2, is: 0 + x = 0.25 (10 + x) which can solved x = 2.5 + 0.25x x - 0.25 x = 2.5 0.75 x = 2.5 x = 3 1/3
Therefore, 3 1/3 liters of pure alcohol is needed.
Example: A chemist would like to produce 700 gallons of a solution that is 28% acid, but only solutions that have 30% acid and 20% acid, respectively are available. How many gallons of the 30% and 20% acid solutions must be mixed to be able to obtain the desired solution?
Solution: Let x be the number of gallons of the 30% solution. Since the final solution is to contain 700 gallons, the 20% solution should have a total volume of 700 x gallons. In table form: 30% acid 20% acid 28% acid Total volume x 700 - x 700 Amount of acid (in gallons) 0.3x 0.2 (700 x) 0.28 (700)
It can be shown that the answers check if substituted in the word problem. Therefore 560 gallons of 30% acid solution and 140 gallons of 20% acid solution must be mixed.
6.3.3 WORK PROBLEMS
Example 1: A farmer can plow a field in 2 days using a hand tractor. His brother, by using hand plow and a carabao can plow the same field in 8 days. How many days will be required for the plowing if they work together?
Solution: Let x = the number of days it will take to plow the field if they work together. Then the following table can be formed:
Farmer with hand tractor Brother with carabao Farmer and brother No. of days 2 8 x Part of work done in one day 1/8 1/x
The values on the third row are obtained by taking the reciprocal of those on the second. Such should be the case, for example the farmer takes 2 days to finish the work and so after 1 day, he has finished only of the work. In the same way, his brother can finish 1/8 of the work in the day. Therefore, if they work together, their combined work in one day is + 1/8 of the entire work. But this should be 1/x as the entry on the lower right shows. Thus: + 1/8 = 1/x and if 8x is multiplied, 4x + x = 8 So, 5x = 8 and x= 8/5 or 1 3/5 which can be checked in the original problem. Therefore, it will take 1 3/5 days to finish plowing the field if the two work together.
6.3.4 MOTION PROBLEMS
When a body is moving in a path at constant speed, the body travels equal distances in equals intervals of time. This motion is referred to as uniform motion. The rate or speed of the body in its path is defined as the distance traveled in one unit of time.
Thus, if r = the rate or speed d = the distance traveled, and t = the amount of time that elapsed Then, d = r t
Example 1: Brain-Brain walked from point A to another point B along JP Laurel St. at the rate of 3 km per hour. As soon as he reached B, he went back to A this time on a jeep that averaged 57 km per hour. How far is A from B if the entire trip took him 2/3 of an hour?
Solution: It is important to see that there are two sets of d, r and t referred to in the problem the first being the walk from A to B and the second the ride back. But these two are related in the following way:
The time spent on the two adds up to 2/3 hours. And the distances covered are equal.
Let x = the distance (in km) between A and B
Since d = r t, it follows that
A to B B to A Distance x x Rate 3 57 Time x/3 x/57
Since the total time spent is 2/3 of an hour, the following equation holds:
Which is solved as follows
19x + x = 38 20x = 38 x = 1.9
After checking on the original problem, it can be concluded that the distance A and B is 1.19 kms.
6.3.5 PROBLEMS ABOUT INVESTMENTS, PROFITS AND DISCOUNTS
In solving investment problems, the following formula is used: I = P r
This formula computes the annual simple interest (I) that is earned by an investment of amount P (for principal) at the interest rate r
Example 1: A Davao businessman invested part of 110 at 12% interest rate and the rest at 10%. If the two investments earned the same interest, determine how much was invested in each.
Solution: Let x = the amount (in pesos) invested at 12%. Then the following table can be formed:
12% interest 10% interest Principal X 110,000 x Rate 0.12 0.10 Interest 0.12x 0.10 (110,000 x)
As the 2 investments earned the same interest, 0.12x = 0.10 (110,000 x) The equation can be solved: 0.12x = 0.10 (110,000 x) 0.12x = 11,000 0.10x 0.22x = 11,000 x = 50,000 and 110,000 x = 60,000
It can be checked that these values solve the original problem.
6.3.6 AGE PROBLEMS
Example 1: The sum of the present ages of two children is 18. Six years from now the age of the older child will be twice the age of the younger brother. Find the present ages. Solution: Let x = present age (in years) of the younger child. Then the following table can be formed.
Present age Age 6 years from now Younger child x x + 6 Older child 18 x (18 x) + 6
From the given information, (18 x) + 6 = 2 (x + 6) Thus: 24 x = 2x + 12 -3x = -12 x = 4 and 18 x = 14
It can be verified that these values solve the original problem. Therefore the younger child is now 4 years old while the other child is 14.
Example 2: An antique jar is 45 years older than an exact copy. In 13 years, the older jar will be four times as old as the copy will be then. Find the present ages of the jars.
Solution: Let x = present age (in years) of the antique jar. Then the table below is formed from the information given. Present age Age 13 years hence The exact copy X X + 13 Antique jar 45 + x (45 + x) + 13
Also, (45 + x) + 13 = 4 (x + 13) And so: 58 + x = 4x + 52 -3x = -6 x = 2 and 45 + x = 47 Therefore, the antique jar is 47 years old and the copy is 2 years old. 6.3.7 GEOMETRIC PROBLEMS
Example 1: The perimeter of a certain rectangle is 16 times the width. The length is 12 centimeters more than the width. Find the width of the rectangle. Solution: Recall the formula for the perimeter of a rectangle (in centimeters). Then the length l and width w:
P = 2l + 2w
Let w = width of the rectangle (in centimeters). The length is w + 12 cm,. This the perimeter is
Example 2: One side of a triangle is 10 centimeters longer than the shortest side. A third side is 20 centimeters longer than the third side. If the perimeter of the triangle is 120 centimeters, find the length of the shortest side.
Solution: Recall the formula for the perimeter of a triangle with sides having lengths a, b, and c namely:
P = a + b + c
Let x = the length of the shortest side (in cm). Then the other two sides have lengths x + 10 cm and x + 20 cm respectively. Therefore:
(x) + (x+ 10) + (x + 20) = 120 or 3x + 30 = 120 3x = 90 x = 30 So, the shortest side is 30 cm long.
6.3.8 RATIO
The quotient obtained by dividing two quantities is called their ratio. The ratio of x to y is also denoted by the symbol x:y which read as x is to y. It may also be written in the form x/y where y0.
Example 1: Divide P72.00 between Jon and Pol so that the ratio of Jons money to Pols money is 4:5
Solution:
There should be some number x for which Jons share = 4x and Pols Share = 5x. From the given problem, it follows that 4x + 5x = 72 or 9x = 72 and x =8 Therefore, 4x = 32, and 5x = 40.
6.3.9 PROPORTION
A proportion is a statement of the equality of two ratios. This may be written as a: b = c:d which is read as a is to b as c is to d, or a/b = c/d. Both are equivalent to ad = bc.
Example 1: A piece of steel chain 2 feet long weighed 4 pounds. What would be the weight of a piece of the same chain 5 feet long?
Solution: Let x be the weight of the chain (in pounds). Then
6.3.10 VARIATION
1. Direct variation
A variable y is said to vary directly as another variable x (or y is directly proportional to x) if there is a nonzero constant k such that y = kx. Here, k is called the constant of proportionality.
Example 1: Suppose y varies directly as x and y = 6 when x= 3 (a) Write y in terms of x (b) Find y when x = 4
Solution: It is desired to determine the value of k un y = kx. Since y = 6 when x = 3, 6 k 3 or k = 2 Therefore, y = 2x Finally, if x = 4, then y = 2 4 = 8
2. Inverse variation
When y = k/x, for some k 0, y is said to vary inversely as x (or y is inversely proportional to x)
Example 2: If y varies inversely as x and y = 4 when x = 3 (a) Write y in terms of x (b) Find y when x = 6
Solution: This time y = k/x. Since y = 4 when x = 3, 4 = k/3 or k = 12 Therefore y = 12/x and y = 12/6 = 2 when x = 6.
3. Joint variation
If y, u, and v are variable and y = kuv, for some k 0, y is said to vary jointly as u and v.
Example 3: The volume of a right circular cone varies jointly as the square of the radius of its base and its height. Express this variation by an equation.
Solution: Let V be the volume, r the radius of the base and h the height of the cone. Then, V= kr 2 h, for some k 0.
4. Combined variation
If y = kn/v for some k 0, y is said to vary directly as u and inversely as v.
Example 4: According to Newtons Law of Gravitation, force exerted by 2 particles on each other varies jointly as their masses and inversely as the square of the distance between them. Express this variation by an equation.
Solution: Let F be the force, m 1 and m 2 the masses of the d the distance. Then F = km 1 m 2 /d for some k 0. CHAPTER VII INEQUALITIES AND ABSOLUTE VALUES
Objectives:
1. Identify and use the properties of inequalities and absolute values 2. Solve inequalities in one variable 3. Simplify expressions involving values.
7.1 INEQUALITIES
One of the important properties of the real numbers is that they can be ordered. Thus, 3 is smaller than 5 and 2 is bigger than 1. Under this ordering the real numbers can be paired off with points on the real line
Given any 2 real numbers a and b, we write:
(i) a < b, read as a is less than b, if the point on the line corresponding to a is on the left of the point corresponding to b:
(ii) a > b, read a is greater than b, if the point on the line corresponding to a is on the right of the point corresponding to b:
Therefore a < b and b > a are one and the same inequality.
Aside from < and >, we also use the symbols and . We write a b, read a us less than or equal to b if either a < b or a = b. Similarly, we write a b, read a is greater than or equal to b if either a > b or a = b.
The next two properties of inequalities are very important in solving inequalities:
1. (The Addition Property of Inequality) If a and b are any real numbers with a < b, then a + c < b + c for any real number c 2. (The Multiplication Property of Inequality) If a and b are any real numbers a < b and
(i) c > 0 then ac < bc, (ii) c < 0 then ac > bc Illustrations:
1. Clearly, 9 < 14 and 9 + 3 < 14 + 3 and even 9 3 < 14 3. Note that subtracting 3 is the same as adding 3, so that the addition property also works when the same number is subtracted from both sides of an equality. 2. Also, 12 < 20, 12 2 < 20 2, and 12/2 < 20/2. Since dividing 2 is the same as multiplying 1/2, the multiplication property also works when the two sides of an equality are divided by the same number (that is not 0). 3. Finally, -6 < 4, -6 3 <4 3, -6/2 < 4/2 but, -6 (-3) > 4 (-3) and -6/2 > 4/- 2.
From the definition of the other inequalities, (>, , ), the properties listed above still hold after making the appropriate modifications. For example, if a b then a + c b + c for any c, ac bc if c > 0, and ac bc if c > 0.
Any inequality that can be expressed in the form ax + b < 0, ax + b 0, ax + b 0 or ax + b 0, where a and b are constant and a 0, is called a linear inequality in the variable x. To solve such inequality means to determine all the values of x that make the inequality true. The set of these values is called the solution set of the inequality.
Example 1: Solve the inequality 4 (2x - 5) < 12
Solution: We can divide both sides of the inequality by 4 (which is > 0) to get 2x 5 < 3 Adding 5 to both sides (or transposing -5 to the other side), we get 2x < 8 Finally, dividing both sides by 2 (which is > 0) will give us x <4 Therefore the solution set is {x | x <4}. This set can be graphed on the real line:
The points on the left of 4 are darkened. An unshaded circle is drawn at the point corresponding to 4 to indicate that 4 itself is not part of the graph.
Example 2: Solve the inequality 2 (x 4) 8 > 2x 6
Solution: 2 (x 4) 8 > 2x 6 2x 8 8 > 2x 6 Subtracting 2x from both sides and simplifying, we get -16 > -6 which is never true. Therefore the solution is empty.
The notation a < b < c is used to denote two inequalities and a <b and b < c which are satified at the same time. In a similar way a < b c, a b < c and a b c are defined. Note that however that the notation a < b > c or something similar, is undefined.
Example 3: Solve the inequality and graph the solution set on the real line: 3 < - 2x + 3 7
Solution: The inequality can be solved by splitting into two, then solving these two separately. The first, 3 < -2x + 3 can be solved as follows: Subtracting 3 from both sides, we get 0 < -2x and transposing -2x to the other side, we have 2x < 0. Dividing by 2, we obtain x < 0. For the second inequality, -2x + 3 7, we get: -2x 4 and dividing by 2 (which is < 0), x -2. The solution set of the original therefore is: {x | x < 0 and x -2} or {x | -2 x < 0} In the real line, the graph will be:
A better solution can be obtained by working on the two inequalities simultaneously: 3 < -2x + 3 7 Adding -3, we get 0 < -2x 4 Then dividing by -2 0 > x -2, or -2 x < 0 Which gives the solution set.
7.2 ABSOLUTE VALUES
The absolute value of a real number a is defined as follows: a if a > 0, | a | = 0 if = 0 -a if a < 0
Thus | 4 | = 4, | -3 | = -3 and | 0 | = 0. In the real line, we have:
3 4 That is | a | can be interpreted geometrically as the distance of the point a from 0 on the real line. So | a | is never negative.
By comparing their definitions, it can be verified that for any real number a, | a | = a 2
For example, (4)2 = 16 while (-3)2 = 9 = 3 In simplifying expressions with absolute values, the following properties are important. For any real numbers a and b,
| ab | = | a | | b |, and a a b b (if b 0)
Example 1: Solve for x: | 2 x | = 3
Solution: From the definition of the absolute value of a number, there are exactly 2 numbers whose absolute value is equal to 3, name 3 and 3. Therefore, 2 - x = 3 or 2 x = -3. Simplifying separately, we get:
x = -1 or x= 5 (It can be verified that both actually solve the original problem).
Example 2: Solve
Solution: Since , the equation can be rewritten:
As in example 1, it follows that or Which simplifies to x 4 = 2 2x or x 4 = -2 + 2x 3x = 6 or -x = 2 x = 2 or x= -2