Chapter 2

PIPE & FITTINGS

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Piping
29
PIPE:- pipes can be defined as a pressure tight cylinder used to transfer fluid.
SMALL BORE :- Pipes having size range 1 are termed as small bore.
BIG BORE :- Pipes having size range 2 above are termed as big bore.
SINGLE RANDOM LENGTH :- !traight pipe in !"# is $ meters.
DOUBLE RANDOM LENGTH :- !traight pipe in %"# is 11 meters.
COMMONLY USED PIPE SIZE
NPS NB OD
1&2 1' 21.(
(&) 2* 2$.+
1 2' ((.)
1 )* ),.(
2 '* $*.(
( ,* ,,.-
) 1** 11)
$ 1'* 1$,
, 2** 21-
1* 2'* 2+(
12 (** (2)
.able 2.1 Pipe size
NOT COMMONLY USED PIPE SIZE:- 1 / 0 2 0 ( '
SCHEDULE:- .he pipe thic1ness is designated by schedule no: and the corresponding
thic1ness is specified in the 2!34 5 ($.1* for carbon steel pipe 2!34 5 ($.1- for
stainless steel pipes.
!tainless steel pipe are available in schedule 5S, 10S, 40S, 0S
6arbon steel pipes are available in schedule
10,20,!0,40,"0,0,100,120,140,1"0,STD,#S,##S
PIPE & TUBES
S$N PIPES TUBES
1 Pipes is specified by 7ominal 5ore 8759 .ubes are specified by outside
diameter
2 :all thic1ness is e;pressed in schedule :all thic1ness is e;pressed in 5:<
8 5irmingham =ire gauge.9
( 2vailable in small bore as =ell as big
bore.
2vailable in small bore only.
) >sed in all process utilities line <enerally used in tracing lines0
tubes for e;changer in instrument
connection.
' .he outside dia of pipe up to size 12 ?utside dia of tubes are numerically
Piping
30
are numerically larger than
corresponding size
e@ual to the corresponding size.
2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF PIPES
BASED ON METHOD OF MANUFACTURING
PIPES
SEAMLESS %ELDED
ELECTRIC RESISTANCE %ELDED ELECTRIC FUSION
%ELDED
&ER%' 8EF%'
CLASSIFICATION OF PIPES BASED ON MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION
PIPES
CARBON STEEL STAINLESS STEEL LO% TEMP CARBON STEEL LO%
ALLOY STEEL
&CS' &SS' &LTCS'
&LAS'
A used up to )2'B6C Aused for corrosive fluidC A used for temp D 8-2-B69C
A used for tempE 8)2'B69C
2.! COMMENLY USED MATERIALS
MATERIALS
Piping
31
PIPES &
COMPONE
NT
CARBON
STEEL
STAINLESS STEEL LO% ALLOY STEEL LO%
TEMP
CARBON
STEEL
PIPES 2'( <r 5
8:elded&
!3#!9
21*$ <r 5
8!3#!9
2PF '# <r 5
8:elded&
!3#!9
2$+2 <r 5$*0
81$ above9
2(12 <r .P(*)
2(12 <r .P(1$
2(12 <r .P(21
2(', <r (*)
2(', <r (1$
2(', <r (21
2)*- 81) (*9
6r-3o- 2((' <r P2
16r-3o- 2((' <r P12
1 1&)6r-3o-2((' <r
P11
2 1&)6r-13o-2((' <r
P22
(6r-13o-2((' <r P21
'6r-1&23o-2((' <r P'
-6r-13o-2((' <r P-
2$-1 <r GG84H: high
.-.. 1$ above9
82dd 6r I in blan1
space9
2((( <r.$
8=elded&!
3#!9
2$+1
<r.66$*
84H:01$
2bove9
FORGING
8Hlanges0
JoKlet fittings0
small bore
valve0
fittings
special
parts.9
21*'
21,2<r.H(*)81,6r -,7i9
21,2<r.H(1$81$6r
-127i-23o9
21,2<r.H(2181,6r
-1*7i-.i9
6r-3o- 21,2 <r H2
16r-3o- 21,2 <r H12
1 / 6r-3o- 21,2 <r
H11
2 / 6r-13o- 21,2 <r
H22
( 6r-13o- 21,2 <r H21
' 6r-3o- 21,2 <r H'
-6r-13o- 21,2 <r H-
2('*
<r.#H2
6lass 1 2
.
%ROUGHT
FITTINGS
2((( <r.$
8:elded&
!3#!9
2)*(<r.:P(*)
2)*(<r.:P(1$
2)*(<r.:P(21
16r-3o- 22()
<r.:P12
1 / 6r-3o- 22()
<r.:P11
2 / 6r-3o- 22()
<r.:P22
' 6r-3o- 22()
<r.:P'
- 6r-13o- 22() <r.:P-
2)2*
<r.:P#-$
CASTINGS
8#arge bore
valve
special
parts.9
221$ <r.:65 2('1<r.6H, 8!! (*)9
2('1<r.6H,3 8!! (1$9
2('1<r.6H,6 8!! (219
1 / 6r-3o- 221+
<r.:6$
2 / 6r-13o- 221+
<r.:6-
' 6r-3o- 221+ <r.6-'
- 6r-13o- 221+ <r.6-12
2('2
<r.#65
PLATES 2'1' <r.$* 22)* <r.(*)
22)* <r.(1$
22)* <r.(21
6r-3o- 2(,+
<r.26#.1
16r-3o- 2(,+
2'1$ <r.$*
Piping
32
<r.126#.1
1 / 6r-3o- 2(,+
<r.116#.1
2 / 6r-13o- 2(,+
<r.226#.1
( 6r-13o- 2(,+
<r.216#.1
' 6r-3o- 2(,+
<r.'6#.1 -6r-13o-
2(,+ <r.-6#.1
BOLTS$NU
T
21-(
<r.5+
21-)
<r.2L
5
o
l
t
21-( <r.5, 6lass FF
21-) <r.,
21-( <r.51$
21-) <r.)
2(*+
<r.5
2'$(
<r.2
7
u
t
.able 2.2 3aterials for pipes
7ote: - Lighlighted one are seldom used
2.4 METHOD OF (OINING PIPES
Pipes can have follo=ing end section:
PIPE ENDS
5eveled ends.
Plain ends.
!cre=ed ends.
Hlanged ends.
!oc1et ends.
). BUTT %ELDED:-

Higure 2.1 5utt =eld
Piping
33
AD*ANTAGES
3ost economical method of Moining big bore lines.
Noint is lea1 proof.
Noint can be radio graphed.
DISAD*ANTAGES
:eld intrusion =ill affect the flo=.
4nd preparation is necessary.
)). SOC+ET %ELDED:-
Higure 2.2 !oc1et =eld
AD*ANTAGES
2lignment is easier than butt =elded.
7o intrusion of =eld metal inside the pipe.
#ea1 proof Moint.
<enerally used to connect small bore lines.
DISAD*ANTAGES
.he 1 1&1$ recess poc1et .
7ot suitable =hen service fluid is corrosive in nature.
7ot suitable =hen vibration is anticipated.
))). SCRE%ED:-
Piping
34
Higure 2.( !cre=ed Moint
AD*ANTAGES
4asy to made it at site.
6an be used =here =elding is prohibited due to fire hazard.
<enerally used to connect small bore lines.
DISAD*ANTAGES
#ea1 proof Moint cannot be guaranteed. .
7ot suitable =hen service fluid is corrosive in nature.
7ot suitable =hen vibration is anticipated.
7ot suitable =hen operating temperature is above -2' H.
.hread reduces the =all thic1ness0 conse@uently reducing the strength.
),. FLANGED:-
Higure 2.) Hlanged Moint
AD*ANTAGES
4asy to made it at site.
6an be used =here =elding is prohibited due to fire hazard.
%ismantling is very easy.
DISAD*ANTAGES
#ea1 proof Moint cannot be guaranteed. .
Fts an e;pensive method of Moining pipes..
7ot suitable =hen high bending moment is anticipated.
Piping
35
2.5 PIPE FITTINGS:
S-./0.10 P)23 4)--)/56.
2.5.1 ELBO%S:- B.630 7/ 3/0 87//38-)7/ 39:7;6 .13 74 47997;)/5 -<236.
B=---;39030 39:7;.
S78>3- 39:7;.
T?13.030 39:7;.
A,.)9.:93 )/ @0A& 45A 39:7;6.
A,.)9.:93 )/ 6?71- 1.0)=6 & L7/5 1.0)=6 2.--31/.
A,.)9.:93 .6 130=8)/5 39:7;.

Higure 2.' 4lbo=s

2.5.2 MITER BEND:- 3iter bends are not standard fittings they are fabricated from pipes.
>sually they are preferred for size 1* above because large size elbo= is
e;pensive not easily available in the mar1et. >se of miter bend is
restricted to lo= pressure.. 3iter bend can be fabricated in 2 0 ( 0 ' piece.
Piping
36
Higure 2.$ 3iter 5end
Piping
37
2.5.! RETURNS:- "educing elbo=s are used to ma1e 1,*B change in direction. 2vailable in
short long pattern. 3ainly used in heating coil0 heat e;changer etc.

Higure 2.+ "eturns
2.5.4 REDUCER:- "educers are used to connect larger dia pipe to smaller dia pipes vice
versa. .here are t=o types of reducers
CONCENTRIC REDUCERS:- It maintains the center line elevation of pipe line.
Higure 2., "educers
ECCENTRIC REDUCERS:- It maintains BO ! "ottom of pipe# elevation of pipe
line.Offset is e$%al to & ' !lar(er ID min%s smaller ID#.
Higure 2.- 4ccentric "educers
Piping
38
2.5.5 S%AGE:- !=age is li1e reducers used to connect butt =elded pipes to smaller scre=ed
or soc1et =elded pipes. #i1e reducers they are concentric eccentric
type..they are covered under the regulatory code 5! (+--.

Higure 2.1* s=age
2.5." UNION:- >nion is used to connect small bore pipes. Ft can be soc1et end or threaded
end
Piping
39
Higure 2.11 >nions
2.5.B HALF COUPLING:- <enerally used for branching or for vessel connections. Ft can be
threaded or soc1et type.
Piping
40
Higure 2.12 Lalf 6oupling
2.5. FULL COUPLING:- <enerally used for connecting pipes or items =ith either threaded
or soc1et ends.
Higure 2.1( Hull 6oupling
2.5.@ TEES :- .ees are used for ma1ing -*B branch from main run of pipe .5ranch size may
be of same size or less than the main header size.
Piping
41
Higure 2.1) .ee
2.5.10 CROSS :- !traight cross are usually stoc1 items. "educing cross may not be readily
available hence it is proffered to use .44 instead of reducing 6ross-e;cept =here space is
restricted.
Higure 2.1' 6ross
2.5.11 LATERALS: - Ft permit entry of branch to a main header at )'B angle. Ft is used =here
lo= resistance to flo= is re@uired especially in flare lines. 5ranch size may be of e@ual size or
reducing. 5ranch angle other than )'B angle is possible only to special order.
Piping
42
Higure 2.1$ #aterals
2.5.12 STUB-IN :- !tub in is not any standard fittings ..his term is used for branch pipe
directly =elded to main pipe run. Ff re@uired it may be re-inforced. .his is the most common
least e;pensive method to branch full size or reducing size from main header0
Higure 2.1+ !tub-in
2.5.1! COD LET FITTINGS: - .hese are the special fittings available readymade in the mar1et.
Ft does not re@uire any reinforcement. .hey are preshaped to the curvature of the run pipe
end preparation is pre done.
T?3 )-3E6 9)6-30 )/ COD 93- 4)--)/56 .13
Piping
43
)E*DO*ET
SOC+O*ET
Threa,olet
Piping
44
S)EEO*ET
E*BO)*ET
NIO*ET
Piping
45
*-TERO*ET
CAP :- 6ap is used to seal end of pipe.
Higure 2.1, Oarious J?K let fittings
2." FLANGES
Hlanges are used to connect
Pipe to pipe0 =hich re@uire fre@uent dismantling.
Piping
46
Pipe to e@uipment.
Pipe to valves.
Pipe to special items.
2 flanged Moints consist of three integral parts namely 49./536, 5.6>3-, B79- & N=-.
.he design standard for Hlanges is 2!34 5 1$.'.
B.630 7/ P-T 1.-)/56 49./536 .13 89.66)4)30 .6
1'*P
(**P
)**P
$**P
-**P
1'**P
2'**P
B.630 7/ .--.8?E3/- 49./536 .13 89.66)4)30 .6
i. !lip-on
ii. !oc1et =eld.
iii. !cre=ed.
iv. :eld 7ec1
v. "educing
vi. #ap Moint.
vii. 5lind.
2.".1 SLIP-ON FLANGE
Piping
47
Higure 2.1- !lip on Hlange
Hlange is attached by =elding inside as =ell as outside.
Pipe is set bac1 1&1$ Qfrom the face of flange.
Fnternal =eld is subMected to corrosion0 hence not preferred for corrosive service.
Poor resistant to shoc1 vibration.
6heaper to buy but costlier to assemble.
4asier to align.
.he strength is about 1&( that of the corresponding =eld nec1 flange.
2.".2 SOC+ET %ELD FLANGE
:elded only on one side0 hence not recommended for severe service.
>sed only for small bore pipes
7ot recommended for service above 2'*B6 belo= -)'B6
SCRE%ED FLANGES
>sed to connect scre=ed pipe to flanged items.
Piping
48
>sed only for small bore pipes
7ot recommended for service above 2'*B6 belo= -)'B6
>sed =here =elding can not be used for hazardous reasons.
Higure 2.2* !cre=ed Hlange
%ELD NEC+ FLANGE
Hlanges are attached by butt-=elding to pipes.
!uitable =here e;treme temperature0 shear0 impact vibratory stress apply.
:elding can be radia-graphed.
6ostly.
Higure 2.21 :eld 7ec1 Hlange
REDUCING FLANGE
>sed to connect bigger pipe to smaller pipes.
2vailable in slip-on or =eld nec1 type.
Piping
49
!hould not be used if abrupt transition =ould create undesirable turbulence.
!pecified by the line size of smaller pipe ?% of the flange to be mated.
Higure 2.22 "educing Hlange
LAP (OINT FLANGE
Ft is used to connect pipe of costlier material li1e stainless steel.
.his is used along =ith stub-end. 3aterial of stub-end =ill be as pipe flange =ill be
of cheaper material li1e carbon steel.
!tub-end =ill be butt =elded to the pipe flange is 1ept loose over it.
Ft is also useful =here alignment of bolt is difficult.
Piping
50
Higure 2.2( #ap Moint Hlange
BLIND FLANGE
<enerally used to close the pipe end =hich need to be reopened later..
2.B C9.66)4)8.-)7/ 74 49.536:
5ased on Hacing flanges are classified as
Piping
51
i. Hlat face. 8HH9
ii. "aised face. 8"H9
iii. "ing .ype Noint. 8".N9
iv. .ongue groove Noints.
v. 3ale&female Noints.

FLAT FACE RAISED FACE

RING (OINT TONGUE & GROO*E (OINT
Hig 2.2) Hlange Hacing

2. MALE $ FEMALE (OINT
GAS+ET.
Piping
52
<as1ets are used to provide fluid resistant seal bet=een the flanges. Ft can be metallic or non
metallic type metallic gas1et is referred to 2!34 5 1$.2* non metallic gas1et is referred
to 1$.21 .
3etallic gas1et is further categorized as !piral =ound0 corrugated metallic ring type Moint.
S3938-)7/ 74 G.6>3- 0323/06 7/ 47997;)/5 4.8-71.
P-. of the fluid service.
6orrosive nature of the fluid service.
6ode re@uirement.
6ost
Higure 2.2, <as1et Noint
.ables 2.( <as1et 3aterial
Piping
53
BOLTS & NUTS.
.=o types of bolt are generally used in the industry
3achine bolt
!tud bolt
%esign standard for bolt nut is 2!34 5 1$.'
Hor lo= P-. machine bolt is preferred other=ise studs
5olts are provided =ith he;agonal head 0 he;agonal nuts =asher.
Higure 2.2$ 7ut-5olt
Piping
54
2.@ SPECIAL PARTS:
2.@.1 S-1.)/316
!trainers are used in a piping system to protect the e@uipment sensitive to dirt or other
solid particle that may be carried by fluids.
%uring start-up temporary strainers are placed upstream of pumps to protect from
construction debris0 =hich may be left over during construction these are called S-.1--=2
$T3E271.1< 6-1.)/316.
Higure 2.2+ 6onical !tart-up temporary !trainer
P31E./3/- 6-1.)/316 are installed upstream of control valves0 stream trap instrument to
protect it from solid particle.
.here are t=o type of permanent strainer.
R- type strainer.
5as1et strainer.
.-t/pe strainer.
Higure 2.2, R-type strainer
Bas0et strainer.
Piping
55
Higure 2.2- 5as1et strainer
2.@.2 STEAM TRAPS:
.he function of stream trap is to discharge condensate from the steam piping =ithout
releasing steam.
6ommonly used steam traps are
i. Hloat
ii. .hermostatic
iii. .hermodynamic
iv. Fnverted buc1et.
FLOAT
Hloat type consist of a chamber0 containing float arm mechanism0 =hich modulates the
position of discharge valve. :hen the level of condensate increases0 the float lifts ups
causing the valve to open discharge condensate. .his has got venting system to discharge
air carbon dio;ide.
Higure 2.(* Hloat type !team trap
F3.-=13
6an be used in process0 utility as =ell as LO26 system
<enerally used for high capacity.
7ot suitable =hen there is a fluid hammering in the system.
7ot suitable for very lo= temperature service.
2vailable in size 1'0 2*0 2'0 )*0 '* 75.
2vailable in scre=ed0 soc1et =eld flanged ends.
Piping
56
THERMOSTATIC
.his system employs a thermostatic 85i-metallic9 elements0 =hich opens closes the valve.
.he valve gets open by cooler condensate gets closed =hen steam comes in contact =ith
the thermostatic elements.
Higure 2.(1 .hermostatic type steam trap
F3.-=13
6an be used =here fluid hammering is anticipated in the piping system.
Ft can handle =ide range of condensate load over a =ide range of pressure.
.he application include drip legs0 heating coil0 steam tracer etc.
Ft re@uires a straight pipe run of 2 1, on upstream side.
2vailable in size 1' 2* 75.
2vailable in scre=ed soc1et =eld ends.
THERMODYNAMIC
.he basic principle behind this trap is that the e;panded volume of steam compared to
condensate has a throttling effect at the orifice. :ith the a properly sized orifice0 condensate
at lo=er specific volume =ill pass through the opening at comparatively slo=er velocity. 2s
steam begin to reach orifice plate the condensate =ill begin to e;pand. 2s the condensate
e;pand0 the velocity through the orifice =ill increase throttling action =ill start to ta1e place.
Piping
57
Higure 2.(2 .hermodynamic steam trap
F3.-=13
#imited capacity.
Potential for steam lea1age.
Ff steam is allo=ed to pass through the orifice for e;tended period0 it =ill cause erosion
of orifice.
2vailable in size 1' 2* 75.
2vailable in scre=ed butt =elded ends.
IN*ERTED BUC+ET
Ft consists of a chamber containing an inverted buc1et0 =hich actuates the discharge
valve through lin1age. .he valve is open =hen buc1et rest at the bottom of trap. .his
allo=s air to escape until the bottom of buc1et is seal by rising condensate. .he valve
remains open as long as condensate is flo=ing0 and trapped air bleeds out through a
small vent in the top of the buc1et. :hen steam enters the trap0 it fills the buc1et0 causing
the buc1et to float0 so it rises close the valve.
Piping
58
Higure 2.(( Fnverted 5uc1et steam trap
F3.-=13
6an be used over =ide range of pressure temperature..
2vailable in size 1'02* 2' 75.
2vailable in scre=ed ends.
2.@.! FLAME ARRESTOR:
2 flame arrestor is a device that is fitted into0 or at the end of0 a pipeline or vessel =here
flammable gases or vapors are flo=ing. Ft prevents the transmission of accidentally ignited
flames or e;plosions =hile permitting the process gas to flo=. Hlame arrestors may be
installed on their o=n or as part of a more comprehensive flame and e;plosion safety
system. 3ore than one flame arrestor may be re@uired to ensure complete protection.

2.@.4 E#PANSION BELLO%S:
Piping
59
Higure 2.() 4;pansion 5ello=
2n e;pansion bello=s is a device used to allo= movement in a piping system =hile
containing pressure the medium running through it.
.he 5ello=s are generally employed in a piping system in one of the follo=ing situations:
:hen the space constraints do not permit providing ade@uate fle;ibility by
conventional methods 8e. g. e;pansion loops etc.9 for maintaining the system stresses
=ithin acceptable limits.
:hen conventional solutions 8e.g. e;pansion loops etc.9 create unacceptable process
conditions 8e.g. e;cessive pressure drop9.
:hen it is not practical to limit the piping induced loads on the terminal nozzles of the
connected e@uipment =ithin admissible limits by conventional methods.
:hen the e@uipment such as 6ompressors0 .urbines0 Pumps etc. necessitate
isolating the mechanical vibrations from being transmitted to the connected piping.
Piping
60