Chapter 3 : Movement of Substances across Plasma Membrane

Section A
1.
(a) (i) Fluid-mosaic model
(ii) Give 2 reasons why this membrane is given the name as mentioned in
ai!
- The phospholipids molecules, protein molecules & other components are not
rigid or static, they can move thus giving the membrane fluidity.
- The protein are scattered in the phospholipids bilayer giving it a mosaic
appearance.
(b) A phospholipids molecules
! integral protein (carrier protein)
" e#trinsic protein
$ cholesterol
(c) "#plain how the molecules in structure A are arranged in a bilayer$
- %ydrophilic head of phospholipids molecule points out&ards (attract to &ater).
- %ydrophobic tail faces in&ards (a&ay from &ater)
- The phospholipids molecules are arranged in bilayer structure.
(d) State the importance of molecule % in the maintenance of the fluidity of animal
cell membrane at
(i) &'(C
At moderately high temp) molecule % reduce e#cessive membrane
fluidity by preventing free movement of phospholipids molecules$
(ii) *'(C
At low temp) molecule % prevents close pac+ing of phospholipids
molecules , prevent solidification of the membrane$
(e) State 3 differences between simple diffusion , active transport.
Simple diffusion
$oes not re'uired energy.
(ove from a region of higher concentration to a region of lo&er concentration
(ove do&n a concentration gradient
)'uilibrium reach
$oes not re'uire carrier protein
Active transport
*eed energy
(ove from a region of lo&er concentration to a region of higher concentration
(ove against the concentration gradient
+esults in accumulation or elimination
A carrier protein is needed
,.
(a) "#plain why osmosis is considered as a special type of diffusion$
Movement of -
2
. molecules only
/rom a region of high 0 1 to a region of low 0 1
2hrough partially permeable membrane
Move down 0 1 gradient until e3uilibrium reach
(b) 4hat will happen to the potato cylinder , air bubbles when the potato is in
contact with the distilled water5
-
2
. diffuses into the potato cells osmosis!
%istilled -
2
. is hypotonic to the cell sap of potato
2he volume of -
2
. in the capillary tube 6
2he air bubbles moves towards the left
(c) A second similar apparatus was set up using a fresh potato cylinder but using a
different li3uid 7$ 2he air bubble remained stationary$ "#plain the
observation$
8i3uid 7 is isotonic to the potato cell sap
9o net movement of -
2
. in , out of the cell
-
2
. diffuse in , out at the same rate
(d) A third e#periment was set up using another fresh potato cylinder , using a
different li3uid :$ 2he air bubble moved to the right in the capillary tube$
(i) 4hat has happened in the third set of apparatus5
8i3uid : is hypertonic to the potato cell sap
More -
2
. diffuse out from potato cells osmosis!
;olume of -
2
. in capillary tube <
ii! 4hat will happen to the potato cylinder after 3 hours5
-
2
. in the cell sap of potato diffuses out into the hypertonic solution
Protoplast contracts
Potato cells plasmolysed
2he potato cells 6 in si=e
2he tissues become soft , flaccid
Section >
*$ 2he spinach strips A) >) C! were placed in Petri dishes containing sucrose
solution of different concentration) *?) @?) 3'?$ 2he remaining spinach strip
%! was placed in a dish without sucrose solution$
a! i! -ypotonic solution
The solution &ith lo&er solute - . &hen compared &ith other solution.
ii! Asotonic solution
%as the same solute - . as the other solution.
iii! -ypertonic solution
The solution &ith higher solute - . &hen compared &ith the other solution.
(b)
(c) "#plain what happen to each of the following spinach strips after 3' minutes$
i! Strip A
"uticle layer is impermeable to %
,
/
%
,
/ diffuses fr the hypotonic solution through the cut surface
The spinach cells near the cut surface e#pand
The strip curves out&ards
ii! Strip >
0sotonic solution
+ate of %
,
/ diffuses into the spinach cells rate of %
,
/ diffuses out fr the
cells
*o change in the length & shape
iv! Strip C
%
,
/ diffuses out fr the spinach cells into the hypertonic solutions
1pinach cells plasmolysed & contract
)pidermis is protected by a cuticle layer (impermeable to %
,
/)
1trip curves out&ards
v! Strip %
%
,
/ evaporates fr the cells through the cut surface
1trip $ curves in&ard
1trip $ curves less than strip ". %
,
/ lost more rapidly by osmosis in strip
" than evaporation of %
,
/ from strip $ to atmosphere.
,. 2he figure shows the beginning , the end of an e#periment to illustrate a
physical process$
(a) %escribe briefly the physical process as shown :
0s a simple diffusion
At the beginning, copper sulphate crystals are placed at the bottom of the
bea2er. There are no copper sulphate molecules in the distilled &ater.
A different in - . of copper sulphate molecules at the bottom of the bea2er &
in the distilled &ater.
"opper sulphate molecules diffuse from an area of high - . to an area of lo&
- ., do&n a - . gradient until an e'uilibrium reach.
At the end, a uniformly blue colour is observed 3 simple diffusion has
occurred & sulphate molecules are uniformly
istributed in the distilled &ater.
(b) "#plain the principles involved in the various stages of the food preservation$
The fish is placed a hypertonic salt solution.
4ater diffuses fr the fish into the surrounding hypertonic solution.
4ater also diffuses from the bac (found on the fish) into the hypertonic solution.
The bacterial cells are plasmolysed.
$rying under the sun causes evaporation of &ater & the fish becomes dehydrated.
This prevents the gro&th of bac.
(c) Plant cell immersed in different concentration of sucrose solution , distilled
water$
"#plain what happens to the plant cell at stage B) C and S$
Stage B
The sucrose solution is isotonic to the plant cell sap.
*o osmotic - . gradient bet&een the plant cell sap & its surrounding solution.
The rate of &ater diffuses into & out the cell is e'uals.
*o change in the shape of the cell5 volume of the vacuole.
Stage C
The sucrose solution is hypertonic to the plant cell sap.
4ater molecules diffuse out fr the cell sap & cytoplasm of the plant into the
surrounding sucrose solution.
A decrease in the volume of vacuole. The plasma membrane & cytoplasm start to
pull a&ay fr the cell &all.
Stage S
4hen a cell at plasmolysis is placed in distilled &ater again, the distilled &ater is
hypotonic to the cell sap.
4ater molecules diffuse fr the distilled &ater into the plant cell by osmosis.
"ytoplasm presses against the cell &all.
The cell becomes fully turgid.
The plant cell is deplasmolysed.
Section C
*$ (a)
Structure of plasma membrane based on the model proposed by S$D Singer ,
G$9icolson$
6lasma membrane consists of a phospholipids bilayer.
The hydrophilic heads of phospholipids molecules point out&ards.
Attracted to the &atery surroundings.
The hydrophobic tails of phospholipids molecules face in&ards.
A&ay from &ater.
The phospholipid molecules can move laterally or change places. This gives the
membrane its fluidity.
There are different types of protein molecules scattered in the membrane, giving it a
mosaic pattern.
There are e#trinsic proteins on the outer & inner surfaces of the membrane.
1ome intrinsic proteins are embedded partially in the membrane & others penetrate
through the membrane.
"holesterol molecules are found bet&een phospholipid molecules to stabili7e
membrane structure & regulate membrane fluidity.
1ome protein molecules have short-branched carbohydrate chains attached &ith them
to form glycoproteins.
(b) %escribe the different methods by which these mineral ions can move across
plasma membrane into the animal cells$
Cell
Concentration of mineral ions mol per dm
3
!
Sodium ion Potassium ion
Animal cell 89.: 81:
Tissue fluid 8;< ,,.:
Facilitated diffusion (passive transport, does not re'uire energy)
*a
=
diffuse fr a region of higher - . to a region of lo&er - ., move do&n a - .
gradient.
*a
=
move through the membrane protein pore (channel protein) into the cell.
>
=
diffuse from a region of lo&er - . to a region of higher - ..
>
=
move against a - . gradient.
This process is aided by carrier protein.
The binding of >
=
to the carrier protein causes the protein molecule to alter its
shape.
The >
=
are released into the cell.
The process is active transport. )nergy is re'uired (provided by AT6).
2$ (b) "#plain why the application of e#cessive fertili=ers by farmers causes the
wilting of the crop plants$
Addition of e#cessive fertili7ers causes the soil solution to become concentrated.
The soil solution is hypertonic to the root cells.
%
,
/ diffuses out from the root cells by osmosis, do&n a %
,
/ concentration.
This causes the cells to be plasmolysed.
The root cells cannot absorb %
,
/ & mineral salts from the soil solution.
%
,
/ & mineral salts are not transported to the aerial part of the plant. The leaves
&ilt, no photosynthesis & the plant dies.