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Singlish is a unique form of English that has developed in Singapore incorporating words from other languages spoken there and non-standard grammar and pronunciations. While it allows Singaporeans to communicate, officials worry it will hamper the country's development if standards of English decline. English proficiency is important for Singapore to access global trade, knowledge and opportunities as more activities are conducted in English worldwide. Children learning mainly Singlish may suffer economically and socially as they will be unable to code-switch to standard English required for education and many careers. The government wants to promote standard English to help Singapore thrive in an increasingly globalized and knowledge-based economy.
Singlish is a unique form of English that has developed in Singapore incorporating words from other languages spoken there and non-standard grammar and pronunciations. While it allows Singaporeans to communicate, officials worry it will hamper the country's development if standards of English decline. English proficiency is important for Singapore to access global trade, knowledge and opportunities as more activities are conducted in English worldwide. Children learning mainly Singlish may suffer economically and socially as they will be unable to code-switch to standard English required for education and many careers. The government wants to promote standard English to help Singapore thrive in an increasingly globalized and knowledge-based economy.
Singlish is a unique form of English that has developed in Singapore incorporating words from other languages spoken there and non-standard grammar and pronunciations. While it allows Singaporeans to communicate, officials worry it will hamper the country's development if standards of English decline. English proficiency is important for Singapore to access global trade, knowledge and opportunities as more activities are conducted in English worldwide. Children learning mainly Singlish may suffer economically and socially as they will be unable to code-switch to standard English required for education and many careers. The government wants to promote standard English to help Singapore thrive in an increasingly globalized and knowledge-based economy.
The following passage is an edited version of an article which appeared in the
magazine SINGAPORE in December 1999. NO SINGLISH PLEASE, WE ARE SINGAPOREAN Singlish is in the limelight again. TAN DAWN WEI looks at the latest controversy on a form of English that raises hackles but which every true-blue Singaporean can speak. 1 Singlish is not easy to define. Given the variety of languages spoken in Singapore - Mandarin, Chinese dialects, Malay - it is not surprising that a unique language has developed, incorporating Malay and Tamil words and phrases, which is spoken in a peculiarly Singapore-Malaysian pronunciation, and uses predominantly Hokkien structures. Thus Singlish speakers commonly use verb endings which would be 5 incorrect in standard English, avoid past and future tenses, get agreements between subject and verb wrong, use prepositions wrongly and omit or incorrectly position the definite and indefinite articles. Their errors can produce amusing howlers - 'listening to his speech I soon became boring' or 'he turned into a new leaf' - but more often they produce a language which no-one outside Singapore 10 would understand. 2 This unique form of pidgin English has recently become more popular with the younger generation, largely owing to the success of the actor Gurmit Singh's portrayal of Phua Chu Kang in a popular sitcom. PM Goh recently hit out at the hero who has glamorised Singlish and moved not only students but many Singaporeans 15 to adopt phrases from the show such as 'don't pray pray' (don't fool around with me) and 'ah-baden' (ah, but then). 'In trying to imitate life, Phua Chu Kang has made the teaching of proper English more difficult,' he said. 'Gurmit Singh can speak many languages, but Phua Chu Kang speaks only Singlish. If our children learn Singlish from him, they will not become as talented as Gurmit Singh.' SM Lee 20 made a similar point in a recent speech: 'Singlish is a handicap we must not wish on Singaporeans. The better-educated can speak English English to native English or Americans, standard English to foreigners who speak standard English, and Singlish to less-educated Singaporeans. Unfortunately, if the less-educated half of our people end up learning to speak only Singlish, they will suffer economically and 25 socially.' 3 The attacks on Singlish come on top of several disturbing signs that all is not well with English standards in Singapore. Special English courses have been put on for teachers to raise their competency in the language. Professor Raja Komaran, from the National University of Singapore, complains his students 'seem to have little 30 interest in the art of communication; they are only interested in content.' He fears that their standard of English is not good enough for them to comprehend fully important articles or reports. Keeping up to date with new developments in their various fields will be that much harder. Tertiary institutions '- from universities to polytechnics - now have English proficiency departments whose role is to help beef 35 up the English language competency of their students. Two thirds of candidates who fail the qualifying tests for degree courses do so because of poor English. 4 In his National Day speech, PM Goh warned of the dangers of speaking broken English the world could not comprehend. This would make it harder for Singapore to go global, and companies would lose their competitive edge to those with a 40 better grasp of n g l i ~ h As the world becomes increasingly interdependent, those 2 General Paper - Paper 2 Nov. (2002) with a mastery of the international language of English will cut more deals and weather more storms. 1000 million people now use English. The ability to speak English gives its users access to this, the world's biggest market and the biggest pool of talent, as well as to the greatest number of information sources - currently, 45 80% of web pages and by far the greater number of trade and scientific journals are in English. Singapore's drive towards a knowledge-based economy underscores the need to have the linguistic skills to access this large body of knowledge. ' 5 The issue of Singlish is not new. It has surfaced now and again but never with such intensity as with the rise in popularity of Phua Chu Kang and the suddenly 'hip' 50 image of Singlish. Even those who would normally speak English can now be heard using it, albeit tongue-in-cheek. But PCK is not entirely to blame. 60% of primary One students come from homes where a non-English mother tongue is the norm, and all young people are exposed to a lot of Singlish from their neighbours, on TV, and in the streets of Singapore. The fact that the Iinguafranca of Chinese 55 Singaporeans is still predominantly Mandarin means that many Chinese children have difficulty in expressing themselves well in English. 6 PCK and Singlish have their defenders. They insist that Singlish is part of the Singaporean identity. It is not, after all, confined to Chinese Singaporeans but can be heard being spoken by those of other ethnic origins, especially the younger 60 ones. One 20-something Chinese Singaporean said, 'It would be hard to imagine speaking polished English to our buddies. Somehow 'don't like dat, lah!' seems to exude a greater sense of camaraderie than 'will you stop it?'. Prominent Singapore author Catherine Lim said, 'I need Singlish to express Singaporean feeling. If I'm speaking with my Singapore friends, I don't speak colonial English. I'd feel so false.' 65 Many concur that some expressions are best made in Singlish or they lose their meaning and flavour. The quintessential 'lah' 'lor' 'meh' and 'hor' can actually playa vital role in binding people emotionally and giving them a sense of rootedness. 7 In the world of the arts, the argument is finely balanced. Kuo Pao Kun's 'Sunset Rise', in which old men and women spend their last years together communicating 70 in a sprinkling of bazaar Malay, a little bit of Mandarin and Cantonese and a whole lot of Singlish, is a truly Singaporean play about Singaporeans. Ming Cher's 'Spider Boys', a semi-autobiographical story of street boys in post-war Singapore, is written . almost totally in Singlish, which undoubtedly adds to its authenticity; published by no less than Penguin, it was shortlisted for .the Montana New Zealand Book 75 Awards. However, books, films or plays which are mainly in Singlish do not cross international boundaries easily. The film 'Forever Fever' had to be dubbed in English for international release, and actor Nicholas Lee who plays Ronnie Tan in the sitcom 'Under One Roof' claims it is marketable beyond Singapore because it uses standard English, and no-ons would say that this sitcom is not Singaporean 80 just because a minimarket owner speaks standard English. 8 And so the debate continues. Many would wonder what all the fuss is about. After all, this talk of becoming a world-class economy cuts no ice with the provision-shop owner downstairs or your neighbour, the chicken-rice seller. These are the people' the government has recently labelled as the 'heartlanders', who, unlike your 85 cosmopolitans, form the backbone of society. In fact, they are more likely to get across to their customers better if they speak in Singlish. 9 The consensus seems to be that if you can code-switch, English and Singlish can co-exist harmoniously. Speak standard English when you have to, but Singlish can be the language of choice when you're among your own. But the playing field for 90 young Singaporeans would not be level if they did not or could not learn to code- switch. Thus, educational institutions, role models and society in general have to improve their standard of English in order for the younger ones to be able to code- switch. And if Singapore can only master one form of English, the official preference is for standard English rather than Singlish. 95 3 General Paper - Paper 2 Nov. (2002) .................................................................................................................................................. [8] ......... ........................................... ............................................... ......... ....................... .................... General paper - Paper 2 Nov. (2002) 6 ............... .. ... ....... ... .. ........................ .. .. .. .......................................... ................................ ......... .. .... ..... ........ .................... ...... ......................................... .. .... ... ... .. ........... ........................................... ... ....................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................ 9 Using only the arguments and facts from line 1 to 48 of the article, summarise the case for believing that the increased use of Singlish and declining standards of English are harmful to the interests of Singapore as a whole and to some of its citizens in particular. Write your summary in no more than 120 words, not counting the opening words which are printed below. Use your own words as far as possible. The growing popularity of Singlish hi Singapore is a harmful development because . II , I I 11." II II II I I II II , I'" I II I I' I I I I ,,, II II" II II II I I" II II 10 The attempt to discourage Singlish raises two issues: how far such an attempt is practical and likely to be successful, and to what extent it is to be welcomed. Give your views on these two issues, illustrating your arguments by referring both to what you have read in the article and to your own experiences . .................................................................................................................................................. [8] 7 General Paper - Paper 2 Nov. (2002)