Performance-Based Seismic Design:

International Practices

Professor Guo-Qiang Li,
Tongji University, Shanghai, China

Ron Klemencic, President
Magnusson Klemencic Associates, USA

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CTBUH Seismic Workshop
Eight Countries Participated
Australia/New Zealand
Chile
China
Indonesia
Japan
Korea
Philippines
USA

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Code-Based Seismic Design
Minimum acceptable lateral
strength and stiffness
Minimum acceptable detailing
practices
All countries have codes that cover basic
seismic design requirements

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Performance-Based Seismic Design
Required for Tall/Irregular
Buildings
Alternate Design Approach
China and Japan Indonesia,
Philippines, USA

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Consistent Goals of PBSD
A decision maker states a desire that a
building be able to perform in a certain way:
Protect life safety
Minimize potential repair cost
Minimize disruption of use

The engineer uses his or her skill to provide
a design that will be capable of achieving
these objectives

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Seismic Demand Definition

Frequent
Commonly around 50 year return period,

Extremely Rare
Commonly 1,000 to 2,500 year return period

Intermediate (Design Level)
Commonly around 500 year return period
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Performance Objectives
Ground
Motion
x% - 50 years
Performance
Level
+
Design Ground Shaking

Acceptable Performance Level
(maximum acceptable damage, given that shaking occurs)

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Performance Levels
Immediate
Occupancy
Collapse
Prevention
Operational Life
Safety
Frequent
EQ
Extremely
Rare EQ
Intermediate
EQ

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Computer Models
Frequent and Intermediate
(Design Level) EQ
3D linear elastic model
Used to initially proportion
elements

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Computer Models
Extremely Rare
EQ
3D non-linear
model
Dynamic Time
History Analysis
used
Static (Push-over)
also used in Chile,
China and Japan

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Masayoshi Nakai
Japan Requirements
Current Japanese Code Procedure
Building Height
60m
Allowable stress and
horizontal load-carrying
capacity calculation
Response and limit
capacity calculation

Design review and
evaluation by the
panel members,
and special
permission are
required.



Time-history
dynamic response
analysis
Other methods equal or
superior to (1) or (2)
(1), (2) and (3) are the seismic design methods
based on static and/or elasto-plastic pushover
analysis.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Yes
No
Alternative Methods

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0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
0.1 1 10
Rare Earthquakes (RE)
Acceleration response spectra for the Notification motions ( h=5% )
Extremely Rare Earthquakes (ERE)
(1.5ERE)
(ground surface)
(ground surface)
(ground surface)
(exposed bedrock)
(exposed bedrock)
Period (sec.)

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(
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Design input motions for horizontal direction
( Example of Notification motions)
Amplification factor (:Gs) of acceleration
for the standard surface ground (:soil type 2)
is considered. (: the abbreviated calculation)
(5 times)
5 0.5
Definition of Seismic Demand Level (Japan)
Return Period:
RE: 50 years
ERE: 500 years
Masayoshi Nakai

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Demand levels
Rare Earthquakes (RE)
Extremely Rare Earthquakes
(ERE)
Performance
objectives
or minimum
requirements
General Damage Limit Collapse Limit
Drift story angle 1/200 or less 1/100 or less
Story ductility
factor
2.0 or less
Stresses in each
structural elements
Short-term allowable stress
or less
Ductility factor of
each structural
elements
4.0 or less
Performance Objectives (Japan)
Summary of performance objectives / minimum requirements
Masayoshi Nakai

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CHANG MINWOO
Korean Seismic Performance Objectives
2) Seismic Design Code

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CHANG MINWOO
Design Earthquake Level Korea
2) Seismic Design Code

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The Chilean Practice in Seismic Design
Chile has several loading and design codes,
differentiated by their function or structural system.

The loading codes are:
NCh433 for Residential and Office Buildings
NCh2745 for Base Isolated Buildings
NCh2369 for Industrial Facilities

Performance Based Design: Not in the Codes
On a limited number of special projects,
Non-linear analysis models (push-over, time history)
To identify failure mode and performance level


renelagos
engineers
CTBUH 2012
9th World Congress

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Elastic demands of Chilean Codes: (PE: 10% in 50 years)

NCh 2745 Of 2003 for Base Isolated Buildings
NCh 433 Of 2009 for Residential and Office Buildings
NCh 2369 Of 2003 for Industrial Facilities


Acceleration Spectra

NCh 2745
NCh 2369
NCh 433
NCh 2745
NCh 433
The Chilean Practice in Seismic Design
CTBUH 2012
9th World Congress
renelagos
engineers

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The Chilean Practice in Seismic Design
NCh 433 Of 2009 Chilean Seismic Code for Buildings:

Type of analysis: Modal spectrum analysis - Linear elastic
Design loads: Elastic response reduced by R*
Base Shear: Minimum Base shear
Drift control: At the Center of Mass and at perimeter

renelagos
engineers
CTBUH 2012
9th World Congress
Design Earthquake: are reduced forces by R* Elastic Spectrum: Sa (seismic zone 3)

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NCh 433 Of 2009 Chilean Seismic Code for Buildings:


Base shear limitations:

IA
o
P/6g Base shear 0.35 SIA
o
P/g

If Base Shear is out of range, forces and
displacements must be scaled to the exceeded limit.

Minimum base shear for normal buildings:
- V
bs
in seismic Zone 2 is 5.0%P
- V
bs
in seismic Zone 3 is 6.7%P


CTBUH 2012
9th World Congress
renelagos
engineers
The Chilean Practice in Seismic Design

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Seismic Design Procedure Specified
By AS1170.4 (2007)
Life safety and collapse prevention are the primary
performance objectives
Force-based design approach depending on:
building importance level
level of seismic hazard
site condition
building height
Concrete and steel codes specify detailing requirements
depending on the level of ductility demand
Kourosh Kayvani

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Performance-based Measures in
AS1170.4 (2007)

Largely a prescriptive code, with some performance-based
measures in the context of life safety and collapse prevention.

Recognition of four levels of importance with seismic hazards
corresponding to return periods typically between 500 to 2500
years.

Nonlinear static (push-over) analysis allowed for obtaining
Structural Performance factor (S
p
) and ductility factor ()


Kourosh Kayvani

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Performance-based Measures in
AS1170.4 (2007)

Serviceability limit state (SLS) performance objective is
considered only for buildings of the highest importance level
(of 4) to remain serviceable immediately after lower return
period (500 years) earthquake shaking.

Limits storey drift, typically to 1.5% of story height, primarily
for maintaining structural integrity rather than limiting
damage.

Kourosh Kayvani

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PEER TBI Guidelines in US
The Goal:
to provide guidance for
the seismic design and
review of tall buildings
to streamline the design
and review process
to lead to consensus on
best practices thats
widely supported
Its a rule book to a game
with no rules

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PEER TBI Guidelines Service Level
Service Earthquake:
43-year return period
2.5% damped spectra

Performance Goal:
Does not compromise structures safety
Repair not required for occupancy
Essentially elastic response

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PEER TBI Guidelines MCE Level
Maximum Considered Earthquake
975 year-return period
Performance Goal
Minor risk of collapse (~10%)
Modest residual drift (< 1%)
3-D nonlinear response history analysis (Perform)
Different acceptance criteria for
Deformation-controlled elements
Force-controlled elements

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the minor earthquake: 50 years return period
the moderate earthquake: 475 years return period
the severe earthquake: 16002400 years return period

I
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I I
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Performance-Based Seismic Design in China
Three levels of earthquakes

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Target performances of Buildings
No damage under minor earthquakes
Repairable under moderate earthquakes
No collapse under severe earthquakes
Performance-Based Seismic Design in China

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Performance
objective level
1 2 3 4
Minor earthquake No damage No damage No damage No damage
Moderate
earthquake
No damage

for normal use
Slight damage

Usable after normal
maintenance
Minor damage

Usable after
slightly repair
Minor to moderate
damage

Deformation <3[ ]
Severe earthquake
Slight damage

Usable after
normal
maintenance
Minor to moderate
damage

Usable after repair
Moderate
damage

Usable after
strengthening
Serious damage

Usable after heavy
repair
Building performance objectives under various earthquakes

e
U
Performance-Based Seismic Design in China

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Performance
objective level

Minor earthquake Moderate earthquake Severe earthquake
1 far less than [e]

less than [e]



slightly larger than [e]


2

far less than [e]

slightly larger than [e] less than 2 times of [e]
3


much less than [e]




less than 2 times of [e]


less than 4 times of [e]
4
less than [e]

less than 3 times of [e]

less than 0.9 times of [p]

Inter-story drift requirements of various performance objectives

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Limit of relative inter-story drifts

Structural material Type of structure [
e
] [
p
]
Reinforced concrete
Frame 1/550 1/50
Frame-Shear wall,
Frame-Core tube
1/800 1/100
Shear wall, Frame tube-Core tube 1/1000 1/120
Steel Multi-story and tall structures 1/250 1/50
Provisions of PBSD in code 2010

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Convention Centro for
Shanghai Expo 2010

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Architecture of Convention Centro

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Structure of Convention Centro
Mega-frame (span: 54m)

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Under construction

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Application of buckling restrained braces (BRB)
in Shanghai Expo Center

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Target seismic performance
Minor
earthquake
Moderate
earthquake
Severe
earthquake
Global behavior No damage Repairable Collapse
prevention
Limit of inter-story
drift
1/300 1/100 1/50
Columns Elastic Elastic Limited plastic
deformation
Beams Elastic Elastic Limited plastic
deformation
Ordinary braces Elastic Elastic Limited plastic
deformation
BRB Elastic Plastic Plastic

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Steel consumption
Structural
system
Braces Beams Columns Trusses Total
BRBF 431t 2341t 3063t 1959t 7794t
CBF 1120t 2458t 3271t 1959t 8808t

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Shanghai
Center Tower
632m
Global
Financial
Tower 492m
J inmao
Tower 420m
Summary
Performance-based Seismic Design allows
for cost-savings and better understanding of
the buildings performance.

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Thank you for your attention!

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