EE 4092

LABORATORY PRACTICE IV






THYRISTOR VOLTAGE CONTROLLER














NAME : L.G.H.M.PRABHANI
INDEX NO : 090401L
FIELD : EE
GROUP : G 11
DATE OF PER : 11-06-2013
DATE OF SUB : 25-03-2012

Instructed by: Dr. Anjula De Silva
GROUP MEMBERS
W.H.K.PATHUM 090366G
D.U.I.PERERA 090370M
P.W.P.C.PETHIYAGODE 090391D
L.G.H.M.PRABHANI 090401L

OBSERVATIONS
(1) Single phase Half Wave Controller


Figure 1: Load voltage with diode Figure 2: Load voltage without diode


Figure 3: Anode to cathode voltage of SR1 Figure 4: Gate voltage







(2) Single Phase Full Wave Controller

Figure 5: Load voltage Figure 6: Anode to cathode voltage of SR1

Figure 7: Anode to cathode voltage of SR2 Figure 8: Gate voltage

(3) AC Voltage Controller

Figure 9: Load voltage Figure 10: Anode to cathode voltage of thyristor




CALCULATIONS
(1) Single Phase Half Wave Controller
Sample calculation
Delay Angle

)
Using the 5
th
row data obtained for single phase half wave controller practical,

)


Output Voltage

( )
Using the same data,

( )

( )


Theoretical V
L
(V) Delay angle ()
44 0
43 21.3
36 52.3
32 66.6
28 75.2
27 78.4
23 88.3
21 92.7
20 96.5
19 99.5





(2) Single Phase Full Wave Controller
Sample calculation
Delay Angle

)
Using the 5
th
row data obtained for single phase full wave controller practical,

)


Output Voltage

( )
Using the same data,

( )

( )


Theoretical V
L
(V) Delay angle ()
89 0
88 14.55
76 44.52
61 69.45
62 68.99
58 74.61
54 79.73
50 83.9
48 86.28
46 88.99







(3) AC Voltage Controller
Sample calculation
Delay angle

)
Using the 5
th
row data obtained for AC Voltage Controller practical,

)


Output Voltage

Using the same data,

Theoretical V
L
(V) Delay angle ()
100 0
99 0.37
95 0.79
89 1.06
86 1.2
82 1.32
79 1.4
76 1.46
73 1.51
72 1.56







GRAPHS
(1) Single Phase Half Wave Controller







Table 01: Table of Theoretical and Practical V
L
Vs Delay Angle for Single Phase Half
Wave Controller
Delay angle () Theoretical V
L
(V) Practical V
L
(V)
0 44 42
21.3 43 38
52.3 36 30
66.6 32 26
75.2 28 22
78.4 27 20
88.3 23 18
92.7 21 16
96.5 20 14
99.5 19 12





















0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
L
o
a
d

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

V
L

(
V
)

Delay angle (Deg)
Graph of Theoretical and Practical V
L
Vs Delay
Angle for Single Phase Half Wave Controller
Theoretical
Practical

Graph 01: Graph of Theoretical and Practical V
L
Vs Delay Angle for Single Phase Half
Wave Controller

(2) Single Phase Full Wave Controller






Table 02: Table of Theoretical and Practical V
L
Vs Delay Angle for Single Phase Full
Wave Controller
Delay angle () Theoretical V
L
(V) Practical V
L
(V)
0 89 86
14.55 88 80
44.52 76 64
69.45 61 56
68.99 62 50
74.61 58 44
79.73 54 40
83.9 50 38
86.28 48 36
88.99 46 22














Graph 02: Graph of Theoretical and Practical V
L
Vs Delay Angle for Single Phase Full
Wave Controller
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
L
o
a
d

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

V
L

(
V
)

Delay angle (Deg)
Graph of Theoretical and Practical V
L
Vs Delay
Angle for Single Phase Full Wave Controller
Theoretical
Practical
(3) AC Voltage Controller







Table 03: Table of Theoretical and Practical V
L
Vs Delay Angle for AC
Voltage Controller
Delay angle () Theoretical V
L
(V) Practical V
L
(V)
0 100 97
0.37 99 95
0.79 95 84
1.06 89 79
1.2 86 74
1.32 82 70
1.4 79 66
1.46 76 63
1.51 73 58
1.56 72 50.7











Graph 03: Graph of Theoretical and Practical V
L
Vs Delay Angle for AC Voltage
Controller
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
L
o
a
d

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

V
L

(
V
)

Delay Angle (rad)
Graph of Theoretical and Practical Voltages V
L
Vs
Delay Angle for AC Voltage Controller

Theoretical
Practical
DISCUSSION
(1) Effect of having a diode in Single phase half wave controller practical
(2) Comments on the three graphs
It is seen from the graphs plotted that the voltage across the load decreases with the increase in trigger
angle. This is because the voltage output, hence the power delivered to the load is varied as the trigger
angle delays the switch on time of the thyristors.
At the same time it can be seen that the practical values are less than the theoretical values. During the
derivation of the theoretical value we assumed that the power electronic devices behave ideally though
it is not so in real. This can be one of the reasons for the difference between the two values.
Further, the diode and the voltage drop across it which was there in the practical circuit were not
considered during the theoretical derivation and this also might have caused the deviation of practical
values from the theoretical values.

(3) Applications of voltage controllers

3.1. Light dimmers
Thyristor dimmers switch on at an adjustable time by means of delay angle triggering, thereby altering
the voltage waveform applied to lamps changing its RMS effective value. This allows only parts of the
waveform to pass to the lamp. The brightness of the lamp is determined by the power transferred to it,
therefore the waveform is chopped, the more it dims. Because they switch instead of absorbing part of
the voltage supplied, there is of very little wasted power.
3.2. Induction heating
The energy passes to the heater in an induction heater is controlled by a voltage regulator. In induction
heating low frequency main AC power to a higher frequency with the use of an inverter. Changing the
AC main power to DC and then DC power to AC power is done prior to the voltage controller.
3.3. HVDC electricity transmission
Since modern thyristors can switch power on the scale of megawatts, thyristor valves have become the
heart of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) conversion either to or from alternating current by means
of both electrically triggered (ETT) and light triggered (LTT) thyristors. The valves are arranged in
stacks usually suspended from the ceiling of a transmission building called a valve hall. Thyristors are
arranged into a diode bridge circuit and to reduce harmonics are connected in series to form a 12 pulse
converter. Each thyristor is cooled with deionized water, and the entire arrangement becomes one of
multiple identical modules forming a layer in a multilayer valve stack called a quadruple valve. Three
such stacks are typically mounted on the floor or hung from the ceiling of the valve hall of a long
distance transmission facility.

3.4. DC motor control
The armature voltage can be varied by single phase full wave converter. There are two single phase full
wave converters either converter 1 operates to supply a positive armature voltage Vo, or converter 2
operates to supply negative armature voltage Vo. Converter 1 provides operation in first and fourth
quadrants, and converter 2 provides operation in second and third quadrants. It is a four quadrant drive
and provides four modes of operation: forward powering, forward braking (regeneration), reverse
powering, and reverse breaking (regeneration). These type of drives limited to applications up to 15kW.
The field converter could be a full wave converter, a semi converter, or a dual converter.